The “Tin Problem” in the Prehistoric Near East: Further Insights from a Study of Chemical Datasets on Copper Alloys from Iran and Mesopotamia

Bibliography

• Alimov, K., Boroffka, N., Bubovna, M., Burjakov, J. et al. 1998. “Prähistorischer Zinnbergbau in Mittelasien: Vorbericht der Kampagne 1997”, Eurasia Antiqua 4: 137–99.
   Google Scholar
• Archi, A. 1993. “Bronze alloys in Ebla”, in M. Frangipane, H. Hauptmann, M. Liverani, P. Matthiae and M. Mellink (eds.), Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains: Ar- chaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri dedicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche Archeologiche e Antropologiche dell'Antichità, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome: 615–25.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, G. 1967. “Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age shipwreck”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 57/8: 1–777.
   Google Scholar
• Begemann, F., Haerinck, E., Overlaet, B., Schmitt-Strecker, S. and Tallon, F. 2008. “An archaeo-metallurgical study of the early and middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran”, IA 43: 1–66.
   Google Scholar
• Berthoud, T. and Françaix, J. 1980. Contribution à l'étude de la métallurgie de Suse aux IVe et IIIe millénaires. Analyse des éléments-traces par spectrumétrie d'émission dans l'ul-tra-violet et spectrumétrie de masse à étincelles, Rapport CEA-R-5033, Gif-sur-Yvette.
   Google Scholar
• Birmingham, J. 1963. “Iranian bronzes in the Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney”, Iran 1: 71–82.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, P. 2009. Exploring the social basis of technology: Reanal-ysing regional archaeometric studies of the first copper and tin-bronze use in Great Britain and Ireland, unpublished D.Phil, dissertation, University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, P., Cuénod, A., Gosden, C., Hommel, P., Liu, R. and Pollard, A.M. 2015. “Form and flow: The ‘karmic cycle’ of copper”, Journal of Archaeological Science 56: 202–09.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray, P.J. and Pollard, A.M. 2012. “A new interpretive approach to the chemistry of copper-alloy objects: Source, recycling and technology”, Antiquity 86: 853–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton Brown, T. 1951. Excavations in Azarbaijan, 1948, John Murray, London.
   Google Scholar
• Caley, E.R. 1972. “Chemical examination of metal artifacts from Afghanistan”, in L. Dupree (ed.), Prehistoric Research in Afghanistan 1959–1966, The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: 44–50.
   Google Scholar
• Casanova, M. 2013. Le lapis-lazuli dans l'Orient ancien: production et circulation du néolithique au Ile millénaire av. J.-C., Éditions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Charles, J.A. 1975. “Where is the tin?”, Antiquity 49: 19–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleuziou, S. and Berthoud, T. 1982. “Early tin in the Near East. A reassessment in the light of new evidence from western Afghanistan”, Expedition 25/1: 14–19.
   Google Scholar
• Courcier, A. 2010. Les débuts de la métallurgie dans les pays du Caucase, de la fin du VIe au milieu du IIIe milénaire avant notre ère (Chalcolithique et début de l'Age du Bronze): recherches sur leur origine d'après le potentiel métallifère, l'analyse d'objets et les relations observées avec les régions voisines, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
   Google Scholar
• Craddock, P.T. 1985. “Prehistoric tombs of Ras al-Khaimah. Technical appendix 1: The composition of the metal arti-facts”, Oriens Antiquus 24: 97–101.
   Google Scholar
• Craddock, P.T., La Niece, S. and Hook, D.R. 2003. “Evidences for the production, trading and refining of copper in the Gulf of Oman during the third millennium BC”, in T. Stöllner, G. Körlin, G. Steffens and J. Cierny (eds.), Man and Mining—Mensch und Bergbau: Studies in honour of Gerd Weisgerber on the occasion of his 65th birthday, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum: 103–12.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, H.E.W. 1974. “The problem of tin in Mesopotamian Bronzes”, World Archaeology 6/2: 242–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayton, J.E. 1971. “The Problem of tin in the ancient world”, World Archaeology 3/1: 49–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jesus, P.S. 1978. “Considerations on the occurrence and exploitation of tin sources in the ancient Near East”, in A.D. Franklin, J.S. Olin and T.A. Wertime (eds.), The Search for Ancient Tin, Smithsonian Institution, Washington: 33–38.
   Google Scholar
• Dercksen, J.G. 2005. “Metals according to documents from Kültepe-Kanish dating to the Old Assyrian Colony Period”, in Üm. Yalçin (ed.), Anatolian Metal III, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum: 17–34.
   Google Scholar
• Desch, C.H. 1938. “The bronzes of Luristan. B. Metallurgical analyses”, in A.U. Pope (ed.), A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present, Volume I, Oxford University Press, London and New York: 278.
   Google Scholar
• Dono, T. 1965. “Chemical investigation of the spearheads and daggers from the Ghalekuti I site”, in N. Egami, S. Fukai and S. Masuda (eds.), Dailaman I: The Excavations at Ghalekuti and Lasulkan, 1960, Institute for Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo: 63.
   Google Scholar
• Eaton, E.R. and McKerrell, H. 1976. “Near Eastern alloying and some textual evidence for the early use of arsenical copper”, World Archaeology 8/2: 169–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, S.J., Nash, S.K. and Swann, C.P. 2011. “The archae- ometallurgy of Period IVB bronzes at Hasanlu”, in M. de Schauensee (ed.), Peoples and Crafts in Period IVB at Hasanlu, Iran, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia: 103–34.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, S.J., Pigott, V.C., Swann, C.P. and Nash, S.K. 2005. “Bronze in Luristan. Preliminary analytical evidence from copper/bronze artifacts excavated by the Belgian Mission in Iran”, IA 40: 35–64.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, S.J., Pigott, V.C., Swann, C.P., Nash, S.K. et al. 2006. “The archaeometallurgy of War Kabud, western Iran”, IA 41: 31–57.
   Google Scholar
• Frame, L. 2010. “Metallurgical investigations at Godin Tepe, Iran, Part I: The metal finds”, Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1700–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galili, E., Gale, N. and Rosen, B. 2013. “A late Bronze Age shipwreck with a metal cargo from Hishuley Carmel, Israel”, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 42/1: 2–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galili, E., Shmueli, N. and Artzy, M. 1986. “Bronze Age ship's cargo of copper and tin”, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 15/1: 25–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, J. 2013. Das Zinn der Bronzezeit in Mittelasien II. Die montanarchÄologischen Forschungen an den Zinnlagerstätten, P. von Zabern, Darmstadt.
   Google Scholar
• Goy, J., Le Carlier de Veslud, C., Degli Esposti, M. and Attaelmanan, A.G. 2013. “Archaeometallurgical survey in the area of Masafi Fujairah, UAE: Preliminary data from an integrated programme of survey, excavation, and phys-icochemical analyses”, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 43: 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Gunter, A.C. and Jett, P. 1992. Ancient Iranian Metalwork in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Hakemi, A. 1997. Shahdad: Archaeological Excavations of a Bronze Age Center in Iran, IsMEO, Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Halm, L. 1935. “Analyse chimique et étude micrographique de quelques objets de métal cuivreux provenant du Tépé-Giyan”, in G. Contenau and R. Ghirshman (eds.), Fouilles du Tépé-Giyan près de Néhavend, 1931 et 1932, P. Geuthner, Paris: 135–38.
   Google Scholar
• Halm, L. 1939. “Analyse chimique et étude micrographique de quelques pièces de métal et de céramique provenant de Sialk”, in R. Ghirshman (ed.), Fouilles de Sialk près de Kashan. 1933, 1934, 1937, P. Geuthner, Paris: 205–08.
   Google Scholar
• Hauptmann, H. and Pernicka, E. 2004. Die Metallindustrie Mesopotamiens von den Anfängen bis zum 2. Jahrtausend v.Chr, Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden/Westf.
   Google Scholar
• Hauptmann, A., Maddin, R. and Prange, M. 2002. “On the structure and composition of copper and tin ingots excavated from the shipwreck of Uluburun”, BASOR 328: 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Hauptmann, A., Rehren, T. and Schmitt-Strecker, S. 2003. “Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta Iran, reconsidered”, in T. Stöllner, G. Körlin, G. Steffens and J. Ciemy (eds.), Man and Mining—Mensch und Bergbau. Studies in honour of Gerd Weisgerber on the occasion of his 65th birthday, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum: 197–213.
   Google Scholar
• Hauptmann, A., Weisgerber, G. and Bachmann, H.G. 1988. “Early copper metallurgy in Oman”, in R. Maddin (ed.), The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA: 34–51.
   Google Scholar
• Haustein, M., Gillis, C. and Pernicka, E. 2010. “Tin isotopy—a new method for solving old questions”, Archaeometry 52/5: 816–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helwing, B. 2009. “Rethinking the tin mountains: Patterns of usage and circulation of tin in Greater Iran from the 4th to the 1st millennium BC”, Tüba-Ar 12: 209–21.
   Google Scholar
• Heskel, D.L. 1981. The Development of Pyrotechnology in Iran During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Hopp, D., Schaaf, H. and Völcker-Janssen, W. 1992. Iranische Metallfunde im Museum Altenessen, Habelt, Bonn.
   Google Scholar
• Kaniuth, K. 2006. Metallobjekte der Bronzezeit aus Nordbaktrien, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz.
   Google Scholar
• Kaniuth, K. 2007. “The metallurgy of the late Bronze Age Sapalli culture of southern Uzbekistan and its implications for the ‘tin question’”, IA 42: 23–40.
   Google Scholar
• Kenoyer, J.M. and Miller, H.M.-L. 1999. “Metal technologies of the Indus Valley tradition in Pakistan and western India”, in V.C. Pigott (ed.), The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia: 107–51.
   Google Scholar
• Kohl, P.L. 2002. “Bronze production and utilization in southeastern Daghestan, Russia: c. 3600–1900 BC”, in M. Bartelheim, E. Pernicka and R. Krause (eds.), Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der Alten Welt, Marie Leidorf, Rahden: 161–83.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, R. 2003. Studien zur kupfer- und frühbronzezeitlichen Metallurgie zwischen Karpatenbecken und Ostsee, Freie Universität, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Laughlin, G.J. and Todd, J.A. 2000. “Evidence for early Bronze Age tin ore processing”, Materials Characterization 45: 269–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechtman, H. 1996. “Arsenic bronze: Dirty copper or chosen alloy? A view from the Americas”, JFA 23: 477–514.
   Google Scholar
• McKerrell, H. 1978. “The use of tin-bronze in Britain and the comparative relationship with the Near East”, in A.D. Franklin, J.S. Olin and T.A. Wertime (eds.), The Search for Ancient Tin, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: 7–24.
   Google Scholar
• Maddin, R., Wheeler, T.S. and Muhly, J.D. 1977. “Tin in the ancient Near East: Old questions and new finds”, Expedition 19/2: 35–47.
   Google Scholar
• Magee, P. 2005. “The production, distribution, and function of Iron Age bridge-spouted vessels in Iran and Arabia: Results from recent excavations and geochemical analysis”, Iran 43: 93–115.
   Google Scholar
• Mahboubian, H. 1997. Art of Ancient Iran, Copper and Bronze: the Houshang Mahboubian Family Collection, Philip Wilson, London.
   Google Scholar
• Malfoy, J.-M. and Menu, M. 1987. “La métallurgie du cuivre à Suse aux IVe et IIIe millénaires: analyses en laboratoire”, in F. Tallon (ed.), Métallurgie susienne I: de la fondation de Suse au XVIIIe avant J.-C., Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, Paris: 355–73.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, D.M.P. 2008. Die Metallnadeln von Shahdad—eine funktionstypologische Untersuchung, unpublished M.A. dissertation, Eberhard- Karls Universität Tübingen.
   Google Scholar
• Meliksetian, Kh., Avetissyan, P., Pemicka, E. and Simonyan, H. 2003. “Chemical and lead isotope characterisation of Middle Bronze Age bronzes and some Iron Age antimony objects (Armenia)”, in International Conference: Archaeometallurgy in Europe, 24-25-26 September 2003, Milan, Italy: Proceedings, Vol. 2, Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia, Milan: 311–18.
   Google Scholar
• Moorey, PR.S. 1971. Catalogue of the Ancient Persian Bronzes in the Ashmolean Museum, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Moorey, PR.S. 1982. “Archaeology and pre-Archaemenid metalworking in Iran: a fifteen year retrospective”, Iran 20: 81–101.
   Google Scholar
• Moorey, PR.S. 1985. Materials and Manufacture in Ancient Mesopotamia, BAR International Series 237, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Moorey, PR.S. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Muhly, J.D. 1973. Copper and Tin: The Distribution of Mineral Resources and the Nature of the Metals Trade in the Bronze Age, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven.
   Google Scholar
• Muhly, J.D. 1978. “New evidence for sources of and trade in Bronze Age tin”, in A.D. Franklin, J.S. Olin and T.A. Wertime (eds.), The Search for Ancient Tin, Smithsonian Institution, Washington: 43–48.
   Google Scholar
• Muhly, J.D. 1985. “Sources of tin and the beginnings of Bronze metallurgy”, AJA 89/2: 275–91.
   Google Scholar
• Miiller-Karpe, M. 1990. Metallgefässe des dritten Jahrtausends in Mesopotamien, Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz.
   Google Scholar
• Muscarella, O.W. 1974. “Decorated bronze beakers from Iran”, AJA 78: 239–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscarella, O.W. 1988. Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Needham, S.P., Leese, M.N., Hook, D.R. and Hughes, M.J. 1989. “Developments in the early Bronze Age metallurgy of southern Britain”, World Archaeology 20: 383–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezafati, N. 2006. Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the As- teneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Earth Sciences Faculty, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen.
   Google Scholar
• Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E. and Momenzadeh, M. 2006. “Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer”, Antiquity 80/308: 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E. and Momenzadeh, M. 2009. “Introduction of the Deh Hosein ancient tin-copper mine, western Iran: Evidence from geology, archaeology, geochemistry and lead isotope data”, Tüba-Ar 12: 223–35.
   Google Scholar
• Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E. and Shahmirzadi, S.M. 2008. “Evidence on the ancient mining and metallurgy at Tappeh Sialk, central Iran”, in Ü. Yalçin and A. Günhan Paşamehmetoǧlu (eds.), Ancient Mining in Turkey and the Eastern Mediterranean: International Conference AMITE M 2008, June 15–22, Ankara: 329–49.
   Google Scholar
• Oudbashi, O., Emami, S.M. and Davami, P. 2012. “Bronze in archaeology: A review of the archaeometallurgy of Bronze in ancient Iran”, in L. Collini (ed.), Copper Alloys—Early Applications and Current Performance—Enhancing Processes, InTech: 153–78.
   Google Scholar
• Overlaet, B. 2003. The Early Iron Age in the Pusht-i Kuh, Luristan, Peeters, Louvain.
   Google Scholar
• Özgüç, T. 1986. Kultepe-Kanis II. Eski Yakindoǧu” nun ticaret merkezinde yeni araştirmalarr. New researches at the trading center of the ancient Near East, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
   Google Scholar
• Parzinger, H. and Boroffka, N. 2003. Das Zinn der Bronzezeit in Mittelasien, P. von Zabern, Mainz.
   Google Scholar
• Pernicka, E. 1998. “Die Ausbreitung der Zinnbronze im 3. Jahrtausend”, in B. Hansel (ed.), Mensch und Umwelt in der Bronzezeit Europas, Oetker-Voges Verlag, Kiel: 135–147.
   Google Scholar
• Perucchetti, L., Bray, P., Dolfini, A. and Pollard, A.M. In press. “Physical barriers, cultural connections: prehistoric metallurgy across the Alpine region”, European Journal of Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Pigott, V.C. 1989. “The emergence of iron use at Hasanlu”, Expedition 31/2–3: 67–79.
   Google Scholar
• Pigott, V.C. 1999. “The development of metal production on the Iranian Plateau: an archaeometallurgical perspective”, in V.C. Pigott (ed.), The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World, University Museum Symposium Series, Philadelphia: 73–106.
   Google Scholar
• Pigott, V.C. 2011. “Sources of tin and the tin trade in southwest Asia: Re-cent research and its relevance to current understanding”, in P.P. Betancourt and S.C. Ferrence (eds.), Metallurgy: Understanding how, learning why. Studies in Honor of James D. Muhly, INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia: 273–91.
   Google Scholar
• Pigott, V.C. 2014. “Zinn”. Submitted to Reallexikon der Assyriologie.
   Google Scholar
• Pigott, V.C., Rogers, H.C. and Nash, S.K. 2003a. “Archaeometallurgical investigations at Tal-e Malyan: Banesh Period finds from ABC and TUV”, in W.M. Sumner (ed.), Early Urban Life in the Land of Anshan: Excavations at Tal-e Malyan in the Highlands of Iran, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia: 94–102.
   Google Scholar
• Pigott, V.C., Rogers, H.C. and Nash, S.K. 2003b. “Archaeometallurgical investigations at Tal-e Malyan: The evidence for tin-bronze in the Kaftari phase”, in N.F. Miller and K. Abdi (eds.), Yeki Bud, Yeki Nabud: Essays on the Archaeology of Iran in Honor of William M. Sumner, University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia: 161–75.
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, A.M. and Bray, P.J. 2014. “A new method for combining lead isotope and lead abundance data to characterise archaeological copper alloys”, Archaeometry.
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, A.M., Bray, P., Gosden, C., Wilson, A. and Hamerow, H. 2015. “Characterising copper-based metals in Britain in the first millennium AD: A preliminary quantification of metal flow and recycling”, Antiquity 89: 697–713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponting, M.J. 2013. “Scientific analysis of the late Assyrian period copper-alloy metalwork from Nimrud”, in J. Curtis (ed.), An Examination of Late Assyrian Metalwork with Special Reference to Nimrud, Oxbow Books, Oxford and Oakville, 220–42.
   Google Scholar
• Potts, T.F. 1993. “Patterns of trade in third-millennium BC Mesopotamia and Iran”, World Archaeology 24/3: 379–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prange, M. 2001. 5000 Jahre Kupfer in Oman, Vol. 2., Metalla 8.5, Bochum.
   Google Scholar
• Prange, M. and Hauptmann, A. 2001. “The chemical composition of bronze objects from Ibri/Selme”, in P. Yule and G. Weisgerber (eds.), The Metal Hoard from Ibri/Selme, Sultanate of Oman, Franz Steiner, Stuttgart: 75–84.
   Google Scholar
• Radivojević, M., Rehren, T., Kuzmanovic-Cvetković, J., Jova-nović, M. and Northover, J.P. 2013. “Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago”, Antiquity 87: 1030–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riederer, J. 1992. “Metallanalysen von Luristan-Waffen”, Berliner Beiträge zur Archäeometrie 11: 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Riesch, L.C. and Horton, D. 1937. “Appendix I. Technological analyses of objects from Tepe Hissar”, in E.F. Schmidt (ed.), Excavations at Teppe Hissar Damghan, The University Museum, Philadelphia: 351–61.
   Google Scholar
• Selimkhanov, I.R. 1978. “Ancient tin objects of the Caucasus and the result of their analyses”, in A.D. Franklin, J.S. Olin and T.A. Wertime (eds.), The Search for Ancient Tin, Smithsonian Institution, Washington: 53–58.
   Google Scholar
• Stech, T. 1999. “Aspects of early metallurgy in Mesopotamia and Anatolia”, in V.C. Pigott (ed.), The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia: 59–71.
   Google Scholar
• Stech, T. and Pigott, V.C. 1986. “The metals trade in southwest Asia in the third millennium BC”, Iraq 48: 39–64.
   Google Scholar
• Stöllner, T. 2011. “Archaeological survey of ancient mines on the western Central Iranian Plateau”, in Vatandoust, A., Parzinger, H. and Helwing, B. (eds). Early Mining and Metallurgy on the Western Central Iranian Plateau: The First Five Years of Work, Archäologie in Iran und Turan Band 9, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz: 621–30.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, C.P. 2009a. The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Metallurgy of Tepe Hissar, Northeast Iran: A Challenge to the “Leventine Paradigm”, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, C.P. 2009b. “The emergence of complex metallurgy on the Iranian Plateau: Escaping the Levantine paradigm”, Journal of World Prehistory 22: 301–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, C.P. 2014. “The emergence of complex metallurgy on the Iranian Plateau”, in B.W. Roberts and C.P. Thornton (eds.), Archaeometallurgy in a Global Perspective, Springer, New York: 665–96.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, C.P. and Giardino, C. 2013. “Serge Cleuziou and the ‘tin problem’”, in J. Giraud and G. Gernez (eds.), Aux marges de l'archéologie—Hommage à Serge Cleuziou, De Boccard, Paris: 253–60.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, C.P. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. 2004. “A new look at the prehistoric metallurgy of southeastern Iran”, Iran 42: 47–59.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, C.P., Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C., Liezers, M. and Young, S.M.M. 2002. “On pins and needles: Tracing the evolution of copper-base alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS analysis of common-place items”, Journal of Archaeological Science 29/12: 1451–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylecote, R.F. 1978. “Early tin ingots and tinstone from western Europe and the Mediterranean”, in A.D. Franklin, J.S. Olin and T.A. Wertime (eds.), The Search for Ancient Tin, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: 49–52.
   Google Scholar
• Tylecote, R.F. and McKerrell, H. 1986. “Metallurgical technology. Note: examination of copper alloy tools from Tepe Yahya”, in C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky and T.W. Beale (eds.), Excavations at Tepe Yahya, Iran 1967–1975. The Early Periods, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, MA: 213–14.
   Google Scholar
• Van Lerberghe, K. and Maes, L. 1984. “Contribution à l'étude des métaux de Tell ed-Der”, in L. De Meyer (ed.), Tell edDer IV, Peeters, Leuven: 97–117.
   Google Scholar
• Vatandoost-Haghighi, A. 1977. Aspects of Prehistoric Iranian Copper and Bronze Technology, unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
   Google Scholar
• Vatandoust, A. 1999. “A view on prehistoric Iranian metalworking: Elemental analyses and metallographic examinations”, in A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka, T. Rehren, and U. Yalçin, (eds.), The Beginnings of Metallurgy. Proceedings of the International Conference “The Beginnings of Metallurgy”, Bochum 1995, 9th edition, Deutsches Bergbau Museum, Bochum: 121–40.
   Google Scholar
• Vatandoust, A., Parzinger, H. and Helwing, B. 2011. Early Mining and Metallurgy on the Western Central Iranian Plateau: The first five years of work, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz.
   Google Scholar
• Weeks, L.R. 1997. “Prehistoric metallurgy at Tell Abraq, U.A.E.”, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 8: 11–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks, L.R. 1999. “Lead isotope analyses from Tell Abraq, United Arab Emirates: New data regarding the ‘tin problem’ in Western Asia”, Antiquity 73: 49–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks, L.R. 2000. “Metal artefacts from the Sharm tomb”, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 11: 180–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks, L.R. 2003. Early Metallurgy of the Persian Gulf: Technology, trade, and the Bronze Age World, Brill, Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Wertime, T.A. 1978. “The search for ancient tin: The geographic and historic boundaries”, in A.D. Franklin, J.S. Olin and T.A. Wertime (ed.), The Search for Ancient Tin, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Yener, K.A. and Vandiver, P.B. 1993. “Tin processing at Göltepe, an early Bronze Age site in Anatolia”, AJA 97/2: 207–38.
   Google Scholar
• Yule, P. and Weisgerber, G. 2001. The metal hoard from ἰbri/Selme, Sultanate of Oman, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar