Evidence for Relative Climatic Stability of Antarctica During the Early Pliocene: A Marine Perspective

References

• Abelmann, A., Gersonde, R. and Speiss, V., 1990: Pliocene-Pleistocene paleoceanography of the Weddell Sea—Siliceous microfossil evidence. In: Bleil, U. and Thiede, J., (eds), Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic, Kluwer, Amsterdam, 729–759.
   Google Scholar
• Askin, R.A., 1988: Campanian to Paleocene palynological succession of Seymour and adjacent islands, northeastern Antarctic Peninsula, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, 131–153.
   Google Scholar
• Backman, J., 1979: Pliocene biostratigraphy of DSDP Sites 111 and 116 from the North Atlantic Ocean and the age of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, Stockholm Contributions to Geology 32, 115–137.
   Google Scholar
• Backman, J. and Pestiaux, P., 1987: Pliocene Discoaster abundance variations, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 606: Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental implications. In: Ruddiman, W.F., Kidd, R.B., Thomas, E., et al.., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 94, U. S. Government Printing Office, 903–909.
   Google Scholar
• Bandy, O.L., Casey, R.E. and Wright, R.C., 1971: Late Neogene planktonic zonation, magnetic reversals, and radiometric dates, Antarctic to the tropics. In: Reid, J.L. (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas IV, Antarctic Research Series, 15, American Geophysical Union, Washington D. C., 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P., et al.. 1988: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports 113, College Station, Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, P.J., Adams, C.J., McIntosh, W.C., Swisher, C.C. and Wilson, G.S., 1992: Radiometric ages support Antarctic deglaciation around three million years ago, Nature 259, 816–818.
   Google Scholar
• Barron, J. A. and Baldauf, J.G., 1989: Tertiary cooling steps and paleoproductivity as reflected by diatoms and biosiliceous sediments. In: Berger, W.H., Smetacek, V.S. and Wefer, G., (eds). Productivity of the Ocean: Present and Past, Dahlem Workshop Reports, Life Research Report, 44, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 341–354.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, W.H. and Vincent, E., 1986: Deep-sea carbonates: Reading the carbon isotope signal. Geologische Rundschau 75, 249–269.
   Google Scholar
• Berggren, W.A., 1972: Late Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciation. In: Laughton, A.S. and Berggren, W.A. et al.. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 12, U. S. Government Printing Office, 953–963.
   Google Scholar
• Berggren, W.A. and Haq, B.U., 1976: The Andalusian Stage (late Miocene): Biostratigraphy, biochronology and paleoecology, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 20, 67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Flynn, J.J. and Van Couvering, J.A., 1985: Cenozoic geochronology, Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, 1407–1418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornhold, B.D., 1983: Ice-rafted debris in sediments from Leg 71, southwest Atlantic Ocean, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 71, U. S. Government Printing Office, 307–316.
   Google Scholar
• Breza, J.R., 1992: High resolution study of ice-rafted debris, ODP Leg 120, Site 751 southern Kerguelen Plateau, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 120, 207–221.
   Google Scholar
• Broecker, W.S., 1974: Chemical Oceanography. New York, Hartcourt, Brace, Jovanovitch, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Burckle, L. H., Gersonde, R. and Abrams, N., 1990: Late Pliocene-Pleistocene palaeoclimate in the Jane Basin region: ODP Site 697. In: Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P. et al.. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 113, 803–812.
   Google Scholar
• Burckle, L. H. and Pokras, E.M., 1991: Implications of a Pliocene stand of Nothofagus (southern beech) within 500 kilometres of the South Pole, Antarctic Science 3, 389–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciesielski, P.E and Weaver, F.M., 1974: Early Pliocene temperature changes in the Antarctic seas. Geology 2, 511–515.
   Google Scholar
• Ciesielski, P.F. and Grinstead, G.P., 1986: Pliocene variations in the position of the Antarctic Convergence in the southwest Atlantic, Paleoceanography 1, 197–232.
   Google Scholar
• Ciesielski, P.F., Ledbetter, M.T. and Ellwood, B.B., 1982: The development of Antarctic glaciation and the Neogene palaeoenvironment of the Maurice Ewing Bank, Marine Geology 46, 1–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapperton, C.M. and Sugden, D.E., 1990: Late Cenozoic glacial history of the Ross Embayment, Antarctica, Quaternary Science Reviews 9, 252–272.
   Google Scholar
• Cronin, T.M., 1991: Pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the north Atlantic Ocean based on marine ostracodes. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 175–188.
   Google Scholar
• Cronin, T.M. and Dowsett, H.J., 1990: Quantitative micropalaeontologic method for shallow marine palaeoclimatology: Application to Pliocene deposits of the western north Atlantic Ocean, Marine Micropaleontology 16, 117–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin, T.M., Whatley, R., Wood, A., Tsukagoshi, A., Ikeya, N., Brouwers, E.M. and Briggs, Jr., W.M., 1993: Microfaunal evidence for elevated Pliocene temperatures in the Arctic Ocean, Paleoceanography 8, 161–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowsett, H.J. and Cronin, T.M., 1990: High eustatic sea level during the middle Pliocene: Evidence from the southeastern U. S. Atlantic Coastal Plain, Geology 18, 435–438.
   Google Scholar
• Dowsett, H.J. and Poore, R.Z., 1991: Pliocene sea surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean at 3.0 Ma. In: Cronin, T.M. and Dowsett, H.J., Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 189–204.
   Google Scholar
• Dowsett, H.J., Cronin, T.M., Poore, R.Z., Thompson, R.S., Whatley, R.C. and Wood, A.M., 1992: Micropaleontological evidence for increased meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic Ocean during the Pliocene, Science 258, 1133–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarsson, Th. and Albertsson, K., 1988: The glacial history of Iceland during the past three million years. In: Shackleton, N., West, R.G. and Bowen, D.Q., (eds), The past three million years: Evolution of climatic variability in the North Atlantic region, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London), Series B 318(1191), 637–644.
   Google Scholar
• Elmstrom, K. and Kennett, J.P., 1986: Late Neogene palaeoceanographic evolution of Site 590: Southwest Pacific. In: Kennett, J.P., von der Borch, C.C., et al.. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 90, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1361–1382.
   Google Scholar
• Froelich, P.N., Malone, P.N., Hodell, D.A., Ciesielski, P.F., Warnke, D.A., Westall, F., Hailwood, E.A., Nobes, D.C., Fenner, J., Meinert, J., Mwenifumbo, C.J. and Muller, D.W., 1991: Biogenic opal and carbonate accumulation rates in the subantarctic south Atlantic: The late Neogene of Meteor Rise Site 704. In: Ciesielski, P.F., Kristoffersen, Y., et al.. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results B, 515–549.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, S.M. and Moore, T.C., 1988: Recognition and interpretation of depositional sequences and calculation of sea-level changes from stratigraphic data-offshore New Jersey and Alabama Tertiary. In: Wilgus, D.K., Hastings, B.S., et al.. (eds). Sea-level changes—an integrated approach, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication No. 42, 329–353.
   Google Scholar
• Haq, B.U., Worsley, T.R., Burckle, L.H., Douglas, R.G., Keigwin, L.D., Jr., Opdyke, N.D., Savin, S.M., Sommer, M.A. II, Vincent, E. and Woodruff, F., 1980: Late Miocene marine carbon-isotope shift and synchroneity of some phytoplanktonic biostratigraphic events, Geology 8, 427–431.
   Google Scholar
• Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J. and Vail, P.R., 1988: Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change. In: Wilgus, D.K., Hastings, B.S. et al.. (eds). Sea-level changes—an integrated approach. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, No. 42, 71–108.
   Google Scholar
• Hays, J.D. and Opdyke, N.D., 1967: Antarctic radiolaria, magnetic reversals and climatic change. Science 158, 1001–1011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, R.S. and Truswell, E.M. 1993: Nothofagus fossils in the Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains: Leaves and pollen and their climatic implications. In: Kennett, J.P. and Warnke, D.A., (eds), The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change, 2, Antarctic Research Series.
   Google Scholar
• Hodell, D.A. and Kennett, J.P., 1986: Late Miocene-early Pliocene stratigraphy and palaeoceanography of the south Atlantic and southwest Pacific oceans: A synthesis, Paleoceanography 1, 285–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodell, D.A. and Warnke, D.A., 1991: Climatic evolution of the Southern Ocean during the Pliocene epoch from 4.8 to 2.6 million years ago, Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 205–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodell, D.A. and Venz, K., 1992: Toward a high-resolution stable isotopic record of the Southern Ocean during the Pliocene-Pleistocene (4.8 to 0.8 Ma). In: Kennett, J.P. and Warnke, D.A., (eds), The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change, I, Antarctic Research Series 56, 265–310.
   Google Scholar
• Hollister, C.D. and Craddock, C., 1976: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 35, U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Honjo, S., 1990: Particle fluxes and modern sedimentation in the polar oceans. In: Smith, Jr., W.O., (ed.), Polar Oceanography, Part B: Chemistry, Biology, and Geology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 687–739.
   Google Scholar
• Horn, D.R., Ewing, M., Delach, M.N. and Horn, B.M., 1971a: Turbidites of the Northeast Pacific, Sedimentology 16, 55–69.
   Google Scholar
• Horn D.R., Ewing, M., Horn, B.M. and Delach, M.N., 1971b: Turbidites of the Hatteras and Sohm Abyssal Plains, Western North Atlantic, Marine Geology 11, 287–323.
   Google Scholar
• Huybrechts, P., 1993: Glaciological modelling of the late Cenozoic East Antarctic ice sheet: stability or dynamism? Geogr. Ann. 75 A, 221–238.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, E. and Sjoholm, J., 1991: Reconstruction of glaciation over the past 6 Myr from ice-borne deposits in the Norwegian Sea, Nature 349, 600–603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce, J.E., Tjalsma, L.R.C, and Prutzman, J.J., 1990: High-resolution planktic stable isotope record and spectral analysis for the last 5.35 m.y.: Ocean Drilling Program Site 625 Northeast Gulf of Mexico, Paleoceanography 5, 507–529.
   Google Scholar
• Keany, J., 1978: Paleoclimatic trends in early and middle Pliocene deep-sea sediments of the Antarctic, Marine Micropaleontology 3, 35–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keigwin, L.D., Jr. and Thunell, R., 1979: Middle Pliocene climatic change in the western Mediterranean from faunal and oxygen isotopic trends, Nature 282, 294–296.
   Google Scholar
• Kennett, J.P., 1967: Recognition and correlation of the Kapitean Stage (Upper Miocene, New Zealand), New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 10, 1051–1063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennett, J.P. 1977: Cenozoic evolution of Antarctic glaciation, the Circum-Antarctic Ocean, and their impact on global paleoceanography, Journal of Geophysical Research 82, 3843–3860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennett, J.P. 1986: Miocene and early Pliocene oxygen and carbon isotopes stratigraphy of the southwest Pacific, of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 90. In: Kennett, J.P., von der Borch, C.C., et al.. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 29, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1383–1411.
   Google Scholar
• Kennett, J.P. and Brunner, C.A., 1973: Antarctic late Cenozoic glaciation: Evidence for initiation of ice rafting and inferred increased bottom-water activity, Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 2043–2052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennett, J.P. and Vella, P., 1975: Late Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera and palaeoceanography at DSDP Site 284 in the cool subtropical south Pacific. In: Kennett, J.P., Houtz, R.E. et al.., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 29, U. S. Government Printing Office, 869–782.
   Google Scholar
• Kennett, J.P., Shackleton, N.J., Margolis, S. V., Goodney, D.E., Dudley, W.C. and Kroopnick, P.M., 1979: Late Cenozoic oxygen and carbon isotopic history and volcanic ash stratigraphy: DSDP Site 284, South Pacific, American Journal of Science 279, 52–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennett, J. P. and von der Borch, C.C., 1986: Southwest Pacific Cenozoic paleoceanography. In: Kennett, J.P., von der Borch, C.C. et al.. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, XC, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1493–1517.
   Google Scholar
• Kennett, J.P. and Barker, P.F., 1990: Latest Cretaceous to Cenozoic climate and oceanographic developments in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica: An ocean-drilling perspective, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 113, 937–960.
   Google Scholar
• Krantz, D.E., 1991: A chronology of Pliocene sea-level fluctuations: The U. S. Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain record, Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 163–174.
   Google Scholar
• Lawver, L.A., Gahagan, L.M. and Coffin, M.F., 1992: The development of paleoseaways around Antarctica. In: Kennett, J.P. and Warnke, D.A., (eds), The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change, I, Antarctic Research Series 56, 7–30.
   Google Scholar
• Manabe, S. and Bryan, K. Jr., 1985: CO2-induced change in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and itspaleoclimatic implications, Journal of Geophysical Research 90, No. C11, 11689–11707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall, I., and Wensink, H., 1966: Paleomagnetism and Geochronology of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Lavas in Iceland, Earth and Planetary Sci. Lett. 1, 232–236.
   Google Scholar
• Mercer, J.H., 1973: Cainozoic temperature trends in the Southern Hemisphere: Antarctic and Andean glacial evidence. In: van Zinderen Bakker, E.M., (ed.), Palaeoecology of Africa, Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, 85–114.
   Google Scholar
• Mercer, J.H. 1978: West Antarctic ice sheet and CO2 greenhouse effect. A threat of disaster. Nature 271, 321–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, J.H. and Sutter, J.F., 1982: Late Miocene-earliest Pliocene glaciation in southern Argentina: Implications for global ice-sheet history, Palaeogeography, Palaeo-climatology, Palaeoecology 38, 185–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mildenhall, D.C., 1989: Terrestrial palynology. In: Barrett, P. J., (ed.), Antarctic Cenozoic history from the CIROS-1 drillhole, McMurdo Sound. DSIR Bulletin No. 245, Wellington, 119–127.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, K.G. and Curry, W.B., 1990: Mid-Pliocene ice volume and ocean chemistry changes: Evidence from equatorial isotopes, EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Abstracts, 1378.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, K.G., Fairbanks, R.G. and Mountain, G.S., 1987: Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion, Paleoceanography 2, 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, B.A.R., 1990: Eocene and Oligocene sporomorphs and dinoflagellate cysts from Leg 113 drill sites, Weddell Sea, Antarctica. In: Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P. et al.., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 113, 595–612.
   Google Scholar
• Oerlemans, J., 1982: A model of the Antarctic ice sheet. Nature 297, 550–553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickard, J., Adamson, D.A., Harwood, D.M., Miller, G.H., Quilty, P. G. and Dell, R. K., 1988: Early Pliocene marine sediments, coastline, and climate of East Antarctica. Geology 16, 158–161.
   Google Scholar
• Poore, R. and Berggren, W., 1975: Late Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoclimatology of Hatton-Rockall Basin: DSDP Site 116, Journal of Foraminiferal Research 5, 270–293.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, M. L. and Matthews, R.K., 1991: Tertiary ice sheet dynamics: The snow-gun hypothesis. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 6811–6827.
   Google Scholar
• Raymo, M.E., 1992: Global climate change: A three million year perspective. In: Kukla, G.J. and Went, E. (eds), Start of a Glacial, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 207–223.
   Google Scholar
• Raymo, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F. and Clement, B.M., 1987: Pliocene-Pleistocene palaeoceanography of the north Atlantic at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 609. In: Ruddiman, W.F., Kidd, R.B..Thomas, E. et al.., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 94, U. S. Government Printing Office, 895–901.
   Google Scholar
• Reeh, N., 1985: Greenland ice sheet mass balance and sea level change. In: Meier, M.F. et al.. (eds). Glaciers, ice sheets and sea level: Effect of a CO₂-induced climatic change, DOE-EV-60235-1, 1155–1171.
   Google Scholar
• Robin, G. de Q., 1988: The Antarctic Ice Sheet, its history and response to sea level and climatic changes over the past 100 million years, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 67, 31–50.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, W. B. F., Cita, M.B., Rawson, M.D., Burckle, L. H. and Saito, T., 1974: A paleomagnetic assignment of Neogene stage boundaries and the development of isochronous datum planes between the Mediterranean, the Pacific and the Indian Oceans in order to investigate the response of world ocean to Mediteranean “salinity crisis”, Riv. Ital. Paleont. 80, 631–688.
   Google Scholar
• Sarnthein, M. and Fenner, J., 1987: Global wind-induced change of deep-sea sediment budgets, new ocean production and CO2 reservoirs ca. 3.3-2.35 Ma, Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions 318, 487–504.
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton, N.J., 1917: Carbon-13 in Uvigerina; tropical rainforest history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In: Andersen, N.R. and Malahoff, A., (eds), The fate of fossil fuel CO₂ in the oceans, Plenum Press, New York, 401–427.
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton, N.J. und Kennett, J. P., 1975: Late Cenozoic oxygen and carbon isotopic changes at DSDP Site 284: Implications for glacial history of the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica. In: Kennett, J.P., Houtz, R.E. et al.. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, XXIX, U.S. Government Printing Office, 801–807.
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton, N.J. and Opdyke, N.D., 1977: Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic evidence for early Northern Hemisphere glaciation, Nature 270, 216–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackleton, N.J., Backman, J., Zimmerman, H., Kent, D.V., Hall, M.A., Roberts, D.G. and Baldauf J., 1984: Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of ice-rafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic region. Nature 307, 620–623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackleton, N.J., Hall, M.A. and Pate, D., In press. Pliocene stable isotope stratigraphy of ODP Site 846, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 138.
   Google Scholar
• Stouffer, R.J., Manabe, S. and Bryan, K., 1989: Interhemispheric asymmetry in climate response to a gradual increase of atmospheric CO2, Nature 342, 660–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sverdrup, H.U., Johnson, N.W. and Fleming, R.H., 1942: The Oceans. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Thunell, R.C., 1979: Pliocene-Pleistocene paleotemperatures and paleosalinity history of the Mediterranean Sea, results from Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 125 and 132, Marine Micropaleontology 4, 173.
   Google Scholar
• Truswell, E.M., 1986: Palynology. In: Barrett, P.J. (ed.), Antarctic Cenozoic history from the MSSTS-I drillhole, McMurdo Sound, DSIR Bulletin No. 237, Wellington, Science Information Publishing Centre, 131–134.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, E. and Killingley, J.S., 1986: Oxygen and carbon isotope record for the early and middle Miocene in the Central Equatorial Pacific (DSDP Leg 85) and paleoceanographic implications. In: Mayer, L., Theyer, F. et al.. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 85, 749–769.
   Google Scholar
• Wardlaw, B.R. and Quinn, T.M., 1991: The record of Pliocene sea-level change at Enewetak Atoll, Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 247–258.
   Google Scholar
• Warnke, D.A., Allen, C.P., Muller, D.W., Hodell, D.A. and Brunner, C.A., 1992: Miocene-Pliocene Antarctic glacial evolution: A synthesis of ice-rafted debris, stable isotope, and planktonic foraminiferal indicators, ODP Leg 114. In: Kennett, J.P. and Warnke, D.A., (eds), The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change, 1, Antarctic Research Series 56, 311–325.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, F., 1973: Pliocenepaleoclimatic and paleoglacial history of East Antarctica recorded in deep-sea piston cores, Contribution 36, Sedimentology Research Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, P-N. and Harwood, D.M., 1991: Late Cenozoic glacial history of the Ross Embayment, Antarctica, Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 215–224.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, P-N., Harwood, D.M., McKelvey, B.C. and Stott, L.D., 1984: Cenozoic marine sedimentation and ice-volume variation on the East Antarctic craton, Geology 12, 287–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, W. and Thierstein, H.R., 1991: Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic calcareous nannofossilis of the Kerguelen Plateau (southern Indian Ocean) and Prydz Bay (East Antarctica), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 119, 467–493.
   Google Scholar
• Westall, F. and Fenner, J., 1991: The Pliocene-Recent Polar Front Zone in the South Atlantic: Changes in its position and sediment accumulation rates from ODP Leg 114, holes 699A, 701C, and 704B, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 114, 609–648.
   Google Scholar
• Westgate, J.A., Stemper, B.A. and Pewe, T.L., 1990: A 3 m.y. record of Pliocene-Pleistocene loess in interior Alaska, Geology 18, 858–861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff, F. and Savin, S.M., 1985: δ13C values of Miocene Pacific benthic foraminifera: Correlations with sea level and biological productivity, Geology 13, 119–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zastawniak, E., Wrona, R., Gazdzicki, A. and Birkenmajer, K., 1985: Plant remains from the top part of the Point Hennequin Group (upper Oligocene), King George Island (South Shetland Islands. Antarctica), Studia Geologica Polonica 81, 143–164.
   Google Scholar