References

• Abraham, K. F., and McKinnon, L. M. 2011. Hudson Plains Ecozone + Evidence for Key Findings Summary. Canadian Biodiversity: Ecosystem Status and Trends 2010, Evidence for Key Findings Summary. Report No. 2. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Councils of Resource Ministers, pp. 98.
   Google Scholar
• Adeli, S., Salehi, B., Mahdianpari, M., Quackenbush, L.J., Brisco, B., Tamiminia, H., and Shaw, S. 2020. “Wetland monitoring using SAR data: A meta-analysis and comprehensive review.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 12(No. 14): pp. 2190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agriculture and Agri-food Canada. 2018. ISO 19131 Annual Crop Inventory – Data Product Specifications, pp. 27. Canada: Agriculture and Agri-food Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Ahern, F. J., Frisk, J., Latifovic, R., and Pouliot, D. 2013. Monitoring Ecosystems Remotely: A Selection of Trends Measured From Satellite Observations of Canada. Canda: Canadian Councils of Resource Ministers.
   Google Scholar
• Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development. 2015. Alberta wetland classification system. Edmonton, AB: Water Policy Branch, Policy and Planning Division.
   Google Scholar
• Aschbacher, J., and Milagro-Pérez, M.P. 2012. “The European Earth monitoring (GMES) programme: Status and perspectives.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 120: pp. 3–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton, A., Whaley, R., Corston, K., and Kenny, F. 2019. “Identifying historic river ice breakup timing using MODIS and Google Earth Engine in support of operational flood monitoring in Northern Ontario.” Remote Sensing of Environment , Vol. 224: pp. 352–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisco, B., Li, K., Tedford, B., Charbonneau, F., Yun, S., and Murnaghan, K. 2013. “Compact polarimetry assessment for rice and wetland mapping.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 34(No. 6): pp. 1949–1964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation. 2019. Land Cover of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, H., Lu, X., and Wang, G. 2010. “Wetland definitions: Creation, evolution and application.” Wetland Science, Vol. 8: pp. 299–304.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, B., Xiao, X., Li, X., Pan, L., Doughty, R., Ma, J., Dong, J., et al. 2017. “A mangrove forest map of China in 2015: analysis of time series Landsat 7/8 and Sentinel-1A imagery in Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 131: pp. 104–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLancey, E.R., Simms, J.F., Mahdianpari, M., Brisco, B., Mahoney, C., and Kariyeva, J. 2019. “Comparing deep learning and shallow learning for large-scale wetland classification in Alberta.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 12(No. 1): pp. 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingle Robertson, L., King, D.J., and Davies, C. 2015. “Object-based image analysis of optical and radar variables for wetland evaluation.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 36(No. 23): pp. 5811–5841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, Y., Li, X., Zhang, L., Chen, D., Liu, S., and Ji, H. 2020. “Mapping national-scale aquaculture ponds based on the Google Earth Engine in the Chinese coastal zone.” Aquaculture, Vol. 520: pp. 734666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducks Unlimited Canada. 2014. Boreal Wetland Classes in the Boreal Plains Ecozone of Canada: Field Guide. Stonewall, Man: Ducks Unlimited Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Ecosystem Classification Group. 2010. Ecological Regions of the Northwest Territories – Cordillera, pp. 245. Yellowknife, NT, Canada: Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories.
   Google Scholar
• Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2016. Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Extent of Canada’s Wetlands. Consulted on April 4, 2020. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/publications/extent-wetlands-data-methods.html
   Google Scholar
• Erwin, K.L. 2009. “Wetlands and global climate change: The role of wetland restoration in a changing world.” Wetlands Ecology and Management, Vol. 17(No. 1): pp. 71–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESTR Secretariat. 2014. Atlantic Maritime Ecozone + Evidence for Key Findings Summary.Canadian Biodiversity: Ecosystem Status and Trends 2010, Evidence forKey Findings Summary. Report No. 3. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Councils of Resource Ministers, pp. 100.
   Google Scholar
• Federal, Provincial, and Territorial Governments of Canada. 2010. Canadian Biodiversity: Ecosystem Status and Trends 2010, pp. 142. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Councils of Resource Ministers.
   Google Scholar
• Fournier, R.A., Grenier, M., Lavoie, A., and Hélie, R. 2007. “Towards a strategy to implement the Canadian Wetland Inventory using satellite remote sensing.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 33(No. Supp1): pp. S1–S16.
   Google Scholar
• Fuentes, M., Millard, K., and Laurin, E. 2020. “Big geospatial data analysis for Canada’s Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory (APEI): Using google earth engine to estimate particulate matter from exposed mine disturbance areas.” GIScience & Remote Sensing, Vol. 57(No. 2): pp. 245–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbeaux, P., Finlayson, C.M., and van Dam, A.A. 2016. “Wetland classification: Overview.” In The Wetland Book: I: Structure and Function, Management and Methods, edited by C. Max Finlayson, M. Everard, K. Irvine, R. J. McInnes, B. A. Middleton, Anne A. van Dam, and N. C. Davidson, pp. 1–8. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., and Moore, R. 2017. “Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 202: pp. 18–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y., Guo, X., Dixon, P., and Wilmshurst, J.F. 2012. “NDVI variation and its relation to climate in Canadian ecozones: NDVI-climate relationship.” The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe Canadien, Vol. 56(No. 4): pp. 492–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermosilla, T., Wulder, M.A., White, J.C., Coops, N.C., and Hobart, G.W. 2018. “Disturbance-informed annual land cover classification maps of Canada’s forested ecosystems for a 29-year landsat time series.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 44(No. 1): pp. 67–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, S., Niu, Z., and Chen, Y. 2017. “Global wetland datasets: A review.” Wetlands, Vol. 37(No. 5): pp. 807–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahncke, R., Leblon, B., Bush, P., and LaRocque, A. 2018. “Mapping wetlands in Nova Scotia with multi-beam RADARSAT-2 Polarimetric SAR, optical satellite imagery, and LiDAR data.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, Vol. 68: pp. 139–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, P. 2015. “A survey of remote-sensing big data.” Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 3: pp. 45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdianpari, M., Granger, J.E., Mohammadimanesh, F., Salehi, B., Brisco, B., Homayouni, S., Gill, E., Huberty, B., and Lang, M. 2020a. “Meta-analysis of wetland classification using remote sensing: A systematic review of a 40-year trend in North America.” Remote Sensing 12, Vol. 12(No. 11): pp. 1882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdianpari, M., Salehi, B., Mohammadimanesh, F., Brisco, B., Homayouni, S., Gill, E., DeLancey, E.R., and Bourgeau-Chavez, L. 2020b. “Mégadonnées pour un grand pays: La première carte d’inventaire des zones humides du Canada à une résolution de 10 m à l’aide des données Sentinel-1 et Sentinel-2 sur la plate-forme informatique en nuage de Google Earth EngineTM [Big data for a big country: The first generation of Canadian Wetland Inventory Map at a spatial resolution of 10-m using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data on the Google Earth Engine Cloud Computing Platform].” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 46(No. 1): pp. 15–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdianpari, M., Salehi, B., Mohammadimanesh, F., Homayouni, S., and Gill, E. 2018a. “The First Wetland Inventory Map of Newfoundland at a spatial resolution of 10 m using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data on the Google Earth Engine Cloud Computing Platform.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 11(No. 1): pp. 43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdianpari, M., Salehi, B., Mohammadimanesh, F., and Motagh, M. 2017. “Random forest wetland classification using ALOS-2 L-band, RADARSAT-2 C-band, and TerraSAR-X imagery.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 130: pp. 13–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdianpari, M., Salehi, B., Rezaee, M., Mohammadimanesh, F., and Zhang, Y. 2018b. “Very deep convolutional neural networks for complex land cover mapping using multispectral remote sensing imagery.” Remote Sensing 10, Vol. 10(No. 7): pp. 1119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millard, K., and Richardson, M. 2015. “On the importance of training data sample selection in random forest image classification: A case study in peatland ecosystem mapping.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 7(No. 7): pp. 8489–8515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadimanesh, F., Salehi, B., Mahdianpari, M., Brisco, B., and Gill, E. 2019. Full and simulated compact polarimetry sar responses to canadian wetlands: Separability analysis and classification. Remote Sensing, Vol. 11(No. 5): pp. 516.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadimanesh, F., Salehi, B., Mahdianpari, M., Brisco, B., and Motagh, M. 2018a. “Multi-temporal, multi-frequency, and multi-polarization coherence and SAR backscatter analysis of wetlands.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 142: pp. 78–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadimanesh, F., Salehi, B., Mahdianpari, M., Brisco, B., and Motagh, M. 2018b. “Wetland water level monitoring using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR): A review.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 44 (No. 4): pp. 216–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadimanesh, F., Salehi, B., Mahdianpari, M., and Motagh, M. 2018c. “A new hierarchical object-based classification algorithm for wetland mapping in Newfoundland, Canada.” IGARSS 2018–2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Presented at the IGARSS 2018 – 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Valencia, pp. 9233–9236.
   Google Scholar
• Mui, A., He, Y., and Weng, Q. 2015. “An object-based approach to delineate wetlands across landscapes of varied disturbance with high spatial resolution satellite imagery.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 109: pp. 30–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Wetlands Working Group. 1997. The Canadian Wetland Classification System. Waterloo, Ontario: Wetlands Research Branch, University of Waterloo.
   Google Scholar
• Pickell, P.D., Coops, N.C., Gergel, S.E., Andison, D.W., and Marshall, P.L. 2016. “Evolution of Canada's boreal forest spatial patterns as seen from space.” PLOS ONE, Vol. 11(No. 7): pp. e0157736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaee, M., Mahdianpari, M., Zhang, Y., and Salehi, B. 2018. “Deep convolutional neural network for complex wetland classification using optical remote sensing imagery.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol. 11(No. 9): pp. 3030–3039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelestov, A., Lavreniuk, M., Kussul, N., Novikov, A., and Skakun, S. 2017. “Exploring Google earth engine platform for big data processing: Classification of multi-temporal satellite imagery for crop mapping.” Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 5: pp. 17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A. S., Meikle, J. C., and Roots, C. F. 2004. Ecoregions of the Yukon Territory: Biophysical properties of Yukon landscapes. PARC Technical Bulletin No. 04-01. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada: Summerland, British Columbia, pp. 313.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2018. Ecological Land Classification, 2017. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Tamiminia, H., Salehi, B., Mahdianpari, M., Quackenbush, L., Adeli, S., and Brisco, B. 2020. “Google Earth Engine for geo-big data applications: A meta-analysis and systematic review.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 164: pp. 152–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kamp, G., Hayashi, M., Bedard-Haughn, A., and Pennock, D. 2016. “Prairie pothole wetlands – suggestions for practical and objective definitions and terminology.” Wetlands, Vol. 36(No. S2): pp. 229–235.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, K.L., Bhatti, J.S., Thompson, D.K., Nelson, S.A., Shaw, C.H., Bona, K.A., Hayne, S.L., and Kurz, W.A. 2018. “Spatially-integrated estimates of net ecosystem exchange and methane fluxes from Canadian peatlands.” Carbon Balance and Management, Vol. 13(No. 1): pp. 21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White, L., Millard, K., Banks, S., Richardson, M., Pasher, J., and Duffe, J. 2017. “Moving to the RADARSAT constellation mission: Comparing synthesized compact polarimetry and dual polarimetry data with fully polarimetric RADARSAT-2 data for image classification of peatlands.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 9(No. 6): pp. 573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulder, M.A., Coops, N.C., Roy, D.P., White, J.C., and Hermosilla, T. 2018a. “Land cover 2.0.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39(No. 12): pp. 4254–4284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulder, M.A., Li, Z., Campbell, E.M., White, J.C., Hobart, G., Hermosilla, T., and Coops, N.C. 2018b. “A national assessment ofwetland status and trends for Canada’s forested ecosystems using 33 years of earth observation satellite data.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 10(No. 10): pp. 1623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, B., Okin, G.S., and Zhang, J. 2020. “Leveraging Google Earth Engine (GEE) and machine learning algorithms to incorporate in situ measurement from different times for rangelands monitoring.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 236: pp. 111521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar