References
- Farmer , D.M. , Teichrob , R.C. , Elder , C. and Sieberg , D. Novel acoustical instrumentation for the study of ocean surface processes . Proc. oceans 90 . September 24–26 1990 . pp. 11 – 17 . IEEE .
- Itsweire , E.C. , Osborn , T.R. and Stanton , T.P. 1988 . Horizontal distribution and characteristics of shear layers in the seasonal thermocline . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 13 : 301 – 320 .
- Johnson , B.D. and Cooke , R.C. 1979 . Bubble populations and spectra in coastal waters: A photographic approach . J. Geophys. Res. , 84 : 3761 – 3766 .
- Kitaigorodskii , S.A. , Donelan , M.A. , Lumley , J.L. and Teray , E.A. 1983 . Wave‐turbulence interactions in the upper ocean. Part II: Statistical characteristics of wave and turbulent components of the random velocity field in the marine surface layer . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 13 : 1988 – 1999 .
- Large , W.G. and Pond , S. 1981 . Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 11 : 324 – 336 .
- Leibovich , S. 1983 . The form and dynamics of Langmuir circulations . Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 15 : 391 – 427 .
- Lombardo , C.P. and Gregg , M.C. 1989 . Similarity scaling of viscous and thermal dissipation in a convecting surface boundary layer . J. Geophys. Res. , 95 : 6273 – 6284 .
- Medwin , H. 1977 . Counting bubbles acoustically: A review . Ultrasonics , 15 : 7 – 13 .
- Ninnis , R. 1984 . The spatial transfer function of the airfoil turbulence probe , 69 University of British Columbia . Ph.D. Thesis
- Oakey , N.S. 1982 . Determination of the rate of dissipation of turbulent energy from simultaneous temperature and velocity shear measurements . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 12 : 256 – 271 .
- Osborn , T.R. and Crawford , W.R. 1980 . “ An airfoil probe for measuring turbulent velocity fluctuations in water ” . In Air‐Sea Interaction; Instruments and Methods , Edited by: Dobson , F. , House , L. and Davis , R. 801 Plenum .
- _____ and Lueck , R.G. 1984 . Turbulence and hydrographic measurements from the USS Dolphin (AGSS 555) in April 1982 , 29 Monterey, Calif. : Manuser. Rep. Naval Postgraduate School .
- _____ and _____ . 1985 . Turbulence measurements from a submarine . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 15 : 1502 – 1520 .
- Pollard , R.T. 1977 . “ Observations and theories of Langmuir circulations and their role in near surface mixing ” . In A Voyage of Discovery, G. Deacon 70th Anniversary Vol , Edited by: Angel , M. 235 – 251 . Oxford : Pergamon .
- Thorpe , S.A. 1984 . The effect of Langmuir circulation on the distribution of submerged bubbles caused by breaking waves . J. Fluid Mech. , 142 : 151 – 170 .
- _____ . 1992a . The breakup of Langmuir circulation and the instability of an array of vortices . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 22 : 350 – 360 .
- _____ . 1992b . Bubble clouds and the dynamics of the upper ocean . Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. , 118 : 1 – 22 .
- _____ and Hall , A.J. 1983 . The characteristics of breaking waves, bubble clouds, and near‐surface currents observed using side‐scan sonar . Cont. Shelf Res. , 1 : 353 – 384 .
- _____ , _____ , Packwood , A.R. and Stubbs , A.R. 1985 . The use of a towed side‐scan sonar to investigate processes near the sea surface . Cont. Shelf Res. , 4 : 596 – 607 .
- Vagle , S. 1989 . An acoustical study of the upper ocean boundary layer , 264 Victoria, B.C. : University of Victoria . Ph.D. Thesis
- _____ and Farmer , D.M. 1992 . The measurement of bubble size distributions by acoustical backscatter . J. Atmos. Ocean Technol. , 49 : 630 – 644 .
- Walsh , A.L. and Mulhearn , P.J. 1987 . Photographic measurements of bubble populations from breaking wind waves at sea . J. Geophys. Res. , 92 : 14,553 – 14,565 .
- Zedel , L. and Farmer , D.M. 1991 . Organised structures in subsurface bubble clouds: Langmuir circulation in the open ocean . J. Geophys. Res. , 96 : 8889 – 8900 .