References
- Arpe , K. 1989 . Changes in the ECMWF analysis‐forecasting scheme and the systematic error of the model , ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 161 41 Reading, , England : European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts .
- Baer , F. and Tribbia , J. 1977 . On complete filtering of gravity modes through non‐linear initialization . Mon. Weather Rev. , 105 : 1536 – 1539 .
- Bengtsson , L. , Kanamitsu , M. , Kallberg , P. and Uppala , S. 1982 . FGGE 4‐dimensional data assimilation at ECMWF . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , 63 : 29 – 43 .
- Bourke , W , Puri , K. , Seaman , R. , McAvaney , B. and Le , J. 1982 . ANMRC data assimilation for the Southern Hemisphere . Mon. Weather. Rev. , 110 : 1749 – 1771 .
- ECMWF . 1985 . The description of the ECMWF/ WMO data set , 7 Reading, , England : European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts .
- Gandin , L.S. 1963 . “ Objective analysis of meteorological fields ” . In Gidrometeoizdat 242 [Transi, by Israel Program for Sci. Transi., 1965]
- Illari , L. 1989 . The quality of satellite PWC data and their impact on analyzed moisture fields . Tellus , 41A : 319 – 337 .
- Lambert , S.J. 1988 . A comparison of operational global analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Meteorological Center (NMC) . Tellus , 40A : 272 – 284 .
- _____ . 1989a . A comparison of divergent winds from the National Meteorological Center and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts Global Analyses for 1980–1985 . Mon. Weather. Rev. , 117 : 995 – 1005 .
- _____ . 1989b . A divergent and rotational kinetic energy budget for January and July . J. Geophys. Res. , 94 : 11,137 – 11,149 .
- Machenhauer , B. 1977 . On the dynamics of gravity oscillations in a shallow water model, with application to normal mode initialization . Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , 50 : 253 – 271 .
- McPherson , R. , Bergman , K. , Kistler , R. , Rasch , G. and Gordon , D. 1979 . The NMC operational global data assimilation system . Mon. Weather. Rev. , 107 : 1445 – 1461 .
- Rosen , R.D. and Salstein , D.A. 1985 . Effect of initialization on diagnostics of NMC large‐scale circulation statistics . Mon. Weather. Rev. , 113 : 1321 – 1337 .
- _____ , _____ , Peixoto , J.P. , Oort , A.H. and Lau , N.G. 1985 . Circulation statistics derived from level III‐b and station‐based analyses during FGGE . Mon. Weather. Rev. , 113 : 65 – 88 .
- Simmons , AJ. , Burridge , D.M. , Jarraud , M. , Girard , C. and Wergen , W. 1989 . The ECMWF medium‐range prediction models, development of the numerical formulations and the impact of increased resolution . Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. , 40 : 28 – 60 .
- Starr , V.P. , Peixoto , J.P. and Gaut , N.E. 1970 . Momentum and zonal kinetic energy balance of the atmosphere from five years of hemispheric data . Tellus , 22 : 251 – 274 .
- Trenberth , K.E. and Olson , J.G. 1988 . An evaluation and intercomparison of global analyses from the National Meteorological Center and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , 89 : 1047 – 1057 .
- Wergen , W. 1987 . Diabatic nonlinear mode initialisation for a spectral model with a hybrid vertical coordinate , ECMWF Tech. Rep. No. 59 83 Reading, , England : European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts .
- _____ . 1989 . Normal mode initialization and atmospheric tides . Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. , 115 : 535 – 545 .