Power, authority and security: the EU’s Russian gas dilemma

References

• Andersen, S., A. Goldthau, and N. Sitter. 2017b. “From Low to High Politics? the EU’s Regulatory and Economic Power.” In Energy Union. Europe’s New Liberal Mercantilism? edited by S. Andersen, A. Goldthau, and N. Sitter, 13–26. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, S., A. Goldthau, and N. Sitter, eds. 2017a. Energy Union: Europe’s New Liberal Mercantilism? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, S. S., and N. Sitter. 2009. “The European Union Gas Market: Differentiated Integration and Fuzzy Liberalization.” In Political Economy of Energy in Europe, edited by G. Fermann, 63–84. Berlin: BWW.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, S. S., and N. Sitter. 2006. “Differentiated Integration: What Is It and How Much Can the EU Accommodate?” Journal of European Integration 28 (4): 313–330. doi:10.1080/07036330600853919.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, S. S., and N. Sitter. 2014. “Managing Heterogeneity in the EU: Using Gas Market Liberalisation to Explore the Changing Mechanisms of Intergovernmental Governance.” Journal of European Integration. doi:10.1080/07036337.2014.953947.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachrach, P., and M. S. Baratz. 1962. “Two Faces of Power.” American Political Science Review 56 (4): 947–952. doi:10.2307/1952796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boersma, T., and A. Goldthau. 2017. “Wither the EU’s Market Making Project in Energy: From Liberalization to Securitization?” In Energy Union. Europe’s New Liberal Mercantilism? edited by S. Andersen, A. Goldthau, and N. Sitter, 99–114. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Caspary, D., W. Langen, J. Pfeiffer, G. Nüßlein, H. Heil, B. Westphal, A. Post, and T. Gremmels. 2018. “Nord Stream 2 Stärkt Europa.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 07.
   Google Scholar
• Cottier, T., S. Matteotti-Berkutova, and O. Nartova. 2010. “Third Country Relations in Eu Unbundling of Natural Gas Markets: The “Gazprom Clause” of Directive 2009/73 Ec and Wto Law.” In NCCR Trade Regulation Working Paper. Bern: World Trade Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union and European Parliament. 2019. “Directive (EU) 2019/692 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 Amending Directive 2009/73/EC Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas (Text with EEA Relevance.)„. Official Journal of the European Union L 117/1 (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, R. A. 1957. “The Concept of Power.” Behavioral Science 2 (3): 201–215. doi:10.1002/bs.3830020303.
   Google Scholar
• Eberlein, B. 2010. “Experimentalist Governance in the European Energy Sector.” In Experimentalist Governance in the European. Towards a New Architecture, edited by C. F. Sabel and J. Zeitlin, 61–79. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eckert, S., and B. Eberlein. 2020. “Private Authority in Tackling Cross-border Issues: The Hidden Path Of Integrating European Energy Markets.” Journal of European Integration 42 (01).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2014. Progress Towards Completing the Internal Energy Market. COM(2014) 634 final. Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2015. Energy Union Package. A Framework Strategy for A Resilient Energy Union with A Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy. COM(2015) 80 final. Brussels: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the EUropean Investment Bank.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2016. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee on the Application of the Decision 994/2012/EU Establishing an Information Exchange Mechanism on Intergovernmental Agreements between Member States and Third Countries in the Field of Energy. COM(2016) 54 final. Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2017a. Energy Union: Commission Takes Steps to Extend Common EU Gas Rules to Import Pipelines. IP/17/4401, 08.11. Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2017b. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Amending Directive 2009/73/EC Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas (Text with EEA Relevance). COM(2017) 660 final. Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2017c. Questions and Answers on the Commission Proposal to Amend the Gas Directive (2009/73/EC). MEMO 17/4422. Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Communities. 2007. “The Treaty of LisbonAmending the Treaty Establishing the European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community Including the Protocols and Annexes, and Final Act with Declarations.” Lisbon.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2012. “Decision No 994/2012/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 Establishing an Information Exchange Mechanism with Regard to Intergovernmental Agreements between Member States and Third Countries in the Field of Energy Text with EEA Relevance.” Official Journal of the European Union L 299 (27/10/2012): 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council. 1998. Directive 98/30/EC Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas, 22 June. Brussels: European Parliament and Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council. 2003. Directive 2003/55/EC Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas and Repealing Directive 98/30/EC, 26 June. Brussels: European Parliament and Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council. 2009. Directive 2009/72/EC Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity and Repealing Directive 2003/54/EC (Text with EEA Relevance), 13 July. Brussels: European Parliament and Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council. 2010. “Regulation (EU) No 994/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 Concerning Measures to Safeguard Security of Gas Supply and Repealing Council Directive 2004/67/EC (Text with EEA Relevance).” Official Journal of the European Union L 295 (12.11.2010): 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Folketingstidende, A. 2017. Lovforslag nr. L 43: Lov om ændring af lov om kontinentalsoklen. Copenhagen: Folketinget.
   Google Scholar
• FT. 2019. Nord Stream 2 eyes way to curb EU oversight of $9.5bn pipeline, March 14.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A., and N. Sitter. 2018. “Regulatory Power or Market Power Europe? Leadership and Models for External EU Energy Governance.” In New Political Economy of Energy in Europe: Power to Project, Power to Adapt, edited by J. M. Godzimirski. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A. 2018. The Politics of Shale Gas in Eastern Europe. Energy Security, Contested Technologies and the Social Licence to Frack. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A., and N. Sitter. 2014. “A Liberal Actor in A Realist World? the Commission and the External Dimension of the Single Market for Energy.” Journal of European Public Policy 21 (10): 1452–1472. doi:10.1080/13501763.2014.912251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A., and N. Sitter. 2015a. A Liberal Actor in A Realist World. The European Union Regulatory State and the Global Political Economy of Energy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A., and N. Sitter. 2015b. “Soft Power with a Hard Edge: EU Policy Tools and Energy Security.” Review of International Political Economy 22 (5): 941–965. doi:10.1080/09692290.2015.1008547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herranz-Surralés, A. 2015. “An Emerging EU Energy Diplomacy? Discursive Shifts, Enduring Practices.” Journal of European Public Policy 23 (9): 1386–1405. doi:10.1080/13501763.2015.1083044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högselius, P. 2012. Red Gas. Russia and the Origins of European Energy Dependence. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Judge, A., and T. Maltby. 2017. “European Energy Union? Caught between Securitisation and ‘Riskification’.” European Journal of International Security 2 (2): 179–202. doi:10.1017/eis.2017.3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotek, P., A. Selei, and B. T. Tóth. 2017. The Impact of The Construction of The Nord Stream 2 Gas Pipeline On Gas Prices and Competition. Budapest: REKK Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, K.-O., and K. Westphal. 2017. Nord Stream 2 – A Political and Economic Contextualisation. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. SWP Research Paper 2017/RP 03.
   Google Scholar
• Liefferink, D., and M. S. Andersen. 1998. “Strategies of the ‘Green’ Member States in EU Environmental Policy-making.” Journal of European Public Policy 5 (2): 254–270. doi:10.1080/135017698343974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijphart, A. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lodge, M. 2008. “Regulation, the Regulatory State and European Politics.” West European Politics 31 (1/2): 280–301. doi:10.1080/01402380701835074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loskot-Strachota, A. 2016. Nord Stream 2: Policy Dilemmas and the Future of EU Gas Market. Oslo: NUPI.
   Google Scholar
• Lukes, S. 1974. Power: A Radical View. London: MacMillan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Majone, G. 1994. “The Rise of the Regulatory State in Europe.” West European Politics 17 (3): 77–101. doi:10.1080/01402389408425031.
   Google Scholar
• Moravcsik, A. 1993. “Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach.” Journal of Common Market Studies 31 (4): 473–524. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.1993.tb00477.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natorski, M., and A. Herranz-Surrallés. 2008. “Securitizing Moves to Nowhere? The Framing of the European Union’s Energy Policy.” Journal of Contemporary European Research 4 (2): 70–89.
   Google Scholar
• Nosko, A., and M. Mišík. 2017. “No United Front: The Political Economy of Energy in Central and Eastern Europe.” In Energy Union. Europe’s New Liberal Mercantilism? edited by S. Andersen, A. Goldthau, and N. Sitter, 201–222. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Puetter, U. 2014. The European Council and the Council: New Intergovernmentalism and Institutional Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Felzmann, A. 2020. “Gazprom’s Nord Stream 2 and Diffuse Authority in The Eu: Managing Authority Challenges Eegarding Russian Gas Supplies Through The Baltic Sea.” Journal of European Integration 42 (01).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. E. 1970. “Weber on Legitimate Norms and Authority.” The British Journal of Sociology 21 (2): 123–134. doi:10.2307/588403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surrallés, A. H., I. Solorio, and J. Fairbrass. 2020. “Renegotiating Authority in The Energy Union: A Framework for Analysis.” Journal of European Integration 42 (01).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szulecki, K., ed. 2017. Energy Security in Europe. Divergent Perceptions and Policy Challenges. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Szulecki, K., S. Fischer, A. T. Gullberg, and O. Sartor. 2016. “Shaping the ‘˜energy Union’: Between National Positions and Governance Innovation in EU Energy and Climate Policy.” Climate Policy 16 (5): 548–567. doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1135100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talus, K. 2011. “Long-term Natural Gas Contracts and Antitrust Law in the European Union and the United States.” The Journal of World Energy Law & Business 4 (3): 260–315i. doi:10.1093/jwelb/jwr015.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, M. 1922. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Tübingen: Mohr.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, M., R. Bütikofer, N. Hirsch, E. Brok, N. Röttgen, O. Krischer, and M. Link. 2018. “Nord Stream 2 Schadet Europa.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 20.
   Google Scholar