A C-grid Ocean General Circulation Model: Model Formulation and Frictional Parametrizations

References

• Andrich , P. , Delecluse , P. , Levy , C. and Madec , G. 1988 . A Multi-tasked General Circulation Model of the Ocean, Report of Laboratoire doceanographie Dynamique et de Climatologic , University Paris 6 Paris, , France 75002
   Google Scholar
• Arakawa , A. and Lamb , V. R. 1977 . “ Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. ” . In Methods of Computational Physics Vol. 17 , 173 – 265 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Asselin , R. A. 1972 . Frequency filter for time integration . Mon. Weather Rev. , 100 : 487 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batteen , M. L. and Han , Y.-J. On the computational noise of finite difference schemes used in ocean models . Tellus , 33 387 – 396 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckmann , A. and Haidvogel , D. B. 1993 . Numerical simulation of flow around a tall, isolated seamount. Part I: Problem formulation and model accuracy . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 23 : 1736 – 1753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleck , R. and Smith , L. T. 1990 . A wind-driven isopycnal coordinate model of the North and equatorial Atlantic ocean. 1. Model development and supporting experiments . J. Geophys. Res. , 95 : 3273 – 3285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleck , R. , Smith , L. T. , Rooth , C. , Hu , D. and Smith , L. T. 1992 . Salinity-driven thermocline transients in a wind-and thermohaline-forced isopycnal coordinate model of the North Atlantic . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 22 : 1486 – 1505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg , A. F. and Mellor , G. L. 1987 . “ A description of a three-dimensional coastal circulation model. ” . In Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models Edited by: Heaps , N. Vol. 4 , 208 Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union .
   Google Scholar
• Boning , C. W. and Budich , R. G. 1992 . Eddy dynamics in a primitive equation model: Sensivity to horizontal resolution and friction . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 22 : 361 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugge , R. , Jones , H. L. and Marshall , J. C. 1991 . “ Non-hydrostatic ocean modeling for studies of open-ocean deep convection. ” . In Proc. Work-shop Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans 325 – 340 . Monterey, CA : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Bryan , F. O. 1987 . Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 17 : 970 – 985 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , F. O. and Holland , W. R. 1989 . “ A high resolution simulation of the wind- and thermohaline-driven circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean. ” . In “Parameterisation of Small-Scale Processes”, Proc. of ‘Aha Huliko’ a Winter Workshop 1989 Edited by: Muller , P. and Henderson , D. 99 – 116 . Hawaii : Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii . 1989
   Google Scholar
• Bryan , K. 1969 . A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean . J. Comput. Phys. , 4 : 347 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Bryan , K. 1984 . Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean-climate models . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 14 : 666 – 673 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , K. 1989 . “ The design of numerical models of the ocean circulation. ” . In “Oceanic Circulation Models: Combining Data and Dynamics” Edited by: Anderson , D. L.T. and Willebrand , J. 465 – 500 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M. D. 1984 . A primitive equation, three dimensional model of the ocean , GPDL Ocean Tech. Report No. 1 141 Princeton, NJ
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M. D. 1985 . An eddy-resolving numerical model of the ventilated thermocline . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 15 : 1312 – 1324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich , D. E. , Marietta , M. G. and Roache , P. J. 1987 . An ocean modeling system with turbulent boundary layers and topography: numerical description . Int. J. Numer. Meth Fluids , 7 : 833 – 855 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich , D. E. , Marietta , M. G. , Roache , P. J. , Roache , P. J. and Marietta , M. G. 1990 . Convergence studies with the Sandia Ocean Modeling System . Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids , 11 : 127 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich , D. E. , Marietta , M. G. , Roache , P. J. and Lin , C. A. 1994 . Eddy shedding in Gulf of Mexico . J. Geophys. Res. , 99 : 7599 – 7615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dukowicz , J. K. , Smith , R. D. and Malone , R. C. 1993 . A reformulation and implementation of the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model on the Connection Machine . J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. , 10 : 195 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezer , T. and Mellor , G. L. 1994 . Diagnostic and prognostic calculations of the North Atlantic circulation and sea level using a sigma coordinate ocean model . J. Geophys. Res. , 99 : 159 – 14 . 14, 171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukumori , I. , Benveniste , J. , Wunsch , C. and Haidvogel , D. B. 1993 . Assimilation of sea surface topography into an ocean circulation model using a steady-state smoother . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 23 : 1831 – 1855 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough , W. and Lin , C. A. 1992 . The response of an ocean general circulation model to long time scale surface anomalies . ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN , 30 : 653 – 674 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidvogel , D. B. , Wilkin , J. and Young , J. 1991 . A Semi-spectral Primitive Equation Ocean Circulation Model Using Vertical Sigma and Orthogonal Curvilinear Horizontal Coordinates . J. Comput. Phys. , 94 : 151 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney , R. L. 1971 . Surface thermal boundary condition for ocean circulation model . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 1 : 241 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Harlow , F. H. and Welch , J. E. 1965 . Numerical calculation of the time-dependent viscous incompressible flow of fluid with free surface . Phys. Fluids , 8 ( 12 ) : 2182 – 2189 . No.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , W. R. 1978 . The role of mesoscale eddies in the general circulation of the ocean—numerical experiments using a wind-driven quasi-geostrophic model . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 8 : 363 – 392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlburt , H. E. and Thompson , J. D. 1980 . A numerical study of Loop Current intrusions and eddy shedding . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 10 : 1611 – 1651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlburt , H. E. , Thompson , J. D. , Wallcraft , A. J. , Sirkes , Z. and Metzger , E. J. 1992 . Modelling of the global and Pacific oceans: On the path to eddy-resolving ocean prediction . Oceanogr. , 5 : 9 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Mellor , G. 1992 . USERS Guide for A Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equation, Numerical Ocean Circulation Model. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton, NJ : Princeton University . 08540
   Google Scholar
• Richtmyer , R. D. and Morton , K. W. 1967 . Difference Methods for Initial Value Problems 405 New York : Inter-science Publisher .
   Google Scholar
• Robert , A. 1966 . The integration of a low order spectral form of the primitive meteorological equations . J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , 44 ( 5 ) : 237 – 245 . No.
   Google Scholar
• Robert , A. 1981 . A stable numerical integration scheme for the primitive meteorological equations . ATMOSPHERE OCEAN , 19 : 35 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Sadourny , R. 1975 . The dynamics of finite-difference models to the shallow water equations . J. Atmos. Sci. , 32 : 680 – 689 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semtner , A. J. 1986a . “ History and methodology of modelling the circulation of the world ocean. ” . In Advanced Physical Oceanographic Numerical Modelling Edited by: OBrien , James J. 23 D. Reidel Publishing Company . 1986, pp.
   Google Scholar
• Semtner , A. J. 1986b . “ Finite-difference formulation of a world ocean model. ” . In Advanced Physical Oceanographic Numerical Modelling Edited by: OBrien , James J. 187 D. Reidel Publishing Company . 1986). pp.
   Google Scholar
• Semtner , A. J. and Mintz , Y. 1977 . Numerical simulation of the Gulf Stream and mid-ocean eddies . J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 7 : 208 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semtner , A. J. and Chervin , R. M. 1988 . A simulation of the global ocean circulation with resolved eddies . J. Geophys. Res. , 93 : 502 – 15 . 15,522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semtner , A. J. 1992 . Ocean general circulation from a global eddy-resolved model . J. Geophys. Res. , 97 ( 5 ) : 495 – 5550 .
   Google Scholar
• Smagorinsky , J. 1963 . General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic experiments . Mon. Weather Rev. , 91 : 99 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Takano , K. 1974 . A general circulation model for the world ocean , Technical Report No. 8 Los Angeles : Dept. of Meteorology, Univ. of California .
   Google Scholar
• Takano , K. 1975 . Relationship between the grid size and coefficient of lateral eddy viscosity in the finite difference computation of the linear vorticity equation in the ocean . J. Ocean. Soc. Jpn. , 31 : 105 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , W. 1994 . A C-grid ocean general circulation model and eddy simulation 157 McGill University . Ph.D. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Xu , W. and Lin , C. A. 1993 . A numerical solution of the linear Rayleigh-Bernard convection equations with B- and C-grid formulations . Tellus , 45A : 193 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , W. , Greatbatch , R. J. and Lin , C. A. 1995 . The sensitivity of an eddy resolving model to the surface thermal boundary conditions . J. Geophys. Res. , 100 ( 58 ) : 899 – 15 . 15,914.
   Google Scholar