Spatiotemporal Variability of Chlorophyll a and Sea Surface Temperature in the Northern South China Sea from 2002 to 2012

REFERENCES

• Barnard, A.H., Stegmann, P.M., and Yoder, J.A. 1997. “Seasonal surface ocean variability in the South Atlantic Bight derived from CZCS and AVHRR imagery.” Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 17(No. 10): pp. 1181–1206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrenfeld, M.J., O’Malley, R.T., Siegel, D.A., McClain, C.R., Sarmiento, J.L., Feldman, G.C., Milligan, A.J., Falkowski, P.G., Letelier, R.M., and Boss, E.S. 2006. “Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity.” Nature, Vol. 444(No. 7120): pp. 752–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce, D.G., Lewis, M.R., and Worm, B. 2010. “Global phytoplankton decline over the past century.” Nature, Vol. 466(No. 7306): pp. 591–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.C., Shiah, F.K., Chung, S.W., and Liu, K.K. 2006. “Winter phytoplankton blooms in the shallow mixed layer of the South China Sea enhanced by upwelling.” Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 59(No. 1–2): pp. 97–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.Q., and Tang, D.L. 2011. “Remote sensing analysis of impact of typhoon on environment in the sea area south of Hainan Island.” Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 10: pp. 1621–1629.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, C.C., Gong, G.C., and Hung, C.C. 2012. “Effect of Typhoon Morakot on microphytoplankton population dynamics in the subtropical Northwest Pacific.” Marine Ecology Progress Series,Vol. 448: pp. 39–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doney, S.C. 2006. “Oceanography—Plankton in a warmer world.” Nature, Vol. 444(No. 7120): pp. 695–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennel, K., and Boss, E. 2003. “Subsurface maxima of phytoplankton and chlorophyll: Steady-state solutions from a simple model.” Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 48 (No. 4): pp. 1521–1534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, S., Wang, H., Liu, G., and Li, H. 2013. “Spatio-temporal variability of chlorophyll a and its responses to sea surface temperature, winds and height anomaly in the western South China Sea.” Acta Oceanolo. Sinica, Vol. 32(No. 1): pp. 48–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg, W.W., Casey, N.W., and McClain, C.R. 2005. “Recent trends in global ocean chlorophyll.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32(No. 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, H., Liu, X., Chiang, K.-P., Huang, B., Zhang, C., Hu, J., and Li, Y. 2011. “The coupling of temporal and spatial variations of chlorophyll a concentration and the East Asian monsoons in the southern Taiwan Strait.” Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 31(No. 6): pp. S37–S47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C.Y., Liew, P.M., Zhao, M., Chang, T.C., Kao, C.M., Chen, M.T., Wang, C.H., and Zheng, L.F. 1997. “Deep-sea and lake records of southwest Asian paleomonsoons for the last 25 thousand years.” Earth Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 146: pp. 59–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, C.C., Xu, C., Santschi, P.H., Zhang, S.J., Schwehr, K.A., Quigg, A., Guo, L., Gong, G.C., Pinckney, J.L., Long, R.A., and Wei, C.L. 2010. “Comparative evaluation of sediment trap and Th-234-derived POC fluxes from the upper oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean.” Marine Chemistry, Vol. 121(No. 1–4): pp. 132–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jilan, S. 2004. “Overview of the South China Sea circulation and its influence on the coastal physical oceanography outside the Pearl River Estuary.” Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 24(No. 16): pp. 1745–1760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerloef, G.S.E., and Bernstein, R.L, 1988. “Empirical orthogonal function analysis of advanced very high resolution radiometer surface temperature patterns in Santa Barbara Channel.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Vol. 93(No. C6): pp. 6863–6873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y. 2010. “Can the spatial prediction of soil organic matter contents at various sampling scales be improved by using regression kriging with auxiliary information?” Geoderma, Vol. 159(No. 1–2): pp. 63–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, I., Liu, W.T., Wu, C.C., Wong, G.T.F., Hu, C.M., Chen, Z.Q., Liang, W.D., Yang, Y., and Liu, K.K. 2003. “New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30(No. 13): pp. 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, H., Hu, Z., Huang, L., Huang, H., Chen, Z., Song, X., Ke, Z., and Zhou, L. 2013. “Biological response to typhoon in northern South China Sea: A case study of ‘Koppu.’” Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 68: pp. 123–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., Song, X.Y., Huang, L.G., and Zhang, J.L. 2011. “Phytoplankton biomass and production in northern South China Sea during summer: Influenced by Pearl River discharge and coastal upwelling.” Acta Ecologica Sinica, Vol. 31 (No. 3): pp. 133–136.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, K.K., Chao, S.Y., Shaw, P.T., Gong, G.C., Chen, C.C., and Tang, T.Y. 2002. “Monsoon-forced chlorophyll distribution and primary production in the South China Sea: observations and a numerical study.” Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, Vol. 49(No. 8): pp. 1387–1412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Z., Gan, J., Dai, M., and Cheung, A.Y.Y. 2010. “The influence of coastal upwelling and a river plume on the subsurface chlorophyll maximum over the shelf of the northeastern South China Sea.” Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 82(No. 1–2): pp. 35–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, T.N., and He, R. 2010. “Temporal and spatial variability of Chl-a and SST on the South Atlantic Bight revisiting with cloud-free reconstructions of MODIS satellite imagery.” Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 30(No. 18): pp. 1951–1962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moline, M.A., Frazer, T.K., Chant, R., Glenn, S., Jacoby, C.A., Reinfelder, J.R., Yost, J., Zhou, M., and Schofield, O. 2008. “Biological responses in a dynamic buoyant river plume.” Oceanography, Vol. 21(No. 4): pp. 70–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustapha, S.B., Bélanger, S., and Larouche, P. 2012. “Evaluation of ocean color algorithms in the southeastern Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic: New parameterization using SeaWiFS, MODIS, and MERIS spectral bands.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 38, No. 5: pp. 535–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro, G., and Ruiz, J. 2006. “Spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Cadiz through remote sensing images.” Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography, Vol. 53(No. 11–13): pp. 1241–1260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ning, X., Chai, F., Xue, H., Cai, Y., Liu, C., and Shi, J. 2004. “Physical–biological oceanographic coupling influencing phytoplankton and primary production in the South China Sea.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Vol. 109(No. C10): pp. 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ning, X., Lin, C., Hao, Q., Liu, C., Le, F., and Shi, J. 2009. “Long term changes in the ecosystem in the northern South China Sea during 1976–2004.” Biogeosciences, Vol. 6(No. 10): pp. 2227–2243.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, M.A., and Webster, R. 1990. “Kriging: A method of interpolation for geographical information system.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 4: pp. 313–332.
   Google Scholar
• O’Reilly, J.E., and 21 coauthors. 2000. “Ocean color chlorophyll a algorithms for SeaWiFS, OC2, and OC4: Version 4.” In SeaWiFS postlaunch calibration and validation analyses, Part 3, NASA Tech. Memo. 2000-206892, Vol. 41, edited by S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, 9–23. Greenbelt, MD: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
   Google Scholar
• Palacz, A.P., Xue, H., Armbrecht, C., Zhang, C., and Chai, F. 2011. “Seasonal and inter-annual changes in the surface chlorophyll of the South China Sea.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Vol. 116: pp. 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, M.J., Sackmann, B.S., Eriksen, C.C., and Lee, C.M. 2008. “Seaglider observations of blooms and subsurface chlorophyll maxima off the Washington coast.” Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 53(No. 5): pp. 2169–2179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, F., Fang, W., and Fang, G. 2011. “Seasonal-to-interannual variability of chlorophyll in central western South China Sea extracted from SeaWiFS.” Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, Vol. 29(No. 1): pp. 18–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, F., Fang, W., Fang, Y., and Guo, P. 2012. “Anomalous oceanic characteristics in the South China Sea associated with the large-scale forcing during 2006–2009.” Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 100: pp. 9–18.
   Google Scholar
• Shang, S., Dong, Q., Lee, Z., Li, Y., Xie, Y., and Behrenfeld, M. 2011. “MODIS observed phytoplankton dynamics in the Taiwan Strait: An absorption-based analysis.” Biogeosciences, Vol. 8(No. 4): pp. 841–850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiozaki, T., and Chen, Y.L.L, 2013. “Different mechanisms controlling interannual phytoplankton variation in the South China Sea and the western North Pacific subtropical gyre: A satellite study.” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 52(No. 4): pp. 668–676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, L., Yang, Y.J., Xian, T., Lu, Z.-m., and Fu, Y.F. 2010. “Strong enhancement of chlorophyll a concentration by a weak typhoon.” Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 404: pp. 39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, D.L., Kawamura, H., Lee, M.A., and Van Dien, T. 2003. “Seasonal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentrations and water conditions in the Gulf of Tonkin, South China Sea.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 85(No. 4): pp. 475–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, D.L., Kawamura, H., Van Dien, T., and Lee, M. 2004. “Offshore phytoplankton biomass increase and its oceanographic causes in the South China Sea.” Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 268: pp. 31–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, D.L., Kester, D.R., Ni, I.H., Kawamura, H., and Hong, H.S. 2002. “Upwelling in the Taiwan Strait during the summer monsoon detected by satellite and shipboard measurements.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 83(No. 3): pp. 457–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedernikov, V.I., and Demidov, A.B. 1999. “Primary production and chlorophyll in the North Atlantic (September–October 1991).” Okeanologiya, Vol. 39: pp. 876–886.
   Google Scholar
• Volpe, G., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Cipollini, P., Santoleri, R., and Robinson, I.S. 2012. “Seasonal to interannual phytoplankton response to physical processes in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite observations.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 117: pp. 223–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, N.D., Leben, R.R., and Balasubramanian, S. 2005. “Hurricane-forced upwelling and chlorophyll a enhancement within cold-core cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico.” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32(No. 18): pp. 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J.J., and Tang, D.L. 2014. “Phytoplankton patchiness during spring intermonsoon in western coast of South China Sea.” Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography, Vol. 101: pp. 120–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, C., and Coles, V.J. 2005. “Global climatological relationships between satellite biological and physical observations and upper ocean properties.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Vol. 110: pp. 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, S.P., Xie, Q., Wang, D.X., and Liu, W.T. 2003. “Summer upwelling in the South China Sea and its role in regional climate variations.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Vol. 108 (No. C8): pp. 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., Chant, R., Gong, D., Castelao, R., Glenn, S., and Schofield, O. 2011. “Seasonal variability of chlorophyll a in the Mid-Atlantic Bight.” Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 31(No. 16): pp. 1640–1650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, H.J., Sui, Y., Tang, D.L., and Afanasyev, Y.D. 2013. “A subsurface chlorophyll a bloom induced by typhoon in the South China Sea.” Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 128: pp. 138–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C.Y., Hu, C.M., Shang, S.L., Muller-Karger, F.E., Li, Y., Dai, M.H., Huang, B.Q., Ning, X.R., and Hong, H.S. 2006. “Bridging between SeaWiFS and MODIS for continuity of chlorophyll-a concentration assessments off Southeastern China.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 102 (No. 3–4): pp. 250–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Sperber, K.R., and Boyle, J.S. 1997. “Climatology and interannual variation of the East Asian winter monsoon: Results from the 1979–95 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 125: pp. 2605–2619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, H., Tang, D., and Wang, D. 2009. “Phytoplankton blooms near the Pearl River Estuary induced by Typhoon Nuri.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Vol. 114: pp. 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, G.M., and Tang, D. 2007. “Offshore and nearshore chlorophyll increases induced by typhoon winds and subsequent terrestrial rainwater runoff.” Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 333: pp. 61–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar