Investigation of the Natural Carbon Cycle since 6000 BC using an Intermediate Complexity Model: The Role of Southern Ocean Ventilation and Marine Ice Shelves

References

• Ahn , J. and Brook , E. J. 2008 . Atmospheric CO2 and climate on millennial time scales during the last glacial period . Science , 322 : 83 – 85 . (doi:10.1126/science.1160832)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer , D. E. 1996 . A data-driven model of the global calcite lysocline . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 10 : 511 – 526 . (doi:10.1029/96GB01521)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer , D. E. and Maier-Reimer , E. 1994 . Effect of deep-sea sedimentary calcite preservation on atmospheric CO2 concentration . Nature , 367 : 260 – 268 . (doi:10.1038/367260a0)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroni , C. and Orombelli , G. 1994 . Abandoned penguin rookeries as Holocene paleoclimatic indicators in Antarctica . Geology , 22 : 23 – 26 . (doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0023:APRAHP>2.3.CO;2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , A. 1978 . Long-term variations of daily insolation and quaternary climatic changes . Journal of Atmospheric Science , 35 : 2362 – 2367 . (doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boserup , E. 1965 . The conditions of agricultural growth: The economics of agrarian change under population pressure , Chicago : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Boyle , J. F. , Gaillard , M.-J. , Kaplan , J. O. and Dearing , J. A. 2011 . Modelling prehistoric land use and carbon budgets: A critical review . The Holocene , 21 : 715 doi:10.1177/0959683610386984
   Google Scholar
• Broecker , W. S. and Clark , E. 2003 . Holocene atmospheric CO2 increase as viewed from the seafloor . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 17 : 1052 (doi:10.1029/2002GB001985)
   Google Scholar
• Broecker , W. S. , Clark , E. , McCorkle , D. C. , Peng , T.-H. , Hajdas , I. and Bonani , G. 1999 . Evidence for a reduction in the carbonate ion content of the deep sea during the course of the Holocene . Paleoceanography , 14 : 744 – 752 . (doi:10.1029/1999PA900038)
   Google Scholar
• Broecker , W. S. and Ellis , E. 2007 . Is the magnitude of the carbonate ion decrease in the abyssal ocean over the last 8 kyr consistent with the 20 ppm rise in atmospheric CO2 content? . Paleooceanography , 22 doi:10.1029/2006PA001311
   Google Scholar
• Broecker , W. S. , Lao , Y. , Klas , M. , Clark , E. , Bonani , G. , Ivy , S. and Chen , C. 1993 . A search for an early Holocene CaCO3 preservational event . Paleoceanography , 8 : 333 – 339 . (doi:10.1029/93PA00423)
   Google Scholar
• Broecker , W. S. , Lynch-Stieglitz , J. , Clark , E. , Hadjas , I. and Bonani , G. 2001 . What caused the atmosphere's CO2 content to rise during the last 8000 years? . Geochemistry Geophysics, Geosystems , 2 : 1062
   Google Scholar
• Broecker , W. S. and Stocker , T. L. 2006 . The Holocene CO2 rise: Anthropogenic or natural? . EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union , 87 : 27 (doi:10.1029/2006EO030002)
   Google Scholar
• Brovkin , V. , Bendtsen , J. , Claussen , M. , Ganopolski , A. , Kubatzki , C. , Petoukhov , V. and Andreev , A. 2002 . Carbon cycle, vegetation, and climate dynamics in the Holocene: Experiments with the CLIMBER-2 model . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 16 : 1139 – 1159 . (doi:10.1029/2001GB001662)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brovkin , V. , Kim , J.-H. , Hofmann , M. and Schneider , R. 2008 . A lowering effect of reconstructed Holocene changes in sea surface temperatures on the atmospheric CO2 concentration . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 22 doi:10.1029/2006GB002885
   Google Scholar
• Ciais , P. , Tagliabue , A. , Cuntz , M. , Bopp , L. , Scholze , M. , Hoffmann , G. , Lourantou , A. , Harrison , S. P. , Prentice , I. C. , Kelley , D. I. , Koven , C. and Piao , S. L. 2012 . Large inert carbon pool in the terrestrial biosphere during the Last Glacial Maximum . Nature Geoscience , 5 : 74 – 79 . (doi:10.1038/ngeo1324)
   Google Scholar
• Claussen , M. 2009 . Late Quaternary vegetation feedbacks . Climate of the Past , 5 : 203 – 216 . (doi:10.5194/cp-5-203-2009)
   Google Scholar
• Claussen , M. , Mysak , L. A. , Weaver , A. J. , Crucifix , M. , Fichefet , T. , Loutre , M. F. , Weber , S. L. , Alcamo , J. , Alexeev , V. A. , Berger , A. , Calov , R. , Ganopolski , A. , Goosse , H. , Lohmann , G. , Lunkeit , F. , Mokhov , I. I. , Petoukhov , V. , Stone , P. and Wang , Z. 2002 . Earth system models of intermediate complexity: Closing the gap in the spectrum of climate system models . Climate Dynamics , 18 : 579 – 586 . (doi:10.1007/s00382-001-0200-1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, P. M. (2001). Description of the ‘TRIFFID’ dynamic global vegetation model. Hadley Centre Technical Note 24, pp. 1–16. Berks, UK: UK Met Office.
   Google Scholar
• Cox , P. M. , Betts , R. A. , Bunton , C. B. , Essery , R. L. H. , Rowntree , P. R. and Smith , J. 1999 . The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity . Climate Dynamics , 15 : 183 – 203 . (doi:10.1007/s003820050276)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crucifix , M. , Loutre , F. and Berger , A. 2005 . Commentary on “the anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago” . Climatic Change , 69 : 419 – 426 . (doi:10.1007/s10584-005-7278-0)
   Google Scholar
• Eby , M. , Zickfeld , K. , Montenegro , A. , Archer , D. , Meissner , K. J. and Weaver , A. J. 2009 . Lifetime of anthropogenic climate change: Millennial time scales of potential CO2 and surface temperature perturbations . Journal of Climate , 22 : 2501 – 2511 . (doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2554.1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsig , J. , Schmitt , J. , Leuenberger , D. , Schneider , R. , Eyer , M. , Leuenberger , M. , Joos , F. , Fischer , H. and Stocker , T. F. 2009 . Stable isotope constraints on Holocene carbon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core . Nature , 461 : 507 – 510 . (doi:10.1038/nature08393)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie , S. D. , Berkman , P. A. , Ainley , D. G. , Coats , L. and Polito , M. 2003 . Late-Holocene initiation of ice-free ecosystems in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 262 : 19 – 25 . (doi:10.3354/meps262019)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etheridge , D. M. , Steele , L. P. , Langenfelds , R. L. , Francey , R. J. , Barnola , J. M. and Morgan , V. I. 1996 . Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn . Journal of Geophysical Research , 101 : 4115 – 4128 . (doi:10.1029/95JD03410)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanning , A. E. and Weaver , A. J. 1996 . An atmospheric energy-moisture balance model: Climatology, interpentadal climate change, and coupling to an ocean general circulation model . Journal of Geophysical Research , 101 : 15111 – 15128 . (doi:10.1029/96JD01017)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlingstein , P. , Cox , P. , Betts , R. , Bopp , L. , von Bloh , W. , Brovkin , V. , Cadule , P. , Doney , S. , Eby , M. , Fung , I. , Bala , G. , John , J. , Jones , C. , Joos , F. , Kato , T. , Kawamiya , M. , Knorr , W. , Lindsay , K. , Matthews , H. D. , Raddatz , T. , Rayner , P. , Reick , C. , Roeckner , E. , Schnitzler , K.-G. , Schnur , R. , Strassmann , K. , Weaver , A. J. , Yoshikawa , C. and Zeng , N. 2006 . Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the C4MIP model intercomparison . Journal of Climate , 19 : 3337 – 3353 . (doi:10.1175/JCLI3800.1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frolking , S. and Roulet , N. T. 2007 . Holocene radiative forcing impact of northern peatland carbon accumulation and methane emissions . Global Change Biology , 13 : 1079 – 1088 . (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01339.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galbraith , E. D. , Jaccard , S. L. , Pedersen , T. F. , Sigman , D. M. , Haug , G. H. , Cook , M. , Southon , J. R. and Francois , R. 2007 . Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation . Nature , 449 : 890 – 893 . (doi:10.1038/nature06227)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin , P. , Oliver , K. I. C. and Lenton , T. M. 2011 . Observational constraints on the causes of Holocene CO2 change . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 25 : GB3011 doi:10.1029/2010GB003888
   Google Scholar
• Huybrechts , P. 2002 . Sea-level changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets during the glacial cycles . Quaternary Science Reviews , 21 : 203 – 231 . (doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00082-8)
   Google Scholar
• Indermühle , A. , Stocker , T. F. , Joos , F. , Fischer , H. , Smith , H. , Wahlen , M. , Deck , B. , Mastroianni , D. , Tschumi , J. , Blunier , T. , Meyer , R. and Stauffer , B. 1999 . Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica . Nature , 398 : 121 – 126 . (doi:10.1038/18158)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos , F. , Gerber , S. and Prentice , I. C. 2004 . Transient simulations of Holocene atmospheric carbon dioxide and terrestrial carbon since the Last Glacial Maximum . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 18 doi:10.1029/2003GB002156
   Google Scholar
• Kalnay , E. , Kanamitsu , M. , Kistler , R. , Collins , W. , Deaven , D. , Gandin , L. , Iredell , M. , Saha , S. , White , G. , Woollen , J. , Zhu , Y. , Chelliah , M. , Ebisuzaki , W. , Higgins , W. , Janowiak , J. , Mo , K. C. , Ropelewski , C. , Wang , J. , Leetma , A. , Reynolds , R. , Jenne , R. and Joseph , D. 1996 . The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 : 437 – 471 . (doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , J. O. , Krumhardt , K. M. , Ellis , E. C. , Ruddiman , W. R. , Lemmen , C. and Klein Goldwijk , K. 2011 . Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change . The Holocene , 21 : 775 – 791 . (doi:10.1177/0959683610386983)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , J. O. , Prentice , I. C. , Knorr , W. and Valdes , P. J. 2002 . Modeling the dynamics of terrestrial carbon storage since the Last Glacial Maximum . Geophysical Research Letters , 29 : 2074 doi:10.1029/2002GL015230
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-H., & Schneider, R. R. (2004). GHOST global database for alkenone-derived Holocene sea-surface temperature records, Retrieved from http://www.pangaea.de/Projects/GHOST/Holocene
   Google Scholar
• Klein Goldewijk , K. 2001 . Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: The HYDE database . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 15 : 417 – 433 . (doi:10.1029/1999GB001232)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein Goldewijk , K. , Beusen , A. , de Vos , M. and van Drecht , G. 2011 . The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 20 : 73 – 86 . (doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinen , T. , Brovkin , V. , von Bloh , W. , Archer , D. and Munhoven , G. 2010 . Holocene carbon cycle dynamics . Geophysical Research Letters , 37 : L02705 doi:10.1029/2009GL041391
   Google Scholar
• Kulbe , T. , Melles , M. , Verkulich , S. R. and Pushina , Z. V. 2001 . East Antarctic climate and environmental variability over the last 9400 years inferred from marine sediments of the Bunger Oasis . Arctic, Antarctic Alpine Research , 33 : 223 – 230 . (doi:10.2307/1552223)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutzbach , J. E. , Ruddiman , W. F. , Vavrus , S. J. and Philippon , G. 2009 . Climate model simulation of anthropogenic influence on greenhouse-induced climate change (early agriculture to modern): The role of ocean feedbacks . Climatic Change , 99 : 351 – 381 . (doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9684-1)
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz , S. J. , Kim , J.-H. , Rimbu , N. , Schneider , R. R. and Lohmann , G. 2006 . Orbitally driven insolation forcing on Holocene climate trends: Evidence from alkenone data and climate modeling . Paleoceanography , 21 doi:10.1029/2005PA001152
   Google Scholar
• Loulergue , L. , Schilt , A. , Spahni , R. , Masson-Delmotte , V. , Blunier , T. , Lemieux , B. , Barnola , J. M. , Raynaud , D. , Stocker , T. and Chappellaz , J. 2008 . Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years . Nature , 453 : 383 – 386 . (doi:10.1038/nature06950)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüthi , D. , Le Floch , M. , Bereiter , B. , Blunier , T. , Barnola , J.-M. , Siegenthaler , U. , Raynaud , D. , Jouzel , J. , Fischer , H. , Kawamura , K. and Stocker , T. F. 2008 . High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present . Nature , 453 : 379 – 382 . (doi:10.1038/nature06949)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , H. D. , Weaver , A. J. and Meissner , K. J. 2005 . Terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics under recent and future climate change . Journal of Climate , 18 : 1609 – 1628 . (doi:10.1175/JCLI3359.1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , H. D. , Weaver , A. J. , Meissner , K. J. , Gillett , N. P. and Eby , M. 2004 . Natural and anthropogenic climate change: Incorporating historical land cover change, vegetation dynamics and the global carbon cycle . Climate Dynamics , 22 : 461 – 479 . (doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0392-2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauritzen , C. and Häkkinen , S. 1997 . Influence of sea ice on the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean . Geophysical Research Letters , 24 : 3257 – 3260 . (doi:10.1029/97GL03192)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvedy , C. and Jones , R. 1978 . Atlas of world population history , London : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Meehl , G. A. , Stocker , T. F. , Collins , W. D. , Friedlingstein , P. , Gaye , A. T. , Gregory , J. M. , Kitoh , A. , Knutti , R. , Murphy , J. M. , Noda , A. , Raper , S. C. B. , Watterson , I. G. , Weaver , A. J. and Zhao , Z.-C. 2007 . “ Global climate projections ” . In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Edited by: Solomon , S. , Qin , D. , Manning , M. , Chen , Z. , Marquis , M. , Averyt , K. B. , Tignor , M. and Miller , H. L. 749 – 845 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meissner , K. J. , Eby , M. , Weaver , A. J. and Saenko , O. A. 2008 . CO2 threshold for millennial-scale oscillations in the climate system: Implications for global warming scenarios . Climate Dynamics , 30 : 161 – 174 . (doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0279-0)
   Google Scholar
• Meissner , K. J. , Weaver , A. J. , Matthews , H. D. and Cox , P. M. 2003 . The role of land-surface dynamics in glacial inception: A study with the UVic Earth System Model . Climate Dynamics , 21 : 515 – 537 . (doi:10.1007/s00382-003-0352-2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver , K. I. C. , Hoogakker , B. A. A. , Crowhurst , S. , Henderson , G. M. , Rickaby , R. E. M. , Edwards , N. R. and Elderfield , H. 2009 . A synthesis of marine sediment core δ13C data over the last 150 000 years . Climate of the Past Discussions , 5 : 2497 – 2554 . (doi:10.5194/cpd-5-2497-2009)
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson , J. and Hickler , T. 2008 . Effects of human land-use on the global carbon cycle during the last 6,000 years . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany , 17 : 605 – 615 . (doi:10.1007/s00334-007-0126-6)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltier , R. W. 1994 . Ice age paleotopography . Science , 265 : 195 – 201 . (doi:10.1126/science.265.5169.195)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit , J. R. , Jouzel , J. , Raynaud , D. , Barkov , N. I. , Barnola , J.-M. , Basile , I. , Bender , M. , Chappellaz , J. , Davis , M. , Delaygue , G. , Delmotte , M. , Kotlyakov , V. M. , Lipenkov , V. , Lorius , C. , Pepin , L. , Ritz , C. , Saltzman , E. and Stievenard , M. 1999 . Climate and atmospheric history of the last 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica . Nature , 399 : 429 – 436 . (doi:10.1038/20859)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , D. and DeConto , R. M. 2009 . Modelling west Antarctic ice sheet growth and collapse through the past five million years . Nature , 458 : 329 – 332 . (doi:10.1038/nature07809)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pongratz , J. , Reick , C. , Raddatz , T. and Claussen , M. 2008 . A reconstruction of global agricultural areas and land cover for the last millennium . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 22 doi:10.1029/2007GB003153
   Google Scholar
• Pongratz , J. , Reick , C. H. , Raddatz , T. and Claussen , M. 2009 . Effects of anthropogenic land cover change on the carbon cycle of the last millennium . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 23 doi:10.1029/2009GB003488
   Google Scholar
• Renssen , H. , Goosse , H. , Fichefet , T. , Masson-Delmotte , V. and Koç , N. 2005 . Holocene climate evolution in the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere simulated by a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean-vegetation model . The Holocene , 15 : 951 – 964 . (doi:10.1191/0959683605hl869ra)
   Google Scholar
• Ridgwell , A. J. , Watson , A. J. , Maslin , M. A. and Kaplan , J. 2003 . Implications of coral reef buildup for the controls on atmospheric CO2 since the Last Glacial Maximum . Paleoceanography , 18 doi:10.1029/2003PA000893
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , R. S. , Mix , A. and Martinez , P. 2007 . Southern Ocean control on the extent of denitrification in the southeast Pacific over the last 70 ka . Quaternary Science Reviews , 26 : 201 – 212 . (doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.005)
   Google Scholar
• Ruddiman , W. F. 2003 . The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago . Climatic Change , 61 : 261 – 293 . (doi:10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004577.17928.fa)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddiman , W. F. 2007 . The early anthropogenic hypothesis: Challenges and responses . Reviews of Geophysics , 45 doi:10.1029/2006RG000207
   Google Scholar
• Ruddiman , W. F. 2008 . The challenge of modeling interglacial CO2 and CH4 trends . Quaternary Science Reviews , 27 : 445 – 448 . (doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.007)
   Google Scholar
• Ruddiman , W. F. and Ellis , E. C. 2009 . Effect of per-capita land use changes on Holocene forest clearance and CO2 emissions . Quaternary Science Reviews , 28 : 3011 – 3015 . (doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.022)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddiman , W. F. , Kutzbach , J. E. and Vavrus , S. J. 2011 . Can natural or anthropogenic explanations of late-Holocene CO2 and CH4 increases be falsified? . The Holocene , 21 : 865 – 887 . (doi:10.1177/0959683610387172)
   Google Scholar
• Ruddiman , W. F. and Thomson , J. S. 2001 . The case for human causes of increased atmospheric CH4 over the last 5000 years . Quaternary Science Review , 20 : 1769 – 1777 . (doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00067-1)
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt , J. , Schneider , R. , Elsig , J. , Leuenberger , D. , Lourantou , A. , Chappellaz , J. , Köhler , P. , Joos , F. , Stocker , T. , Leuenberger , M. and Fischer , H. 2012 . Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial CO2 rise from ice cores . Science , 336 : 711 – 714 . (doi:10.1126/science.1217161)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmittner, A., Brook, E., & Ahn, J. (2007). Impact of the ocean's overturning circulation on atmospheric CO2. In A. Schmittner, J. Chiang, & S. Hemming (Eds.), Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series (vol. 173, pp. 209–246). Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
   Google Scholar
• Schmittner , A. and Galbraith , E. D. 2008 . Glacial greenhouse-gas fluctuations controlled by ocean circulation changes . Nature , 456 : 373 – 376 . (doi:10.1038/nature07531)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmittner , A. , Oschlies , A. , Giraud , X. , Eby , M. and Simmons , H. L. 2005 . A global model of the marine ecosystem for long-term simulations: Sensitivity to ocean mixing, buoyancy forcing, particle sinking, and dissolved organic matter cycling . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 19, GB3004, 1–17
   Google Scholar
• Schurgers , G. , Mikolajewicz , U. , Gröger , M. , Maier-Reimer , E. , Vizcaíno , M. and Winguth , A. 2006 . Dynamics of the terrestrial biosphere, climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration during interglacials: A comparison between Eemian and Holocene . Climate of the Past , 2 : 205 – 220 . (doi:10.5194/cp-2-205-2006)
   Google Scholar
• Shevenell , A. E. , Ingalls , A. E. , Domack , E. W. and Kelly , C. 2011 . Holocene Southern Ocean surface temperature variability west of the Antarctic Peninsula . Nature , 470 : 250 – 254 . (doi:10.1038/nature09751)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stephens , B. B. and Keeling , R. F. 2000 . The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial-interglacial variations . Nature , 404 : 171 – 174 . (doi:10.1038/35004556)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocker , B. , Strassmann , K. and Joos , F. 2010 . Sensitivity of Holocene atmospheric CO2 and the modern carbon budget to early human land use: Analyses with a process-based model . Biogeosciences Discussions , 7 : 921 – 952 . (doi:10.5194/bgd-7-921-2010)
   Google Scholar
• Strassmann , K. M. , Joos , F. and Fischer , G. 2008 . Simulating effects of land use changes on carbon fluxes: Past contributions to atmospheric CO2 increases and future commitments due to losses of terrestrial sink capacity . Tellus (B) , 60 : 583 – 603 . (doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00340.x)
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan , D. G. 2008 . West Antarctic ice sheet collapse—the fall and rise of a paradigm . Climatic Change , 91 : 65 – 79 . (doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9448-3)
   Google Scholar
• Vavrus , S. J. , Ruddiman , W. F. and Kutzbach , J. E. 2008 . Climate model tests of the anthropogenic influence on greenhouse-induced climate change: The role of early human agriculture, industrialization, and vegetation feedbacks . Quaternary Science Review , 27 : 1410 – 1425 . (doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.04.011)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Mysak , L. A. , Wang , Z. and Brovkin , V. 2005 . The greening of the McGill paleoclimate model. Part II: Simulation of Holocene millennial-scale natural climate changes . Climate Dynamics , 24 : 481 – 496 . (doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0516-8)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Roulet , N. , Frolking , S. and Mysak , L. A. 2009 . The importance of northern peatlands in the global carbon systems during the Holocene . Climate of the Past , 5 : 1231 – 1258 . (doi:10.5194/cpd-5-1231-2009)
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , A. J. , Eby , M. , Wiebe , E. C. , Bitz , C. M. , Duffy , P. B. , Ewen , T. L. , Fanning , A. F. , Holland , M. M. , MacFadyen , A. , Matthews , H. D. , Meissner , K. J. , Saenko , O. , Schmittner , A. , Wang , H. and Yoshimori , M. 2001 . The UVic Earth System Climate Model: Model description, climatology, and applications to past, present and future climates . Atmosphere-Ocean , 4 : 361 – 428 . (doi:10.1080/07055900.2001.9649686)
   Google Scholar
• Winton , M. , Hallberg , R. and Gnanadesikan , A. 1998 . Simulation of density-driven frictional downslope flow in z-coordinate ocean models . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 28 : 2163 – 2174 . (doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2163:SODDFD>2.0.CO;2)
   Google Scholar
• Yu , Z. 2011 . Holocene carbon flux histories of the world's peatlands: Global carbon cycle implications . The Holocene , 21 : 761 – 774 . (doi:10.1177/0959683610386982)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , Z. , Loisel , J. , Brosseau , D. P. , Beilman , D. W. and Hunt , S. J. 2010 . Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum . Geophysical Research Letters , 37 : L13402 doi:10.1029/2010GL043584
   Google Scholar
• Zimov , N. S. , Zimov , S. A. , Zimova , A. E. , Zimova , G. M. , Chuprynin , V. I. and Chapin , F. S. III . 2009 . Carbon storage in permafrost and soils of the mammoth tundra-steppe biome: Role in the global carbon budget . Geophysical Research Letters , 36 : L02502 doi:10.1029/2008GL036332
   Google Scholar