A coupled-systems framework for reducing health risks associated with private drinking water wells

References

• Berger, P. 2008. Viruses in Groundwater. (pp 131-149) in Dangerous Pollutants (Xenobiotics) in Urban Water Cycle. Hlavinek, Bonacci, Marsalek, and Mahrikova: Springer Science & Business Media:
   Google Scholar
• Berkes, F., and C. Folke. 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blaustein, R. A., R. L. Hill, S. A. Micallef, D. R. Shelton, & Y. A. Pachepsky. 2016. “Rainfall Intensity Effects on Removal of Fecal Indicator Bacteria From Solid Dairy Manure Applied Over Grass-Covered Soil.” Science of the Total Environment 539: 583–591. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloschl, G. et al. 2015. Increasing River Floods: Fiction Or Reality? Water 4: 329–344.
   Google Scholar
• Bogardi, J. J., D. Dudgeon, R. Lawford, E. Flinkerbusch, A. Meyn, C. Pahl-Wostl, K. Vielhauer, and C. Vörösmarty. 2011. “Water Security for a Planet Under Pressure: Interconnected Challenges of a Changing World Call For Sustainable Solutions.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4: 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunch, M. J. 2001. An Adaptive Ecosystem Approach to Rehabilitation and Management of the Cooum River Environmental System in Chennai, India. Geography Publication Series. Waterloo, ON: Department of Geography, University Waterloo. 54 (461).
   Google Scholar
• Bunch, M. J., K. E. Morrison, M.W. Parkes, and H. D. Venema. 2011. “Promoting Health and Well-Being by Managing for Social–Ecological Resilience: The Potential of Integrating Ecohealth and Water Resources Management Approaches.” Ecology and Society 16(1): 6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunch, M. J. 2016. “Ecosystem Approaches to Health and Well-Being: Navigating Complexity, Promoting Health in Social-Ecological Systems.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 33 (5): 614–632. doi: 10.1002/sres.2429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charron, D. F. 2012. Ecohealth: Origins and Approach. (pp 1-30) in Ecohealth Research in Practice. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Dickin, S. K., C. J. Schuster-Wallace, M. Qadir, and K. Pizzacalla. 2016. “A Review of Health Risks and Pathways for Exposure to Wastewater Use in Agriculture.” Environmental Health Perspectives 124 (7): 900. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1509995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenmark, M. 1979. “Main Problems of Water Use and Transfer of Technology.” Geo Journal 3 (5): 435–443. doi: 10.1007/BF00455982.
   Google Scholar
• Flint, J. A., K. Doré, S. E. Majowicz, V. L. Edge, and P. Sockett. 2004. “From Stool to Statistics: Reporting of Acute Gastrointestinal Illnesses in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 95 (4): 309–313.
   Google Scholar
• Forget, G., and J. Lebel. 2001. “An Ecosystem Approach to Human Health.” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 7 (2): 3–38. doi: 10.1179/oeh.1999.5.1.38.
   Google Scholar
• Gober, P., and H. S. Wheater. 2015. “Debates - Perspectives on Socio- Hydrology: Modeling Flood Risk as a Public Policy Problem.” Water Resources Research 51 (6): 4782–4788. doi: 10.1002/2015WR016945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorelick, S. M., and C. Zheng. 2015. “Global Change and the Groundwater Management Challenge.” Water Resources Research 51 (5): 3031–3051. doi: 10.1002/2014WR016825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard G., S. M. Barrett, M. Nalubega, and K. Johal. 2003. “Risk Factors Contributing Tomicrobiological Contamination of Shallow Groundwater in Kampala, Uganda.” Water Research, 37: 3421–3429. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00235-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynds, P. D., B. D. Misstear, and L. W. Gill. 2013. “Unregulated Private Wells in the Republic of Ireland: Consumer Awareness, Source Susceptibility and Protective Actions.” Journal of Environmental Management 127: 278–288. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynds, P. D., K. M. Thomas, and K. D. M. Pintar. 2014. “Contamination of Groundwater Systems in the US and Canada by Enteric Pathogens, 1990–2013: A Review and Pooled-Analysis.” PloS one 9(5): e93301. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. Q., C. E. Dewey, K. Doré, S. E. Majowicz, S. A. McEwen, D. Waltner-Toews, S. J. Henson, and E. Mathews. 2006. “Public Perceptions of Drinking Water: A Postal Survey of Residents with Private Water Supplies.” BMC Public Health 6 (1): 94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, J., and E. D. Schneider. 1994. “Embracing Complexity - The Challenge of the Ecosystem Approach.” Alternatives 20 (3): 32–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, J., H. Regier, M. Boyle, and G. Francis. 1999. “An Ecosystem Approach for Sustainability: Addressing the challenge of complexity.” Futures 31 (7): 721–742. doi: 10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00029-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, J., and H. Regier. 2000. Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ecological Integrity: Insights from an Ecosystem Approach. In P. Crabbe, A. Holland, L. Ryszkwski, and L. Westra. Implementing Ecological Integrity: Restoring Regional and Global Environmental And Human Health, 121–156. Kluwer: NATO Science Series, Environmental Security.
   Google Scholar
• Kreutzwiser, R., R. de Loë, K. Imgrund, M. J. Conboy, H. Simpson, and R. Plummer. 2011. “Understanding Stewardship Behaviour: Factors Facilitating and Constraining Private Water Well Stewardship.” Journal of Environmental Management 92: 1104–1114. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebel, J. 2003. Health: An Ecosystem Approach, 1–30. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, B. J., H. A. Regier, and D. J. Rapport. 1982. “Ten Ecosystems Approaches to the Planning and Management of the Great Lakes.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 8 (3): 505–519. doi: 10.1016/S0380-1330(82)71989-6.
   Google Scholar
• Limaye, S. D. 2017. “Socio-hydrogeology and Low-Income Countries: Taking Science to Rural Society.” Hydrogeology Journal 25 (7): 1927–1930. doi: 10.1007/s10040-017-1656-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton, J., and J. Budds. 2014. “The Hydrosocial Cycle: Defining and Mobilizing a Relational-Dialectical Approach To Water.” Geoforum 57: 170–180. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.10.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier, A., J. Krolik, K. Randhawa, and A. Majury. 2014. “Bacteriological Testing of Private Well Water: A Trends and Guidelines Assessment Using Five Years of Submissions Data from Southeastern Ontario.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 105 (3): e203–e208. doi: 10.17269/cjph.105.4282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, H. M., M. K. Thomas, P. J. Schmidt, D. T. Medeiros, S. McFadyen, and K. D. M. Pintar. 2016. “Estimating the Burden of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness Due to Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, E. coli O157 and Norovirus Associated with Private Wells and Small Water Systems in Canada.” Epidemiology and Infection 144 (7): 1355–1416. doi: 10.1017/S0950268815002071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, H. M., M. D. Prioleau, M. A. Borchardt, and P. D. Hynds. 2017. Review: Epidemiological Evidence of Groundwater Contribution to Global Enteric Disease, 1948-2015. Hydrogeology Journal 25 (4): 981–1001. doi: 10.1007/s10040-017-1543-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nnadi, F. N., and M. Fulkerson. 2002. “Assessment of Groundwater Under Direct Influence of Surface Water.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health 37 (7): 1209–1222. doi: 10.1081/ESE-120005981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. 2002. Report of the Walkerton Inquiry: The Events of May 2000 and Related Issues, Part One. Toronto: Ministry of the Attorney General.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Clean Water Act. S.O 2006. c.22 March 22, 2017 (CAN).
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Safe Drinking Water Act. S.O 2002. c.32 March 22, 2017 (CAN).
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Water Resources Act R.S.O 1990. O.40 December 31, 2017 (CAN).
   Google Scholar
• Pande, S., and M. Sivapalan. 2017. “Progress in Socio-Hydrology: A Meta-Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews 4: 4.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, P. K., P. H. Kass, M. L. Soupir, S. Biswas, and V. P. Singh. 2014. “Contamination of Water Resources by Pathogenic Bacteria.” AMB Express 4: 51. doi: 10.1186/s13568-014-0051-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes, M., R. Panelli, and P. Weinstein. 2003. “Converging Paradigms for Environmental Health Theory and Practice.” Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 669–675. doi: 10.1289/ehp.5332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes, M.W. et al. 2005. “All hands on Deck: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Emerging Infectious Disease.” Eco Health 2 (4): 258–272. doi: 10.1007/s10393-005-8387-y.
   Google Scholar
• Patz, J. A., A. K. Githeko, J. P. McCarty, S. Hussein, U. Confalonieri, and N. De Wet. 2003. “Climate Change and Infectious Diseases.” Climate Change and Human Health: Risks and Responses 6: 103–137.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. 2013. The Chief Public Health Officer’s Report on the State of Public Health in Canada, 2013: Infectious Disease—The Never-ending Threat (pp. 49–62). Government of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Rapport, D.J.et al. 1999. “Ecosystem Health: The Concept, The ISEH, and The Important Task Ahead.” Ecosystem Health 5: 82–90. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09913.x.
   Google Scholar
• Re, V. 2015. “Incorporating the Social Dimension into Hydrogeochemical Investigations for Rural Development: The bir al-nas Approach for Socio-Hydrogeology.” Hydrogeology Journal 23 (7): 1293–1304. doi: 10.1007/s10040-015-1284-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Re, V., E. Sacchi, S. Kammoun, C. Tringali, R. Trabelsi, K. Zouari, and S. Daniele. 2017. “Integrated Socio-Hydrogeological Approach to Tackle Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater Resources. The Case of Grombalia Basin (Tunisia).” Science of the Total Environment 593: 664–676. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier, H.A., and J.J. Kay. 2001. Phase Shifts or Flip-Flops in Complex Systems. Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Renaud, F. and C. Schuster-Wallace. 2017. Groundwater and Human Security. (pp.1–20). UN Environment on behalf of UN Water ISBN No: 978-92-808-6082-5.
   Google Scholar
• Rivera, A. 2014. Canada's Groundwater Resources. Markham, ON: Fitzhenry & Whiteside.
   Google Scholar
• Roche, S. M., A. Jones-Bitton, S. E. Majowicz, K. D. M. Pintar, and D. Allison. 2013. “Investigating Public Perceptions and Knowledge Translation Priorities to Improve Water Safety for Residents with Private Water Supplies: A Cross-Sectional Study in Newfoundland and Labrador.” BMC Public Health 13 (1): 1225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sivapalan, M., H. H. G. Savenije, and G. Blöschl. 2012. Socio-hydrology: A New Science of People and Water. Hydrological Processes 26: 1270–1276. doi: 10.1002/hyp.8426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivapalan, M., and G. Blöschl. 2015. Time Scale Interactions and the Coevolution of Humans and Water. Water Resources Research 51: 6988–7022. doi: 10.1002/2015WR017896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivapalan, M. (2015), Debates—Perspectives on socio-hydrology: Changing water systems and the “tyranny of small problems”—Sociohydrology, Water Resources Research 51 (6): 4795–4805, doi: 10.1002/2015WR017080.
   Google Scholar
• Summers, R. J. 2010. Alberta Well Water Survey – A Report Prepared for Alberta Environment. Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta.
   Google Scholar
• Troy, T. J., M. Konar, V. Srinivasan, and S. Thompson. 2015. “Moving Sociohydrology Forward: A Synthesis across Studies.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19 (8): 3667–3679. doi: 10.5194/hess-19-3667-2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF, WHO. 2009. Diarrhoea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done. United Nations Children’s Fund & World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• UN Water. 2018. Progress on water-related ecosystems: Piloting the monitoring methodology and initial findings for SDG indicator 6.6.1, UN Environment on behalf of UN Water ISBN No: 978-92-807-3712-7.
   Google Scholar
• Waltner-Toews, D., J. Kay, P.M. Tamsyn, and C. Neudoerffer. 2004. “Adaptive methodology for ecosystem sustainability and health (AMESH): An introduction.” In: Midgley, G., and Ochoa-Arias, A.E. Community Operational Research: Systems Thinking for Community Development. New York, NY, USA: Kluwer and Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waltner-Toews, D., and J. J. Kay. 2008. Implementing an Ecosystem Approach: The Diamond, AMESH, and Their Siblings. (pp. 239-255) in The Ecosystem Approach: Complexity, Uncertainty, and Managing for Sustainability. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waltner-Toews, D. 2009. Eco-health: A Primer for Veterinarians. Canadian Veterinarian Journal 50: 519–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallender, E. K., E. C. Ailes, J. S. Yoder, V. A. Roberts, and J. M. Brunkard. 2014. “Contributing Factors to Disease Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Groundwater.” Groundwater 52 (6): 886–897. doi: 10.1111/gwat.12121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, J. C., D. Mergler, M. W. Parkes, J. Saint-Charles, J. Spiegel, D. Waltner-Toews, and R. F. Woollard. 2010. “Tools for Thoughtful Action: The Role of Ecosystem Approaches to Health in Enhancing Public Health.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 101 (6): 439–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesselink, A., M. Kooy, and J. Warner. 2017. Socio-hydrology and Hydrosocial Analysis: Toward Dialogues Across Disciplines: Socio-Hydrology and Hydrosocial Analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 4 (2): e1196. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmee, S., A. Haines, C. Beyrer, F. Boltz, A. G. Capon, B. F. de Souza Dias, A. Ezeh, et al. 2015. “Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch: Report of the Rockefeller Foundation – Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.” The Lancet 386: 1973–2028. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurita, M. D. L. M., D. C. Thomsen, T. F. Smith, A. Lyth, B. L. Preston, & S. Baum. 2015. “Reframing Water: Contesting H2O within the European Union.” Geoforum 65:70–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar