Monitoring radiation induced alterations in biological systems, from molecules to tissues, through infrared spectroscopy

References

• Ng, K. H. (2003) Non-ionizing radiations—Sources, biological effects, emissions and exposures. Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation at UNITEN (ICNIR2003) Electromagnetic Fields and Our Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October 20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, E. and Schrader, T. (2007) Different biological effectiveness of ionising and non-ionising radiations in mammalian cells. Adv. Radio Sci. 5 (1):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, D. O. (2013) Human disease resulting from exposure to electromagnetic fields. Rev. Environ. Health 28 (4):159–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolus, N. E. (2001) Basic review of radiation biology and terminology. J. Nucl. Med. Technol. 29 (2):67–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozben, T. (2007) Oxidative stress and apoptosis: Impact on cancer therapy. J. Pharm. Sci. 96 (9):2181–2196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somosy, Z. (2000) Radiation response of cell organelles. Micron. 31 (2):165–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias, D. A., Veloso, M. N., de Castro, P. A., Lima, C. A., and Zezell, D. M. (2015) Biochemical evaluation of bone submitted to ionizing radiation using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy associated to cluster analysis. 2015 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference—INAC 2015, Sao Paulo, Brazil, October 4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lima, C. A., Goulart, V. P., de Castro, P. A., Correa, L., Benetti, C., and Zezell, D. M. (2015) Biochemical changes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma submitted to PDT using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Paper presented at SPIE Biophotonics South America, June 19, pp. 95311J–95311J.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, M., Crosbie, J. C., Puskar, L. and Rogers, P. A. (2013) Microbeam-irradiated tumour tissue possesses a different infrared absorbance profile compared to broad beam and sham-irradiated tissue. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 89 (2):79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrò, E., Condello, S., Currò, M., Ferlazzo, N., Vecchio, M., Caccamo, D., Magazù, S., and Ientile, R. (2013) 50 Hz electromagnetic field produced changes in FTIR spectroscopy associated with mitochondrial transmembrane potential reduction in neuronal-like SH-SY5Y cells. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2013:414393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Xu, L., Huang, X., Wei, S., and Zhai, M. (2012) Structural study and preliminary biological evaluation on the collagen hydrogel crosslinked by γ‐irradiation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 100 (11):2960–2969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aly, E. M., and Mohamed, E. S. (2011) Effect of infrared radiation on the lens. Indian J. Ophthalmol 59 (2):97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magazù, S. and Calabrò, E. (2011) Studying the electromagnetic-induced changes of the secondary structure of bovine serum albumin and the bioprotective effectiveness of trehalose by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B. 115 (21):6818–6826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magazù, S., Calabrò, E., and Campo, S. (2010) FTIR spectroscopy studies on the bioprotective effectiveness of trehalose on human hemoglobin aqueous solutions under 50 Hz electromagnetic field exposure. J. Phys. Chem. B. 114 (37):12144–12149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade, A. D., Clarke, C., Byrne, H. J., and Lyng, F. M. (2010) Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and multivariate methods for radiobiological dosimetry. Radiat. Res. 173 (2):225–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giambattista, L., Grimaldi, P., Gaudenzi, S., Pozzi, D., Grandi, M., Morrone, S., Silvestri, I., and Castellano, A. C. (2009) UVB radiation induced effects on cells studied by FTIR spectroscopy. Eur. Biophys. J. 39 (6):929–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C. J., Wang, C. H., Chien, C. C., Yang, T. Y., Chen, S. T., Leng, W. H., Lee, C. F., Lee, K. H., Hwu, Y., Lee, Y. C., Cheng, C. L., Yang, C. S., Chen, Y. J., Je, J. H., and Margaritondo, G. (2008) Enhanced x-ray irradiation-induced cancer cell damage by gold nanoparticles treated by a new synthesis method of polyethylene glycol modification. Nanotechnol. 19 (29):1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabotyagova, O. S., Cebe, P. and Kaplan, D. L. (2008) Collagen structural hierarchy and susceptibility to degradation by ultraviolet radiation. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 28 (8):1420–1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maghraby, A.M., and Maha, A. A. (2007) Spectroscopic study of gamma irradiated bovine hemoglobin. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 76 (10):1600–1605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crupi, V., Interdonato, S., Majolino, D., Mondello, M. R., and Venuti, V. (2006) Spectroscopic evidence of the effects induced by non-ionizing radiation on tissue samples. Vibrat. Spectrosc. 42 (2):369–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, S. J., Chen, J. Y., Lu, Z. F., Yao, J., Che, D. F., and Zhou, X. J. (2006) Biophysical and morphological changes in the stratum corneum lipids induced by UVB irradiation. J. Dermatol. Sci. 44 (1):29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (a) Severcan, F. and Haris, P. I. (2012) Introduction to vibrational spectroscopy in screening and diagnosis. In Vibrational spectroscopy in diagnosis and screening, Severcan, F. and Haris, P.I., Eds., IOS Press, the Netherlands, pp. 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• (b) Severcan, F., Akkas, S. B., Turker, S., and Yucel, R. (2012) Methodogical approaches from experimental to computational analysis. In Vibrational spectroscopy in diagnosis and screening, Severcan, F. and Haris, P.I., Eds., IOS Press, the Netherlands, pp. 12–52.
   Google Scholar
• Cakmak, G., Miller, L. M., Zorlu, F., and Severcan, F. (2012) Amifostine, a radioprotectant agent, protects rat brain tissue lipids against ionizing radiation induced damage: An FTIR microspectroscopic imaging study. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 520 (2):67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozek, N. S., Tuna, S., Erson-Bensan, A. E., and Severcan, F. (2010) Characterization of microRNA-125b expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Analyst 135 (12):3094–3102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movasaghi, Z., Rehman, S., and ur Rehman, D. I. (2008) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of biological tissues. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 43 (2):134–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, H.D., Launey, M.E., MacDowell, A.A., Ager, J.W. and Ritchie, R.O. (2010) On the effect of X-ray irradiation on the deformation and fracture behavior of human cortical bone. Bone 46 (6):1475–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, Q., Jirasek, A., Lum, J.J. and Brolo, A.G. (2011) Biochemical signatures of in vitro radiation response in human lung, breast and prostate tumour cells observed with Raman spectroscopy. Phys. Med. Biol. 56 (21):6839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrling, T., Jung, K. and Fuchs, J. (2006) Measurements of UV-generated free radicals/reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin. Spectrochim. Acta. A: 63 (4):840–845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini, M.T., Romano, R., Rainaldi, G., Ferrante, A., Indovina, P., Motta, A. and Indovina, P. L. (2006) 1H-NMR evidence for a different response to the same dose (2 Gy) of ionizing radiation of MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells and three-dimensional spheroids. Anticancer Res. 26 (1A):267–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, A., Wang, Y., Van Zant, G. and Zhou, D. (2003) Ionizing radiation and busulfan induce premature senescence in murine bone marrow hematopoietic cells. Cancer Res. 63 (17):5414–5419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, J.K., Van Tuyle, G., Lin, P.S., Schmidt-Ullrich, R. and Mikkelsen, R.B. (2001) Ionizing radiation-induced, mitochondria-dependent generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen. Cancer Res. 61 (10):3894–3901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, J., Kelly, J., Thibault, P. and Benchimol, S. (2000) Post-translational modification of p53 protein in response to ionizing radiation analyzed by mass spectrometry. J. Mol. Biol. 295 (4):853–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, K., Kendall, C., Stone, N. and Notingher, I. (2015) Raman spectroscopy for medical diagnostics—From in-vitro biofluid assays to in-vivo cancer detection. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 89:121–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhardt, K., Stiebing, C., Matthäus, C., Schmitt, M. and Popp, J. (2015) Advantages and limitations of Raman spectroscopy for molecular diagnostics: an update. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 15 (6):773–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, R.S. and Agrawal, Y.K. (2011) Raman spectroscopy: recent advancements, techniques and applications. Vib. Spectrosc. 57 (2):163–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratlin, J.L., Serkova, N.J. and Eckhardt, S.G. (2009) Clinical applications of metabolomics in oncology: a review. Clin. Cancer Res. 15 (2):431–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatham, J.C. and Blackband, S.J. (2001) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in animal research. IlAR J. 42 (3):189–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emwas, A.H.M. (2015) The strengths and weaknesses of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with particular focus on metabolomics research. In Metabonomics: Methods and Protocols, Bjerrum, J.T., Ed. Humana Press, New York, pp. 161–193.
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M. (2015) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• He, W., Liu, Y., Wamer, W.G. and Yin, J.J. (2014) Electron spin resonance spectroscopy for the study of nanomaterial-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. J. Food Drug Anal. 22 (1):49–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz, J. and Bolton, J.R. (2012) Electron spin resonance: elementary theory and practical applications. Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Weckhuysen, B.M., Heidler, R. and Schoonheydt, R.A. (2004) Electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Mol. Sieves. 2004 (4):295–335.
   Google Scholar
• Gerson, F. and Huber, W. (2003) Electron spin resonance spectroscopy of organic radicals. John Wiley & Sons: Weinheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtman, J.W. and Conchello, J.A. (2005). Fluorescence microscopy. Nat. Methods 2 (12):910–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Flores, S. and Toca-Herrera, J.L. (2013) Hybridizing Surface Probe Microscopies: Toward a Full Description of the Meso-and Nanoworlds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, S.M. and Bacic, A. (2012) Preparation of plant cells for transmission electron microscopy to optimize immunogold labeling of carbohydrate and protein epitopes. Nat. Protoc. 7 (9):1716–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toman, K. (2004) What are the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescence microscopy. In Toman's tuberculosis: Case detection, treatment, and monitoring—Questions and answers. Frieden, T., Ed. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 31–34.
   Google Scholar
• Spickett, C.M., Reis, A. and Pitt, A.R. (2011) Identification of oxidized phospholipids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and LC–MS using a QQLIT instrument. Free Radical Bio. Med. 51 (12):2133–2149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, Z., Huhman, D.V. and Sumner, L.W. (2011) Mass spectrometry strategies in metabolomics. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (29):25435–25442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Yang, J. and Nie, J. (2009) Plasma phospholipid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of rats following radiation exposure based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Biomed. Chromatogr. 23 (10):1079–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M., Keogh, A., Treves, S., Idle, J.R. and Beyoğlu, D. (2016) The metabolomic profile of gamma-irradiated human hepatoma and muscle cells reveals metabolic changes consistent with the Warburg effect. Peer J. 4:e1624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douki, T., Ravanat, J.L., Pouget, J.P., Testard, I. and Cadet, J. (2006) Minor contribution of direct ionization to DNA base damage inducedby heavy ions. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 82 (2):119–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A. and Sevilla, M. D. (2008) Radiation effects on DNA: theoretical investigations of electron, Hole and excitation pathways to DNA damage. In Radiation induced molecular phenomena in nucleic acids: A comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis, Shukla, M.K., and Leszczynski, J. Eds., Springer, Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht, pp. 577–617.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, R.G. (2006) Damage pattern as a function of various types of radiation. Int. J. Zool. Res. 2 (2):150–168.
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill, P. and Wardman, P. (2009) Radiation chemistry comes before radiation biology. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 85 (1):9–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. L., Singh, N. P., and Lai, H. (2009) Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophysiology 16 (2):79–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker, A. W., Lin, C. Y., George, M. W., Towrie, M., and Kuimova, M. K. (2010) Infrared characterization of the guanine radical cation: Finger printing DNA damage. J. Phys. Chem. B. 114 (10):3660–3667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, P. J., Ribeiro, P. A., Shaw, D., Mason, N. J., and Raposos, M. (2009) UV degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 94 (12):2134–2141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovbeshko, G. I., Gridina, N. Y., Kruglova, E. B., and Pashchuk, O. P. (2000) FTIR spectroscopy studies of nucleic acid damage. Talanta 53 (2000):233–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muro, E., Atilla-Gokcumen, G. E., and Eggert, U. S. (2014) Lipids in cell biology: How can we understand them better? Mol. Biol. Cell 25 (12):1819–1823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisz, J. A., Bansal, N., Qian, J., Zhao, W., and Furdui, C. M. (2014) Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules—mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid. Redox Sign. 21 (2):260–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mady, M. M. and Allam, M. A. (2012) The influence of low power microwave on the properties of DPPC vesicles. Physica. Medica. 28 (1):48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaber, M. H., Abd El Halim, N., and Khalil, W. A. (2005) Effect of microwave radiation on the biophysical properties of liposomes. Bioelectromagnetics 26 (3):194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugaj, A., Masiakowski, J., Hulka-Soroka, H., and Bartosz, G. (2007) Photostability of lipid components of human blood plasma lipoproteins during exposure to long wave ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) alone and in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen. Curr. Top. Biophys. 30:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Gomes, P. J., da Silva, A. M. G., Ribeiro, P. A., Oliveira, O. N., and Raposo, M. (2016) Radiation damage on Langmuir monolayers of the anionic 1.2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)](sodium salt)(DPPG) phospholipid at the air—DNA solution interface. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 58:576–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merle, C., Laugel, C. and Baillet-Guffroy, A. (2008) Spectral monitoring of photoirradiated skin lipids: MS and IR approaches. Chem. Phys. Lipids 154 (1):56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merle, C. and Baillet-Guffroy, A. (2009) Physical and chemical perturbations of the supramolecular organization of the stratum corneum lipids: In vitro to ex vivo study. BBA-Biomembranes 1788 (5):1092–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrò, E. and Magazù, S. (2012) Electromagnetic fields effects on the secondary structure of lysozyme and bioprotective effectiveness of trehalose. Adv. Phys. Chem. 2012:970369.
   Google Scholar
• Calabrò, E. and Magazù, S. (2010) Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. JEAA 2 (11):607–617.
   Google Scholar
• Calabrò, E. and Magazù, S. (2013) Unfolding and aggregation of Myoglobin can be induced by three hours exposure to mobile phone microwaves: A FTIR spectroscopy study. Spectrosc. Lett. 46 (8):583–589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomaa, A. A., Sedman, J., and Ismail, A. A. (2012) An investigation of the effect of microwave treatment on the structure and unfolding pathways of β-lactoglobulin using FTIR spectroscopy with the application of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). Vibrat. Spectrosc. 65:101–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing, J. Y., Bai, B., and Chen, Z. H. (2011) Effect of UV irradiation on stabilization of collage. International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP) Vol. 4., Beijing, China, May 20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Smeltzer, C. C., Lukinova, N. I., Towcimak, N. D., Yan, X., Mann, D. M., Drohan, W. N., and Griko, Y. V. (2015) Effect of gamma irradiation on the structural stability and functional activity of plasma-derived IgG. Biologicals 43 (4):242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad-El-Din, A. A., El-Tanahy, Z. H., El-Sayed, S. N., Anees, L. M., and Farroh, H. A. (2014) Combined effect of arsenic trioxide and radiation on physical properties of hemoglobin biopolymer. J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci. 7 (4):411–416.
   Google Scholar
• Barth, H. D., Zimmermann, E. A., Schaible, E., Tang, S. Y., Alliston, T., and Ritchie, R. O. (2011) Characterization of the effects of x-ray irradiation on the hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of human cortical bone. Biomaterials 32 (34):8892–8904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaber, M. H. (2005) Effect of gamma-irradiation on the molecular properties of bovine serum albumin. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 100 (2):203–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitouni, N.E., Chotikatum, S., von Köckritz-Blickwede, M. and Naim, H.Y. (2016) The impact of hypoxia on intestinal epithelial cell functions: Consequences for invasion by bacterial pathogens. Mol. Cell Pediatr. 3:14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• García, J.J., López-Pingarrón, L., Almeida-Souza, P., Tres, A., Escudero, P., García-Gil, F. A., Tan, D.X., Reiter, R.J., Ramirez, J.M. and Bernal-Pérez, M. (2014) Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes: A review. J. Pineal Res. 56 (3):225–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalá, A. (2009) Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids generates hydroxy-alkenals and oxidized phospholipids active in physiological and/or pathological conditions. Chem. Phys. Lipids 157 (1):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxfield, F.R. and Tabas, I. (2005) Role of cholesterol and lipid organization in disease. Nature 438 (7068):612–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niki, E. (2009) Lipid peroxidation: Physiological levels and dual biological effects. Free Radical Bio. Med. 47 (5):469–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong-Ekkabut, J., Xu, Z., Triampo, W., Tang, I.M., Tieleman, D.P. and Monticelli, L. (2007) Effect of lipid peroxidation on the properties of lipid bilayers: a molecular dynamics study. Biophys. J. 93 (12):4225–4236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demir, P., Akkas, S. B., Severcan, M., Zorlu, F., and Severcan, F. (2015) Ionizing radiation induces structural and functional damage on the molecules of rat brain homogenate membranes: A fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic study. Appl. Spectrosc. 69 (1):154–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monje, M. L., Mizumatsu, S., Fike, J. R., and Palmer, T. D. (2002) Irradiation induces neural precursor-cell dysfunction. Nat. Med. 8 (9):955–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monje, M. L., and Palmer, T. D. (2003) Radiation injury and neurogenesis. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 16 (2):129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severcan, M., Haris, I. P., and Severcan, F. (2004) Using artificially generated spectral data to improve protein secondary structure prediction from Fourier transform infrared spectra of proteins. Anal. Biochem. 332 (2):238–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cakmak, G., Zorlu, F., Severcan, M., and Severcan, F. (2011) Screening of protective effect of amifostine on radiation-induced structural and functional variations in rat liver microsomal membranes by FT-IR spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 83 (7):2438–2444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorini, C., Ferrali, M., Ciccoli, L., Sugherini, L., Magnani, A., and Comporti, M. (1995) Iron release, membrane protein oxidation and erythrocyte ageing. FEBS Lett. 362 (2):165–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cakmak, G., Togan, I., and Severcan, F. (2006) 17β-Estradiol induced compositional, structural and functional changes in rainbow trout liver, revealed by FT-IR spectroscopy: A comparative study with nonylphenol. Aquat. Toxicol. 77 (1):53–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, S. S., El-Sakhawy, E., Abdel-Fatah, E. S., Kelany, A. M., and Rizk, R. M. (2011) Effects of acute low doses of Gamma-radiation on erythrocytes membrane. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 50 (1):189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selim, N. S., Desouky, O. S., Ismail, N. M., and Dakrory, A. Z. (2011) Spectroscopic analysis of irradiated erythrocytes. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 80 (12):1337–1342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyran, N., Zorlu, F., and Severcan, F. (2005) Effect of stereotactic radiosurgery on lipids and proteins of normal and hypoperfused rat brain homogenates: A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 81 (12):911–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, K. Z., Schultz, C. P., Johnston, J. B., Beck, F. W., Al-Katib, A. M., Mohammad, R. M., and Mantsch, H. H. (1999) Infrared spectroscopic study of bryostatin 1-induced membrane alterations in a B-CLL cell line. Leukemia 13:1273–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartosz, G., Schon, W., Kraft, G., and Gartner, H. (1992) Irradiation increases proteolysis in erythrocyte ghosts: A spin label study. Radiat. Environ. Bioph. 31 (2):117–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streffer, C., Bücker, J., Cansier, A., Cansier, D., Gethmann, C. F., Guderian, R., Hanekamp, G., Henschler, D., Pöch, G., Rehbinder, E., Renn, O., Slesina, M., and Wuttke, K. (2003) Environmental standards: Combined exposures and their effects on human beings and their environment, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Essen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Calabrò, E., Condello, S., Magazù, S., and Ientile, R. (2011) Static and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields effects on human neuronal-like cells vibration bands in the mid-infrared region. JEAA 3 (2):69–78.
   Google Scholar
• Bras, A., Garcia-Domingo, D. and Martinez-A, C. (2004) Apoptosis in immune system in when cells die II: A comprehensive evaluation of apoptosis and programmed cell death, Lockshin, R.A., Zakeri, Z. and Tilly, J.L., Eds., Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 147–174.
   Google Scholar
• Pozzi, D., Grimaldi, P., Gaudenzi, S., Di Giambattista, L., Silvestri, I., Morrone, S., and Castellano, A. C. (2007) UVB-radiation-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells: A coordinated fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-flow cytometry study. Radiat. Res. 168 (6):698–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gault, N. and Lefaix, J. L. (2003) Infrared microspectroscopic characteristics of radiation-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes. Radiat. Res. 160 (2):238–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cregan, S. P., Smith, B. P., Brown, D. L., and Mitchel, R. E. (1999) Two pathways for the induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 75 (9):1069–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, B. R., Tait, B., and McNaughton, D. (2000) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as a tool for detecting early lymphocyte activation: A new approach to histocompatibility matching. Human Immunol. 61 (12):1307–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gault, N., Rigaud, O., Poncy, J. L., and Lefaix, J. L. (2005) Infrared microspectroscopy study of γ-irradiated and H2O2-treated human cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 81 (10):767–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, R., Tang, W., Kang, Y., and Si, M. (2009) Studies on best dose of X-ray for Hep-2 cells by using FTIR, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and flow cytometry. Spectrochim. Acta A. 73 (4):601–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paluszkiewicz, C., Kwiatek, W. M., Banas, A., Kisiel, A., Marcelli, A., and Piccinini, M. (2007) SR-FTIR spectroscopic preliminary findings of non-cancerous, cancerous, and hyperplastic human prostate tissues. Vibrat. Spectrosc. 43 (1):237–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh, J., Salman, A., Mordechai, S., Argov, S., Goldstein, J., Sinelnikov, I., Walfisch, S., and Guterman, H. (2001) FTIR microscopic studies on normal, polyp, and malignant human colonic tissues. Subsurf. Sens. Technol. Appl. 2 (2):99–117.
   Google Scholar
• Gianoncelli, A., Vaccari, L., Kourousias, G., Cassese, D., Bedolla, D. E., Kenig, S., Storici, P., Lazzarino, M., and Kiskinova, M. (2015) Soft X-ray microscopy radiation damage on fixed cells investigated with synchrotron radiation FTIR microscopy. Sci. Rep. 5:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biniek, K., Levi, K., and Dauskardt, R. H. (2012) Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin. PNAS 109 (42):17111–17116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan, A., Siyakus, G., and Severcan, F. (2007) FTIR spectroscopic characterization of irradiated hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Food. Chem. 100:1106–1114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R., Purohit, S., and Chacharkar, M. P. (2007) Effect of high doses of gamma radiation on the functional characteristics of amniotic membrane. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 76 (6):1026–1030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crupi, V., Interdonato, S., Majolino, D., Mondello, M. R., Pergolizzi, S., and Venuti, V. (2004) Structural changes of tissue samples exposed to low frequency electromagnetic field: A FT-IR absorbance study. Spectrosc. Int. J. 18 (4):513–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter, R. J. (1995) Oxidative processes and antioxidative defense mechanisms in the aging brain. FASEB J. 9 (7):526–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severcan, F., and Bozkurt, O. (2010) Application of vibrational spectroscopy to investigate radiation-induced changes in food. In Applications of vibrational spectroscopy in food science, Li-Chan, E., Griffiths, P.R. and Chalmers, J.M. Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 241–259.
   Google Scholar
• Dziedzic–Goclawska, A. (2000) The application of ionizing radiation to sterilise connective tissue allografts. In Radiation and tissue banking, Phillips, G.O., Ed., World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 57–99.
   Google Scholar
• Darchuk, L. A., Zaverbna, L. V., Bebeshko, V. G., Worobiec, A., Stefaniak, E. A., and Van Grieken, R. (2008) Infrared investigation of hard human teeth tissues exposed to various doses of ionizing radiation from the 1986 Chernobyl accident. J. Spectrosc. 22 (2–3):105–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar