Motherhood in leisure time: A longitudinal photographic analysis

References

• Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
   Google Scholar
• Bell, S. E. (2004). Intensive performances of mothering: A sociological perspective. Qualitative Research: QR, 4(1), 45–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794104041107
   Google Scholar
• Bialeschki, M. D., & Michener, S. (1994). Re-entering leisure: Transition within the role of motherhood. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1994.11969944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1990). Photography, a middle-brow art. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brookes, B. L. (2016). A history of New Zealand women. Bridget Williams Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brookes, B. L., Olssen, E., Beer, E. (2003). Spare time? Leisure, gender and modernity. In B. L. Brookes, A. Cooper, & R. Law (Eds.), Sites of gender: Women, men and modernity in Southern Dunedin, 1890–1939 (pp. 151–189). Auckland University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, P. R., Brown, W. J., Miller, Y. D., & Hansen, V. (2001). Perceived constraints and social support for active leisure among mothers with young children. Leisure Sciences, 23(3), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/014904001316896837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, N. (2002). Going with the flow: An assessment of the relationship between young people’s leisure and holiday behaviour. Tourism Geographies, 4(2), 115–134.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, N. (2011). Children’s and families’ holiday experiences. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, N. (2021). Redefining the work of working animals in the tourism industry: An animalcentric reflection. In C. Kline & J. Rickly (Eds.), From beasts of burden to K9 security: The working animals of the tourism industry (pp. 37–49). Berlin: De Gruyter Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Chalfen, R. (1998). Interpreting family photography as pictorial communication. In J. Prosser (Ed.), Image-based research: A sourcebook for qualitative researchers (pp. 190–208). Falmer Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coakley, J. (2006). The good father: Parental expectations and youth sports. Leisure Studies, 25(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500467735
   Google Scholar
• Collins, S. (2010). Look how we’ve changed – New Zealand 38 years on. NZ Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/look-how-weve-changed-new-zealand-38-years-on/IGTC4H4MQA6QWD4SKBT6TQYJGE/
   Google Scholar
• Coney, S. (1993). Standing in the sunshine: A history of New Zealand women since they won the vote. Viking.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, A., Olssen, E., Thomlinson, K., & Law, R. (2003). The landscape of gender politics: Place, people and two mobilities. In B. L. Brookes, A. Cooper, & R. Law (Eds.), Sites of gender: Women, men & modernity in southern Dunedin 1890–1939 (pp. 15–49). Auckland University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender & Society, 20(2), 259–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205285212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, J. (2004). Motherhood, stress and the exercise experience: Freedom or constraint? Leisure Studies, 23(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000251987
   Google Scholar
• Daley, C. (2003). Leisure & pleasure: Reshaping & revealing the New Zealand body 1900–1960. Auckland University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalley, B., & McLean, G. (2005). Frontier of dreams: The story of New Zealand. Hodder Moa Beckett.
   Google Scholar
• Dashper, K., Abbott, J., & Wallace, C. (2020). ‘Do horses cause divorces?’ Autoethnographic insights on family, relationships and resource-intensive leisure. Annals of Leisure Research, 23(3), 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2019.1616573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dattilo, J., Dattilo, A. M., Samdahl, D. M., & Kleiber, D. A. (1994). Leisure orientations and self-esteem in women with low incomes who are overweight. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1994.11969942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorwart, C. E., Moore, R. L., & Leung, Y.-F. (2007). Visitor employed photography: Its potential and use in evaluating visitors’ perceptions of resource impacts in trail and park settings. In R. Burns & K. Robinson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium; April 2006 9–11; Bolton Landing, NY (pp. 307–315). Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-14. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, E. (2005). Photographs and the sound of history. Visual Anthropology Review, 21(1–2), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1525/var.2005.21.1–2.27
   Google Scholar
• Field, T., & Olssen, E. (1976). Relics of the goldfields: Central Otago. J. McIndoe.
   Google Scholar
• Fountain, J., Schänzel, H., Stewart, E., & Körner, N. (2015). Family experiences of visitor attractions in New Zealand: Differing opportunities for ‘family time’ and ‘own time’. Annals of Leisure Research: Special Issue on Children, Families and Leisure, Part 2, 18(3), 342–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2015.1047389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, G. (2007). Analysing qualitative data. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Grappendorf, H., Simmons, J., & Hancock, M. (2020). ‘I will go to the game, while you stay home with the kids’: Gender role expectations and sport fan-family conflict. Journal of Global Sport Management, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1819652
   Google Scholar
• Guba, E. G., Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hallman, B. C., & Benbow, S. M. P. (2007). Family leisure, family photography and zoos: Exploring the emotional geographies of families. Social & Cultural Geography, 8(6), 871–888. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360701712636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, B. (2004). Snap happy: Toward a sociology of “everyday” photography. In P. Christopher (Ed.), Seeing is believing? Approaches to visual research (Vol. 7, pp. 23–39). Emerald Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, K. (1990). The meaning of leisure for women: An integrative review of the research. Journal of Leisure Research, 22(3), 228–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, K. A., & Dialeschki, M. D. (1991). A sense of entitlement to leisure as constraint and empowerment for women. Leisure Sciences, 13(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, C., Bocarro, J. N., Henderson, K. A., Zabriskie, R., Parcel, T. L., & Kanters, M. A. (2015). Family leisure: An integrative review of research from select journals. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 577–600. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2015-v47-i5-5705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, S. (2013). Three generations of women’s leisure: Changes, challenges and continuities. Journal of Gender Studies, 22(3), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2012.681185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. J., Gee, S., & Scherer, J. (2009). Producing and consuming masculinity: New Zealand’s (Speight’s) “Southern Man”. In L. A. Wenner & S. J. Jackson (Eds.), Sport, beer. and gender: Promotional culture and contemporary social life (pp. 181–201). Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Janning, M., & Scalise, H. (2015). Gender and generation in the home curation of family photography. Journal of Family Issues, 36(12), 1702–1725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13500964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, T. (2006). Editorial: Fathering through leisure. Leisure Studies, 25(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360600573887
   Google Scholar
• Keith, H. (1984). New Zealand yesterdays: A look at our recent past. Reader’s Digest Services.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, R. W., Gillman, S. A., & Richards, M. H. (1997). Divergent experiences of family leisure: Fathers, mothers, and young adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1), 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, R. (2002). Gender and daily mobility in a New Zealand City, 1920–1960. Social & Cultural Geography, 3(4), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2002.9709633
   Google Scholar
• Law, R., Campbell, H., & Schick, R. (1999). Introduction. In R. Law, H. Campbell, & J. Dolan (Eds.), Masculinities in Aotearoa/New Zealand (pp. 13–45). Dunmore Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, K., O’Brien, W., & Riot, C. (2016). Mothers with young children: Caring for the self through the physical activity space. Leisure Sciences, 38(2), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1076362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, K., O’Brien, W., & Riot, C. (2019). Understanding women’s “incremental” leisure repertoires in the family leisure space. World Leisure Journal, 61(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2018.1523805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, C. (1993). The vote, the pill and the demon drink: A history of feminist writing in New Zealand, 1869–1993. Bridget Williams Books.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, C. (1999). Too many men and too few women: Gender’s ‘fatal impact’ in nineteenth-century colonies. In C. Daley & D. Montgomerie (Eds.), The gendered Kiwi (pp. 17–35). Auckland University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacRae, H. M. (1995). Women and caring: Constructing self through others. Journal of Women & Aging, 7(1–2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1300/J074v07n01_11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J., & Martin, R. (2004). History through the lens: Every picture tells a story. In C. J. Pole (Ed.), Seeing is believing? Approaches to visual research (pp. 9–22). Emerald Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Mattingly, M. J., & Blanchi, S. M. (2003). Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: The U.S. experience. Social Forces, 81(3), 999–1030. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade, T. A., & Wiesner, M. E. (2004). A companion to gender history. Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Y. D., & Brown, W. J. (2005). Determinants of active leisure for women with young children – An “Ethic of Care” prevails. Leisure Sciences, 27(5), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400500227308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mock, S. E., & Hilbrecht, M. (2013). Association of dual-earner parents’ perceptions of time-stress with leisure participation: An analysis of gender and social context. World Leisure Journal, 55(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2012.720586
   Google Scholar
• NZ History. (2017). The end of the ‘six o’clock swill’. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/the-end-of-the-six-oclock-swill
   Google Scholar
• NZ History. (2020). “Six o’clock swill’ begins. NZ History. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/the-six-oclock-swill-begins
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, W., Lloyd, K., & Riot, C. (2017). Exploring the emotional geography of the leisure time physical activity space with mothers of young children. Leisure Studies, 36(2), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1203353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olssen, E. (2003). Working gender, gendering work: Occupational change and continuity in Southern Dunedin. In B. L. Brookes, A. Cooper, & R. Law (Eds.), Sites of gender: Women men and modernity in Southern Dunedin, 1890–1939 (pp. 50–90). Auckland University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. (1987). A man’s country? The image of the pakeha male, a history. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. (1999). Men, women and leisure since the Second World War. In C. Daley & D. Montgomerie (Eds.), The gendered Kiwi (pp. 213–233). Auckland University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pole, C. (2004). Visual research: Potential and overview. In C. J. Pole (Ed.), Seeing is believing? Approaches to visual research (pp. 1–7). Emerald Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, K. (2013). Domestic recreation and hobbies. Te Ara. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/domestic-recreation-and-hobbies/print
   Google Scholar
• Rapoport, R., & Rapoport, R. N. (2016). Dual-career families. University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saadat Abadi Nasab, P., Walters, T., & Carr, N. (2020). Changing representations of fatherhood through the lens of family leisure photographs. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 3(2), 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-020-00055-2
   Google Scholar
• Saadat Abadi Nasab, P., Walters, T., & Carr, N. (2021). Examining gender roles in family leisure food provisions: A longitudinal photographic analysis. Leisure/Loisir, 45(3), 501–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2021.1886868
   Google Scholar
• Sandbye, M. (2014). Looking at the family photo album: A resumed theoretical discussion of why and how. Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, 6(1), 25419. https://doi.org/10.3402/jac.v6.25419
   Google Scholar
• Sather-Wagstaff, J. (2011). Beyond content: Thematic, discourse-centred qualitative methods for analysing visual data. In T. Rakic & D. Chambers (Eds.), Introduction to visual research methods in tourism (pp. 169–183). Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Schänzel, H. (2017). A time and space of one’s own: Women’s resistance to the motherhood discourse on family holidays. In C. Khoo-Lattimore (Ed.), Women and travel: historical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 51–66). Apple Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schänzel, H., & Smith, K. A. (2014). The socialization of families away from home: Group dynamics and family functioning on holiday. Leisure Sciences, 36(2), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.857624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M. (1985). Gender and leisure: Inequality in the distribution of leisure time. Journal of Leisure Research, 17, 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1985.11969637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M. (1992). Dereifying family leisure: An examination of women’s and men’s everyday experiences and perceptions of family time. Leisure Sciences, 14(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409209513174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M. (1997). Controversies and contradictions in family leisure: An analysis of conflicting paradigms. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M. (2001). The family leisure dilemma: Insights from research with Canadian families. World Leisure Journal, 43(4), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2001.9674249
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M. (2008). Family leisure and changing ideologies of parenthood. Sociology Compass, 2(2), 688–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00076.x
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M., Andrey, J., & Johnson, L. C. (2003). The struggle for life balance: Work, family, and leisure in the lives of women teleworkers. World Leisure Journal, 45(4), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2003.9674333
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M., & Dawson, D. (2001). Purposive leisure: Examining parental discourses on Family Activities. Leisure Sciences, 23(4), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400152809098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraani, F., Shaheer, I., Carr, N. (2022). Procedural ethics vs. being ethical: A critical appraisal. In F. Okumus, S. M. Rasoolimanesh, & S. Jahani (Eds.), Contemporary research methodology for hospitality and tourism (pp. 21–38). Emerald Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Sontag, S. (1977). On photography. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Southerton, D., & Tomlinson, M. (2005). ‘Pressed for time’ – The differential impacts of a ‘time squeeze’. The Sociological Review, 53(2), 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00511.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spowart, L., Hughson, J., & Shaw, S. (2008). Snowboarding mums carve out fresh tracks: Resisting traditional motherhood discourse? Annals of Leisure Research, 11(1–2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2008.9686792
   Google Scholar
• Tirone, S. C., & Shaw, S. M. (1997). At the center of their lives: Indo Canadian women, their families and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(2), 225–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toynbee, C. (1995). Her work and his: Family, kin and community in New Zealand, 1900–1930. Victoria University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trussell, D., & Shaw, S. (2007). “Daddy’s gone and he’ll be back in October”: Farm women’s experiences of family leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(2), 366–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2007.11950112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walrond, C. (2006). Gold and gold mining – Miners. Te Ara. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/gold-and-gold-mining/page-9
   Google Scholar
• Walters, T. (2016). Using thematic analysis in tourism research. Tourism Analysis, 21(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354216X14537459509017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, T., & Carr, N. (2015). Second homes as sites for the consumption of luxury. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(2), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358414567800
   Google Scholar
• Wearing, B., & Wearing, S. (1988). ‘All in a day’s leisure’: Gender and the concept of leisure. Leisure Studies, 7(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614368800390111
   Google Scholar
• Werner, T. L., & Shannon, C. S. (2013). Doing more with less: Women’s leisure during their partners’ military deployment. Leisure Sciences, 35(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.739897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willming, C., & Gibson, H. (2000). A view of leisure and patterns of family life in the late 1990s. Loisir et Société/Society and Leisure, 23(1), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2000.10715606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Zabriskie, R. B., & McCormick, B. P. (2003). Parent and child perspectives of family leisure involvement and satisfaction with family life. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), 163–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2003.11949989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvonkovic, A. M., Swenson, A. V., & Cornwell, Z. (2017). Children’s experiences of time when a parent travels for work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(4), 983–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar