Advanced search
Publication Cover
Atmosphere-Ocean Volume 60, 2022 - Issue 3-4: Earth’s Climate and Weather: Dominant Variability and Disastrous Extremes / Le climat et la météo de la Terre: Variabilité dominante et extrêmes désastreux
Submit an article Journal homepage
2,213
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review / Synthèse

The Madden-Julian Oscillation

Hai LinRecherche en prévision numérique atmosphérique, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Québec, CanadaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5084-6600
ORCID Icon
Pages 338-359 | Received 16 Apr 2022, Accepted 25 Apr 2022, Published online: 23 May 2022

References

  • Adames, Á. F. (2017). Precipitation budget of the Madden–Julian oscillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 74(6), 1799–1817. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0242.1
  • Adames, Á. F., & Kim, D. (2016). The MJO as a dispersive, convectively coupled moisture wave: Theory and observations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 73(3), 913–941. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0170.1
  • Adames, Á. F., & Wallace, J. M. (2015). Three-dimensional structure and evolution of the moisture field in the MJO. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72(10), 3733–3754. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0003.1
  • Ahn, M.-S., Kim, D., Kang, D., Lee, J., Sperber, K. R., Glecker, P. J., Jiang, X., Ham, Y.-G., & Kim, H. (2020). MJO propagation across the Maritime Continent: Are CMIP6 models better than CMIP5 models? Geophysical Research Letters, 47(11), e2020GL087250. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087250
  • Ahn, M.-S., Kim, D., Park, S., & Ham, Y.-G. (2019). Do we need to parameterize mesoscale convective organization to mitigate the MJO-mean state trade-off? Geophysical Research Letters, 46(4), 2293–2301. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080314
  • Ahn, M.-S., Kim, D., Sperber, K. R., Kang, I.-S., Maloney, E., Waliser, D., & Hendon, H. (2017). MJO simulation in CMIP5 climate models MJO skill metrics and process-oriented diagnosis. Climate Dynamics, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3558-4
  • Arakawa, A., & Schubert, W. H. (1974). Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31(3), 674–701. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<0674:IOACCE>2.0.CO;2
  • Arnold, N. P., Branson, M., Kuang, Z., Randall, D. A., & Tziperman, E. (2015). MJO intensification with warming in the superparamterized CESM. Journal of Climate, 28(7), 2706–2724. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00494.1
  • Baggett, C. F., Barnes, E. A., Maloney, E. D., & Mundhenk, B. D. (2017). Advancing atmospheric river forecasts into subseasonal-to-seasonal time scales. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(14), 7528–7536. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074434
  • Baldwin, M. P., & Dunkerton, T. J. (2001). Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes. Science, 294(5542), 581. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063315
  • Baldwin, M. P., Gray, L. J., Dunkerton, T. J., Hamilton, K., Haynes, P. H., Randel, W. J., Holton, J. R., Alexander, M. J., Hirota, I., Horinouchi, T., Jones, D. B. A., Kinnersley, J. S., Marquardt, C., Sato, K., & Takahashi, M. (2001). The quasi-biennial oscillation. Reviews of Geophysics, 39(2), 179–229. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000073
  • Barnes, E. A., Samarasinghe, S. M., Ebert-Uphoff, I., & Furtado, J. C. (2019). Tropospheric and stratospheric causal pathways between the MJO and NAO. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(16), 9356–9371. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031024
  • Barnston, A. G., & Livezey, R. E. (1987). Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Monthly Weather Review, 115(6), 1083–1126. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1083:CSAPOL>2.0.CO;2
  • Barrett, B. S., Carrasco, J. F., & Testino, A. P. (2012). Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) Modulation of Atmospheric circulation and Chilean winter precipitation. Journal of Climate, 25(5), 1678–1688. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00216.1
  • Barrett, B. S., & Gensini, V. (2013). Modulation of daily United States April–May tornado day likelihood by phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(11), 2790–2795. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50522
  • Baxter, S., Weaver, S., Gottschalck, J., & Xue, Y. (2014). Pentad evolution of wintertime impacts of the Madden–Julian Oscillation over the contiguous United States. Journal of Climate, 27(19), 7356–7367. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00105.1
  • Bechtold, P., Kohler, M., Jung, T., Doblas-Reyes, F., Leutbecher, M., Rodwell, M. J., Vitart, F., & Balsamo, G. (2008). Advances in simulating atmospheric variability with the ECMWF model: From synoptic to decadal time-scales. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 134(634), 1337–1351. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.289
  • Becker, E. J., Berbery, E. H., & Higgins, R. W. (2011). Modulation of cold-season U.S. daily precipitation by the Madden–Julian oscillation. Journal of Climate, 24(19), 5157–5166. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4018.1
  • Bellenger, H., & Duvel, J. P. (2012). The event-to-event variability of the boreal winter MJO. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(8), L08701. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051294
  • Benedict, J. J., & Randall, D. A. (2007). Observed characteristics of the MJO relative to maximum rainfall. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 64(7), 2332–2354. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3968.1
  • Benedict, J. J., & Randall, D. A. (2009). Structure of the Madden–Julian oscillation in the superparameterized CAM. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 66(11), 3277–3296. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3030.1
  • Bergman, J. W., Hendon, H. H., & Weickmann, K. M. (2001). Intraseasonal air–sea interactions at the onset of El niño. Journal of Climate, 14(8), 1702–1719. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1702:IASIAT>2.0.CO;2
  • Betts, A., & Miller, M. (1986). A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave,BOMEX, ATEX and Arctic air-mass data sets. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 112(473), 693–709. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711247308
  • Blackmon, M. L. (1976). A climatological spectral study of the 500 mb geopotential height of the Northern hemisphere. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 33(8), 1607–1623. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1607:ACSSOT>2.0.CO;2
  • Blackmon, M. L., Lee, Y.-H., & Wallace, J. M. (1984). Horizontal structure of 500mb height fluctuations with long, intermediate and short time scales. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41(6), 961–980. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0961:HSOMHF>2.0.CO;2
  • Bond, N. A., & Vecchi, G. A. (2003). The influence of the Madden–Julian oscillation on precipitation in Oregon and Washington. Weather and Forecasting, 18(4), 600–613. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0600:TIOTMO>2.0.CO;2
  • Branstator, G. (1985). Analysis of general circulation model sea-surface temperature anomaly simulations using a linear model. Part I: Forced solutions. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 42(21), 2225–2241. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2225:AOGCMS>2.0.CO;2
  • Bretherton, C. S., Peters, M. E., & Back, L. E. (2004). Relationships between water vapor path and precipitation over the tropical oceans. Journal of Climate, 17(7), 1517–1528. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1517:RBWVPA>2.0.CO;2
  • Brunet, G., Shapiro, M., Hoskins, B., Moncrieff, M., Dole, R., Kiladis, G. N., Kirtman, B., Lorenc, A., Mills, B., Morss, R., Polavarapu, S., Rogers, D., Schaake, J., & Shukla, J. (2010). Collaboration of the weather and climate communities to advance subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91(10), 1397–1406. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3013.1
  • Cassou, C. (2008). Intraseasonal interaction between the Madden-Julian Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Nature, 455(7212), 523–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07286
  • Chang, C. P. (1977). Viscous internal gravity waves and low-frequency oscillations in the tropics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 34(6), 901–910. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<0901:VIGWAL>2.0.CO;2
  • Chang, C. P., & Lim, H. (1988). Kelvin wave-CISK: A possible mechanism for the 30–50 day oscillations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 45(11), 1709–1720. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<1709:KWCAPM>2.0.CO;2
  • Charney, J. G., & Eliassen, A. (1964). On the growth of the hurricane depression. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 21(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0068:OTGOTH>2.0.CO;2
  • Chen, B., & Mapes, B. E. (2018). Effects of a simple convective organization scheme in a two-plume GCM. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10(3), 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001106
  • Chen, G., & Wang, B. (2018a). Dynamic moisture mode versus moisture mode in MJO dynamics: Importance of the wave feedback and boundary layer convergence feedback. Climate Dynamics, 52, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4433-7
  • Chen, G., & Wang, B. (2018b). Does the MJO have a westward group velocity? Journal of Climate, 31(6), 2435–2443. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0446.1
  • Chen, S. S., & Houze, R. A., Jr. (1997). Diurnal variation and life-cycle of deep convective systems over the tropical pacific warm pool. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 123(538), 357–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712353806
  • Chikira, M., & Sugiyama, M. (2010). A cumulus parameterization with state-dependent entrainment rate. Part I: Description and sensitivity to temperature and humidity profiles. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 67(7), 2171–2193. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3316.1
  • Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., … Vitart, F. (2011). The ERA-interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(656), 553–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828
  • DeMott, C. A., Klingaman, N. P., & Woolnough, S. J. (2015). Atmosphere-ocean coupled processes in the Madden-Julian oscillation. Reviews of Geophysics, 53(4), 1099–1154. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000478
  • Dias, J., Leroux, S., Tulich, S. N., & Kiladis, G. N. (2013). How systematic is organized tropical convection within the MJO? Geophysical Research Letters, 40(7), 1420–1425. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50308
  • Dole, R. M., & Gordon, N. D. (1983). Persistent anomalies of the extratropical Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation: Geographical distribution and regional persistence characteristics. Monthly Weather Review, 111(8), 1567–1586. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1567:PAOTEN>2.0.CO;2
  • Donald, A., Meinke, H., Power, B., Maia, A. D. H. N., Wheeler, M. C., White, N., Stone, R. C., & Ribbe J. (2006). Near-global impact of the Madden–Julian oscillation on rainfall. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(9), L09704. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025155
  • Emanuel, K. A. (1987). An air-sea interaction model of intraseasonal oscillations in the tropics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 44(16), 2324–2340. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2324:AASIMO>2.0.CO;2
  • Emanuel, K. A. (1995). The behavior of a simple hurricane model using a convective scheme based on subcloud-layer entropy equilibrium. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 52(22), 3960–3968. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3960:TBOASH>2.0.CO;2
  • Emanuel, K. A. (2019). Inferences from simple models of slow, convectively coupled processes. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 76(1), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0090.1
  • Feng, J., Liu, P., Chen, W., & Wang, X. (2015). Contrasting Madden–Julian Oscillation activity during various stages of EP and CP El Niños. Atmospheric Science Letters, 16(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.516
  • Feng, P.-N., & Lin, H. (2019). Modulation of the MJO-related teleconnections by the QBO. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(22), 12,022–12,033. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030878
  • Feng, P.-N., Lin, H., Derome, J., & Merlis, T. (2021). Forecast skill of the NAO in the subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction models. Journal of Climate, 34(12), 4757–4769. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0430.1
  • Ferranti, L., Palmer, T. N., Molteni, F., & Klinker, E. (1990). Tropical-extratropical interaction associated with the 30–60 day oscillation and its impact on medium and extended range prediction. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 47(18), 2177–2199. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2177:TEIAWT>2.0.CO;2
  • Fink, A., & Speth, P. (1997). Some potential forcing mechanisms of the year-to-year variability of the tropical convection and its intraseasonal (25–70-day) variability. International Journal of Climatology, 17(14), 1513–1534. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19971130)17:14<1513::AID-JOC210>3.0.CO;2-U
  • Flatau, M., Flatau, P. J., Phoebus, P., & Niiler, P. P. (1997). The feedback between equatorial convection and local radiative and evaporative processes: The implications for intraseasonal oscillations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 54(19), 2373–2386. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2373:TFBECA>2.0.CO;2
  • Flatau, M., & Kim, Y.-J. (2013). Interaction between the MJO and polar circulations. Journal of Climate, 26(11), 3562–3574. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00508.1
  • Frederiksen, J. S., & Lin, H. (2013). Tropical–extratropical interactions of intraseasonal oscillations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 70(10), 3180–3197. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0302.1
  • Fuchs, Ž., & Raymond, D. J. (2005). Large-scale modes in a rotating atmosphere with radiative–convective instability and WISHE. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62(11), 4084–4094. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3582.1
  • Fuchs, Ž., & Raymond, D. J. (2017). A simple model of intraseasonal oscillations. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 9(2), 1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS000963
  • Garfinkel, C. I., Benedict, J. J., & Maloney, E. D. (2014). Impact of the MJO on the boreal winter extratropical circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(16), 6055–6062. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061094
  • Garfinkel, C. I., Feldstein, S. B., Waugh, D. W., Yoo, C., & Lee, S. (2012). Observed connection between stratospheric sudden warmings and the Madden–Julian oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(18), L18807. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053144
  • Garfinkel, C. I., & Schwartz, C. (2017). MJO-related tropical convection anomalies lead to more accurate stratospheric vortex variability in subseasonal forecast models. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 10,054–10,062. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074470
  • Gill, A. E. (1980). Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulations. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 106(449), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644905
  • Gottschalck, J., Wheeler, M., Weickmann, K., Vitart, F., Savage, N., Lin, H., Hendon, H., Waliser, D., Sperber, K., Nakagawa, M., Prestrelo, C., Flatau, M., & Higgins, W. (2010). A framework for assessing operational Madden–Julian oscillation forecasts: A CLIVAR MJO working group project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91(9), 1247–1258. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS2816.1
  • Grabowski, W. W. (2001). Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the cloud-resolving convection parameterization (CRCP). Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58(9), 978–997. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0978:CCPWTL>2.0.CO;2
  • Gualdi, S., Navarra, A., & Fischer, M. (1999). The tropical intraseasonal oscillation in a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(19), 2973–2976. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010414
  • Guan, B., Waliser, D. E., Molotch, N. P., Fetzer, E. J., & Neiman, P. J. (2012). Does the Madden-Julian Oscillation influence wintertime atmospheric rivers and snowpack in the Sierra Nevada? Monthly Weather Review, 140(2), 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00087.1
  • Haertel, P. T., & Kiladis, G. N. (2004). Dynamics of 2-day equatorial waves. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 61(22), 2707–2721. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3352.1
  • Hall, N. M., Thibault, S., & Marchesiello, P. (2017). Impact of the observed extratropics on climatological simulation of the MJO in a tropical channel model. Climate Dynamics, 48(7-8), 2541–2555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3221-5
  • Hartmann, D. L., Holton, J. R., & Fu, Q. (2001). The heat balance of the tropical tropopause, cirrus, and stratospheric dehydration. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(10), 1969–1972. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012833
  • Hayashi, M., & Itoh, H. (2017). A new mechanismof the slow eastward propagation of unstable disturbances with convection in the tropics: Implications for the MJO. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 74(11), 3749–3769. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0300.1
  • He, J., Lin, H., & Wu, Z. (2011). Another look at influences of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on the wintertime East Asian weather. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014787
  • Henderson, S. A., & Maloney, E. D. (2018). The impact of the Madden–Julian oscillation on high-latitude winter blocking during El niño–Southern oscillation events. Journal of Climate, 31(13), 5293–5318. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0721.1
  • Hendon, H. H. (2000). Impact of air–sea coupling on the Madden–Julian oscillation in a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 57(24), 3939–3952. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<3939:IOASCO>2.0.CO;2
  • Hendon, H. H., & Abhik, S. (2018). Differences in vertical structure of the Madden–Julian oscillation associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(9), 4419–4428. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl077207
  • Hendon, H. H., & Glick, J. (1997). Intraseasonal air–sea interaction in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. Journal of Climate, 10(4), 647–661. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0647:IASIIT>2.0.CO;2
  • Hendon, H. H., & Liebmann, B. (1990). The intraseasonal (30–50 day) oscillation of the Australian summer monsoon. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 47(24), 2909–2924. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2909:TIDOOT>2.0.CO;2
  • Hendon, H. H., & Liebmann, B. (1994). Organization of convection within the Madden–Julian oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(D4), 8073–8083. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD00045
  • Hendon, H. H., & Salby, M. L. (1994). The life cycle of the Madden–Julian oscillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51(15), 2225–2237. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2225:TLCOTM>2.0.CO;2
  • Hendon, H. H., Wheeler, M. C., & Zhang, C. (2007). Seasonal dependence of the MJO–ENSO relationship. Journal of Climate, 20(3), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4003.1
  • Hendon, H. H., Zhang, C., & Glick, J. D. (1999). Interannual variation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation during Austral summer. Journal of Climate, 12(8), 2538–2550. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2538:IVOTMJ>2.0.CO;2
  • Higgins, R. W., Schemm, J. K. E., Shi, W., & Leetmaa, A. (2000). Extreme precipitation events in the western United States related to tropical forcing. Journal of Climate, 13(4), 793–820. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013h0793:EPEITWi2.0.CO;2
  • Hirons, L. C., Inness, P., Vitart, F., & Bechtold, P. (2013a). Understanding advances in the simulation of intraseasonal variability in the ECMWF model. Part I: The representation of the MJO. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139(675), 1417–1426. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2060
  • Hirons, L. C., Inness, P., Vitart, F., & Bechtold, P. (2013b). Understanding advances in the simulation of intraseasonal variability in the ECMWF model. Part II: The application of process-based diagnostics. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139(675), 1427–1444. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2059
  • Hoskins, B. J. (2013). The potential for skill across the range of the seamless weather-climate prediction problem: A stimulus for our science. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139(672), 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1991
  • Hoskins, B. J., & Karoly, D. J. (1981). The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 38(6), 1179–1196. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2
  • Hoskins, B. J., & Pearce, R. P. (1983). Large-scale dynamical processes in the atmosphere. Academic Press Inc. pp. 390.
  • Hoskins, B. J., & Yang, G.-Y. (2000). The equatorial response to higher-latitude forcing. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 57(9), 1197–1213. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1197:TERTHL>2.0.CO;2
  • Houze, R. A., Jr., Chen, S. S., & Kingsmill, D. E. (2000). Convection over the Pacific warm pool in relation to the atmospheric Kelvin-Rossby wave. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 57(18), 3058–3089. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<3058:COTPWP>2.0.CO;2
  • Huffman, G. J., Adler, R., Morrissey, M. M., Bolvin, D., Curtis, S., Joyce, R., McGavock, Brad, & Susskind, J. (2001). Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multisatellite observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2(1), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0036:GPAODD>2.0.CO;2
  • Hung, M.-P., Lin, J.-L., Wang, W., Kim, D., Shinoda, T., & Weaver, S. J. (2013). MJO and convectively coupled equatorial waves simulated by CMIP5 climate models. Journal of Climate, 26(17), 6185–6214. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00541.1
  • Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., & Visbeck, M. (2003). An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic significance and environmental impact. Geophysical Monographic Series, 134, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1029/134GM01
  • Jeong, J.-H., Ho, C.-H., & Kim, B.-M. (2005). Influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on wintertime surface air temperature and cold surges in East Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(D11), D11104. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005408
  • Jeong, J.-H., Kim, B.-M., Ho, C.-H., & Noh, Y.-H. (2008). Systematic variation in wintertime precipitation in East-Asia by MJO-induced extratropical vertical motion. Journal of Climate, 21(4), 788–801. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1801.1
  • Jiang, X., Adames, A. F., Kim, D., Maloney, E. D., Lin, H., Kim, H., Zhang, C., DeMott, C. A., & Klingaman, N. P. (2020). Fifty year's of research on the Madden-Julian Oscillation: Recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmosphere, 125, e2019JD030911. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030911
  • Jiang, X., Waliser, D. E., Olson, W. S., Tao, W.-K., L'Ecuyer, T. S., Li, K.-F., Yung, Yuk L., Shige, S., Lang, S., & Takayabu, Y. N. (2011). Vertical diabatic heating structure of the MJO: Intercomparison between recent reanalyses and TRMM estimates. Monthly Weather Review, 139(10), 3208–3223. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011mwr3636.1
  • Jiang, X., Waliser, D. E., Xavier, P. K., Petch, J., Klingaman, N. P., Woolnough, S. J., Guan, B., Bellon, G., Crueger, T., DeMott, C., Hannay, C., Lin, H., Hu, W., Kim, D., Lappen, C.-L., Lu, M.-M., Ma, H.-Y., Miyakawa, T., Ridout, J. A., … Zhu, H. (2015). Vertical structure and physical processes of the Madden-Julian Oscillation: Exploring key model physics in climate simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120(10), 4718–4748. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022375
  • Jiang, X., Zhao, M., Maloney, E. D., & Waliser, D. E. (2016). Convective moisture adjustment time scale as a key factor in regulating model amplitude of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 10,412–10,419. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070898
  • Johnson, R. H., & Ciesielski, P. E. (2013). Structure and properties of Madden–Julian Oscillations deduced from DYNAMO sounding arrays. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 70(10), 3157–3179. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-065.1
  • Johnson, R. H., Rickenbach, T. M., Rutledge, S. A., Ciesielski, P. E., & Schubert, W. H. (1999). Trimodal characteristics of tropical convection. Journal of Climate, 12(8), 2397–2418. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2397:TCOTC>2.0.CO;2
  • Jones, C., & Carvalho, L. M. V. (2006). Changes in the activity of the Madden–Julian Oscillation during 1958–2004. Journal of Climate, 19(24), 6353–6370. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3972.1
  • Jones, C., & Carvalho, L. M. V. (2012). Spatial–intensity variations in extreme precipitation in the contiguous United States and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 25, 4849–4913. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00278.1
  • Kang, W., & Tziperman, E. (2018). The role of zonal asymmetry in the enhancement and suppression of sudden stratospheric warming variability by the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 31(6), 2399–2415. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0489.1
  • Kemball-Cook, S. R., & Weare, B. C. (2001). The onset of convection in the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 14(5), 780–793. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0780:TOOCIT>2.0.CO;2
  • Kemball-Cook, S., Wang, B., & Fu, X. (2002). Simulation of the intraseasonal Oscillation in the ECHAM-4 model: The impact of coupling with an ocean model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 59(9), 1433–1453. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1433:SOTIOI>2.0.CO;2
  • Kessler, W. S. (2001). EOF representations of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Its connection with ENSO*. Journal of Climate, 14(13), 3055–3061. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3055:EROTMJ>2.0.CO;2
  • Khairoutdinov, M., Randall, D., & DeMott, C. (2005). Simulations of the atmospheric general circulation using a cloud-resolving model as a superparameterization of physical processes. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62(7), 2136–2154. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3453.1
  • Khairoutdinov, M. F., & Emanuel, K. (2018). Intraseasonal variability in a cloud-permitting near-global equatorial aquaplanet model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 75(12), 4337–4355. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0152.1
  • Khairoutdinov, M. F., & Randall, D. A. (2003). Cloud resolving modeling of the ARM summer 1997 IOP: Model formulation, results, uncertainties, and sensitivities. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60(4), 607–625. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0607:CRMOTA>2.0.CO;2
  • Kikuchi, K., Kiladis, G. N., Dias, J., & Nasuno, T. (2018). Convectively coupled equatorial waves within the MJO during CINDY/DYNAMO: Slow Kelvin waves as building blocks. Climate Dynamics, 50(11-12), 4211–4230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3869-5
  • Kikuchi, K., Wang, B., & Kajikawa, Y. (2012). Bimodal representation of the tropical intraseasonal Oscillation. Climate Dynamics, 38(9-10), 1989–2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1159-1
  • Kiladis, G. N., Dias, J., Straub, K. H., Wheeler, M. C., Tulich, S. N., Kikuchi, K., Weickmann, K. M., & Ventrice, M. J. (2014). A comparison of OLR and circulation-based indices for tracking the MJO. Monthly Weather Review, 142(5), 1697–1715. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00301.1
  • Kiladis, G. N., Straub, K. H., & Haertel, P. T. (2005). Zonal and vertical structure of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62(8), 2790–2809. https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3520.1
  • Kiladis, G. N., Wheeler, M. C., Haertel, P. T., Straub, K. H., & Roundy, P. E. (2009). Convectively coupled equatorial waves. Reviews of Geophysics, 47(2), RG2003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008RG000266
  • Kim, D., Sobel, A. H., Del Genio, A. D., Chen, Y., Camargo, S. J., Yao, M.-S., Kelley, M., & Nazarenko, L. (2012). The tropical subseasonal variability simulated in the NASA GISS general circulation model. Journal of Climate, 25(13), 4641–4659. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00447.1
  • Kim, D., Sobel, A. H., & Kang, I.-S. (2011). A mechanism denial study on the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Advances in Modelling Earth Systems, 3, M12007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000081
  • Kim, D., Sobel, A. H., Maloney, E. D., Frierson, D. M. W., & Kang, I. S. (2011). A systematic relationship between intraseasonal variability and mean state bias in AGCM simulations. Journal of Climate, 24(21), 5506–5520. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4177.1
  • Kim, D., Sperber, K., Stern, W., Waliser, D., Kang, I.-S., Maloney, E., Wang, W., Weickmann, K., Benedict, J., Khairoutdinov, M., Lee, M.-I., Neale, R., Suarez, M., Thayer-Calder, K., & Zhang, G. (2009). Application of MJO simulation diagnostics to climate models. Journal of Climate, 22(23), 6413–6436. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3063.1
  • Kim, H., Son, S. W., & Yoo, C. (2020). QBO Modulation of the MJO-related precipitation in East Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125(4), e2019JD031929. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031929
  • Kim, H.-M., Caron, J. M., Richter, J. H., & Simpson, I. R. (2020b). The lack of QBO-MJO connection in CMIP6 models. Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2020GL087295. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087295
  • Kim, H.-M., Janiga, M. A., & Pegion, K. (2019). MJO propagation processes and mean biases in the SubX and S2S reforecasts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(16), 9314–9331. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031139
  • Kim, H.-M., Kim, D., Vitart, F., Toma, V. E., Kug, J.-S., & Webster, P. J. (2016). MJO propagation across the Maritime Continent in the ECMWF ensemble prediction system. Journal of Climate, 29(11), 3973–3988. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0862.1
  • Kim, H.-M., Richter, J. H., & Martin, Z. (2020a). Insignificant QBO-MJO prediction skill relationship in the SubX and S2S subseasonal refocasts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(23), 12,655–12,666. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031416
  • Kim, H.-M., Webster, P. J., Toma, V. E., & Kim, D. (2014). Predictability and prediction skill of the MJO in two operational forecasting systems. Journal of Climate, 27(14), 5364–5378. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00480.1
  • Knutson, T. R., & Weickmann, K. (1987). 30–60 day atmospheric Oscillations: Composite life cycles of convection and circulation anomalies. Monthly Weather Review, 115(7), 1407–1436. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1407:DAOCLC>2.0.CO;2
  • Knutson, T. R., Weickmann, K. M., & Kutzbach, J. E. (1986). Global-scale intraseasonal Oscillations of outgoing longwave radiation and 250 mb zonal wind during Northern Hemisphere summer. Monthly Weather Review, 114(3), 605–623. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<0605:GSIOOO>2.0.CO;2
  • Kuo, H. L. (1974). Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31(5), 1232–1240. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031%3C1232:fsotpo%3E2.0.co;2
  • Kuo, Y.-H., Neelin, J. D., Chen, C.-C., Chen, W.-T., Donner, L. J., Gettelman, A., Jiang, X., Kuo, K.-T., Maloney, E., Mechoso, C. R., Ming, Y., Schiro, K. A., Seman, C. J., Wu, C.-M., & Zhao, M. (2019). Convective transition statistics over tropical oceans for climate model diagnostics: GCM evaluation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0132.1
  • L'Heureux, M. L., & Higgins, R. W. (2008). Boreal winter links between the Madden–Julian Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 21(12), 3040–3050. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1955.1
  • Lau, K.-M., & Chan, P. H. (1985). Aspects of the 40–50 day Oscillation during the northern winter as inferred from outgoing longwave radiation. Monthly Weather Review, 113(11), 1889–1909. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1889:AOTDOD>2.0.CO;2
  • Lau, K.-M., & Chan, P. H. (1986). Aspects of the 40–50 day Oscillation during the northern summer as inferred from outgoing longwave radiation. Monthly Weather Review, 114(7), 1354–1367. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1354:AOTDOD>2.0.CO;2
  • Lau, K.-M., & Chan, P. H. (1988). Intraseasonal and interannual variations of tropical convection: A possible link between the 40–50 day Oscillation and ENSO? Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 45(3), 506–521. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0506:IAIVOT>2.0.CO;2
  • Lau, K.-M., & Peng, L. (1987). Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) Oscillations in the tropical atmosphere. Part I: Basic theory. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 44(6), 950–972. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0950:OOLFOI>2.0.CO;2
  • Lau, K.-M., Peng, L., Sui, C. H., & Nakazawa, T. (1989). Dynamics of super cloud clusters, westerly wind bursts, 30–60 day Oscillations and ENSO: An unified view. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 67, 205–219. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.67.2_205
  • Lau, K.-M., & Phillips, T. J. (1986). Coherent fluctuations of extratropical geopotential height and tropical convection in intraseasonal time scales. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 43(11), 1164–1181. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1164:CFOFGH>2.0.CO;2
  • Lau, K.-M., & Waliser, D. E. (2012). Intraseasonal variability in the atmosphere-ocean climate system (2nd ed.). Springer.
  • Lau, N.-C. (1988). Variability of the observed midlatitude storm tracks in relation to low-frequency changes in the circulation pattern. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 45(19), 2718–2743. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2718:VOTOMS>2.0.CO;2
  • Lee, C.-Y., Camargo, S. J., Vitart, F., Sobel, A. H., & Tippett, M. K. (2018). Sub-seasonal tropical cyclone genesis prediction and MJO in the S2S dataset. Weather Forecasting, 33, https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-17-0165.1
  • Lee, H.-J., & Seo, K.-H. (2019). Impact of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Antarctic sea ice and its dynamical mechanism. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 10761. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47150-3
  • Lee, R. W., Woolnough, S. J., Charlton Perez, A. J., & Vitart, F. (2019). ENSO modulation of MJO teleconnections to the North Atlantic and Europe. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(22), 13,535–13,545. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084683
  • Li, K.-F., Tian, B., Waliser, D. E., & Yung, Y. L. (2010). Tropical mid-tropospheric CO2 variability driven by the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(45), 19,171–19,175. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008222107
  • Liebmann, B., & Hartmann, D. L. (1984). An observational study of tropical-midlatitude interaction on intraseasonal time scales during winter. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41(23), 3333–3350. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<3333:AOSOTI>2.0.CO;2
  • Liebmann, B., Hendon, H. H., & Glick, J. D. (1994). The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 72, 401–412. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.72.3_401
  • Lim, Y., & Son, S.-W. (2020). QBO-MJO connection in CMIP5 models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032157
  • Lim, Y., Son, S.-W., & Kim, D. (2018). MJO prediction skill of the subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction models. Journal of Climate, 31(10), 4075–4094. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0545.1
  • Lim, Y., Son, S.-W., Marshall, A. G., Hendon, H. H., & Seo, K.-H. (2019). Influence of the QBO on MJO prediction skill in the subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction models. Climate Dynamics, 53(3-4), 1681–1695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04719-y
  • Lin, H. (2020). Subseasonal forecast skill over the Northern polar region in boreal winter. Journal of Climate, 33(5), 1935–1951. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0408.1
  • Lin, H., & Brunet, G. (2009). The influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on Canadian wintertime surface air temperature. Monthly Weather Review, 137(7), 2250–2262. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2831.1
  • Lin, H., & Brunet, G. (2011). Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the forecast skill of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L02802. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046131
  • Lin, H., & Brunet, G. (2018). Exratropical response to the MJO: Nonlinearity and sensitivity to initial state. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 75(1), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0189.1
  • Lin, H., Brunet, G., & Derome, J. (2007). Intraseasonal variability in a dry atmospheric model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 64(7), 2422–2441. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3955.1
  • Lin, H., Brunet, G., & Derome, J. (2008). Forecast skill of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in two Canadian atmospheric models. Monthly Weather Review, 136(11), 4130–4149. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2459.1
  • Lin, H., Brunet, G., & Derome, J. (2009). An observed connection between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 22(2), 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2515.1
  • Lin, H., Brunet, G., & Fontecilla, J. S. (2010). Impact of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on the intraseasonal forecast skill of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L19803. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044315
  • Lin, H., Brunet, G., & Mo, R. (2010). Impact of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on wintertime precipitation in Canada. Monthly Weather Review, 138(10), 3822–3839. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3363.1
  • Lin, H., Brunet, G., & Yu, B. (2015). Interannual variability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and its impact on the North Atlantic Oscillation in the boreal winter. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(13), 5571–5576. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064547
  • Lin, H., Derome, J., & Brunet, G. (2007). The nonlinear transient atmospheric response to tropical forcing. Journal of Climate, 20(22), 5642–5665. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1383.1
  • Lin, H., Frederiksen, J., Straus, D., & Stan, C. (2019). Tropical-Extratropical interactions and teleconnections. Chapter 7. In A. W. Robertson & F. Vitart (Eds.), Sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction: The gap between weather and climate forecasting (pp. 143–164). Elsevier.
  • Lin, H., Mo, R., Vitart, F., & Stan, C. (2019). Eastern Canada flooding 2017 and its subseasonal predictions. Atmosphere-Ocean, 57(3), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2018.1547679
  • Lin, J.-L., Kiladis, G. N., Mapes, B. E., Weickmann, K. M., Sperber, K. R., Lin, W., Wheeler, M. C., Schubert, S. D., Del Genio, A., Donner, L. J., Emori, S., Gueremy, J.-F., Hourdin, F., Rasch, P. J., Roeckner, E., & Scinocca, J. F. (2006). Tropical intraseasonal variability in 14 IPCC AR4 climate models. Part I: Convective signals. Journal of Climate, 19(12), 2665–2690. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3735.1
  • Lin, J.-L., Mapes, B., Zhang, M., & Newman, M. (2004). Stratiform precipitation, vertical heating profiles, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 61(3), 296–309. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0296:SPVHPA>2.0.CO;2
  • Lindzen, R. S. (1974). Wave-CISK in the tropics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31(1), 156–179. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<0156:WCITT>2.0.CO;2
  • Ling, J., Zhang, C., Joyce, R., Xie, P. P., & Chen, G. (2019). Possible role of the diurnal cycle in land convection in the barrier effect on the MJO by the maritime continent. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(5), 3001–3011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL081962
  • Liu, C., Tian, B., Li, K.-F., Manney, G. L., Livesey, N. J., Yung, Y. L., & Waliser, D. E. (2014). Northern Hemisphere mid-winter vortex-displacement and vortex-split stratospheric sudden warmings: Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Quasi–Biennial Oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119, 12,599–12,620. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021876
  • Liu, F., & Wang, B. (2017). Effects of moisture feedback in a frictional coupled Kelvin–Rossby wave model and implication in the Madden–Julian Oscillation dynamics. Climate Dynamics, 48(1-2), 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3090-y
  • Liu, P., Satoh, M., Wang, B., Fudeyasu, H., Nasuno, T., Li, T., Miura, H., Taniguchi, H., Masunaga, H., Fu, X., & Annamalai, H. (2009). An MJO simulated by the NICAM at 14- and 7-km resolutions. Monthly Weather Review, 137(10), 3254–3268. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2965.1
  • Lorenz, D. J., & Hartmann, D. L. (2006). The effect of the MJO on the North American monsoon. Journal of Climate, 19(3), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3684.1
  • Madden, R. A., & Julian, P. R. (1971). Detection of a 40–50 d Oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical pacific. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 28(5), 702–708. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0702:DOADOI>2.0.CO;2
  • Madden, R. A., & Julian, P. R. (1972). Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 29(6), 1109–1123. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1109:DOGSCC>2.0.CO;2
  • Madden, R. A., & Julian, P. R. (1994). Observations of the 40–50-day tropical Oscillation—a review. Monthly Weather Review, 122(5), 814–837. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0814:OOTDTO>2.0.CO;2
  • Majda, A. J., & Biello, J. A. (2004). A multiscale model for tropical intraseasonal Oscillation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(14), 4736–4741. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401034101
  • Majda, A. J., & Stechmann, S. N. (2009). A simple dynamical model with features of convective momentum transport. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 66(2), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2805.1
  • Maloney, E. D., & Hartmann, D. L. (2000). Modulation of eastern North Pacific hurricanes by the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 13(9), 1451–1460. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1451:MOENPH>2.0.CO;2
  • Maloney, E. D., & Hartmann, D. L. (2001). The sensitivity of intraseasonal variability in the NCAR CCM3 to changes in convective parameterization. Journal of Climate, 14(9), 2015–2034. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2015:TSOIVI>2.0.CO;2
  • Marshall, A. G., Hendon, H. H., Son, S.-W., & Lim, Y. (2017). Impact of the quasi-biennial Oscillation on predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Climate Dynamics, 49(4), 1365–1377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3392-0
  • Marshall, A. G., Hudson, D., Wheeler, M. C., Alves, O., Hendon, H. H., Pook, M. J., & Risbey, J. S. (2014). Intra-seasonal drivers of extreme heat over Australia in observations and POAMA-2. Climate Dynamics, 43(7-8), 1915–1937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-2016-1
  • Matsuno, T. (1966). Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 44, 25–43. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.44.1_25
  • Matthews, A. J. (2000). Propagation mechanisms for the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 126(569), 2637–2651. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712656902
  • Matthews, A. J., Hoskins, B. J., & Masutani, M. (2004). The global response to tropical heating in the Madden–Julian Oscillation during the northern winter. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 130(601), 1991–2011. https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.123
  • Matthews, A. J., & Kiladis, G. N. (1999). The tropical–extratropical interaction between high-frequency transients and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Monthly Weather Review, 127(5), 661–677. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0661:TTEIBH>2.0.CO;2
  • McPhaden, J. M., Zhang, X., Henden, H., & Wheeler, M. C. (2006b). Large scale dynamics and MJO forcing of ENSO variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(16), LI6702. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026786
  • McPhaden, M. J., Zebiak, S. E., & Glantz, M. H. (2006a). ENSO as an integrating concept in Earth science. Science, 314(5806), 1740–1745. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132588
  • Milliff, R. F., & Madden, R. A. (1996). The existence and vertical structure of fast, eastward-moving disturbances in the equatorial troposphere. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 53(4), 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0586:TEAVSO>2.0.CO;2
  • Miura, H., Satoh, M., Nasuno, T., Noda, A. T., & Oouchi, K. (2007). A Madden-Julian Oscillation event realistically simulated by a global cloud-resolving model. Science, 318(5857), 1763–1765. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1148443
  • Miyakawa, T., Satoh, M., Miura, H., Tomita, H., Yashiro, H., Noda, A. T., Yamada, Y., Kodama, C., Kimoto, M., & Yoneyama, K. (2014). Madden–Julian Oscillation prediction skill of a new-generation global model demonstrated using a supercomputer. Nature Communications, 5(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4769
  • Mo, K. C., & Higgins, R. W. (1998). Tropical convection and precipitation regimes in the western United States. Journal of Climate, 11(9), 2404–2423. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2404:TCAPRI>2.0.CO;2
  • Mo, K. C., Jones, C., & Nogues-Paegle, J. (2012). Pan-America. In W. K. M. Lau & D. E. Waliser (Eds.), Intraseasonal variability in the atmosphere-ocean climate system (pp. 111–145). Springer.
  • Mo, K. C., & Livezey, R. E. (1986). Tropical-extratropical geopotential height teleconnections during the Northern hemisphere winter. Monthly Weather Review, 114(12), 2488–2515. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<2488:TEGHTD>2.0.CO;2
  • Mo, K. C., & White, G. H. (1985). Teleconnections in the Southern hemisphere. Monthly Weather Review, 113(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<0022:TITSH>2.0.CO;2
  • Moncrieff, M. W. (1992). Organized convective systems: Archetypal dynamic-models, mass and momentum flux theory, and parameterization. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 118(507), 819–850. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711850703
  • Mori, M., & Watanabe, M. (2008). The growth and triggering mechanisms of the PNA: A MJO-PNA coherence. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 86, 213–236. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86.213
  • Mundhenk, B. D., Barnes, E. A., Maloney, E. D., & Baggett, C. F. (2018). Skillful empirical subseasonal prediction of landfalling atmospheric river activity using the Madden–Julian Oscillation and quasi-biennial Oscillation. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1(1), 20177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-017-0008-2
  • Murakami, T., Nakazawa, T., & He, J. (1984). On the 40–50 day Oscillations during the 1979 Northern Hemisphere summer, Part I: Phase propagation. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 62, 440–467. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.62.3_440
  • Murphy, A. H., & Epstein, E. S. (1989). Skill scores and correlation coefficients in model verification. Monthly Weather Review, 117(3), 572–582. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0572:SSACCI>2.0.CO;2
  • Nakazawa, T. (1988). Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 66, 823–839. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.66.6_823
  • Nasuno, T., Miura, H., Satoh, M., Noda, A. T., & Oouchi, K. (2009). Multi-scale organization of convection in a global numerical simulation of the December 2006 MJO event using explicit moist processes. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Series II, 87(2), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.87.335
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NAS). (2016). Next generation earth system prediction: Strategies for subseasonal to seasonal forecasts. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/21873
  • Naumann, G., & Vargas, W. M. (2010). Joint diagnostic of the surface air temperature in Southern South America and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Weather and Forecasting, 25(4), 1275–1280. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010WAF2222418.1
  • Neelin, J. D., Held, I. M., & Cook, K. H. (1987). Evaporation-wind feedback and low-frequency variability in the tropical atmosphere. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 44(16), 2341–2348. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2341:EWFALF>2.0.CO;2
  • Neena, J. M., Lee, J. Y., Waliser, D., Wang, B., & Jiang, X. (2014). Predictability of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Intraseasonal Variability Hindcast Experiment (ISVHE). Journal of Climate, 27(12), 4531–4543. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00624.1
  • Nishimoto, E., & Yoden, S. (2017). Influence of the stratospheric quasi-biennial Oscillation on the Madden–Julian Oscillation during Austral summer. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 74(4), 1105–1125. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0205.1
  • Park, C.-K., Straus, D. M., & Lau, K.-M. (1990). An evaluation of the structure of tropical intraseasonal Oscillations in three general circulation models. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 68, 403–417. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.68.4_403
  • Park, T.-W., Ho, C.-H., Yang, S., & Jeong, J.-H. (2010). Influences of Arctic Oscillation and Madden-Julian Oscillation on cold surges and heavy snowfalls over Korea: A case study for the winter of 2009–2010. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D23), D23122. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014794
  • Pegion, K., & Kirtman, B. P. (2008). The impact of air–sea Interactions on the simulation of tropical intraseasonal variability. Journal of Climate, 21(24), 6616–6635. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2180.1
  • Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, T., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R. D., … Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043–2060. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1
  • Peters, O., & Neelin, J. D. (2006). Critical phenomena in atmospheric precipitation. Nature Physics, 2(6), 393–396. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys314
  • Rashid, H. A., Hendon, H. H., Wheeler, M. C., & Alves, O. (2010). Predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the POAMA dynamical seasonal prediction system. Climate Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0754-x
  • Ray, P., & Zhang, C. (2010). A case study of the mechanics of extratropical influence on the initiation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 67(2), 515–528. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3059.1
  • Raymond, D. J. (1995). Regulation of moist convection over the West Pacific warm pool. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 52(22), 3945–3959. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3945:ROMCOT>2.0.CO;2
  • Raymond, D. J. (2001). A new model of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58(18), 2807–2819. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2807:ANMOTM>2.0.CO;2
  • Raymond, D. J., & Fuchs, Z. (2009). Moisture modes and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 22(11), 3031–3046. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2739.1
  • Riddle, E. E., Stoner, M. B., Jognson, N. C., L’Heureux, M. L., Collins, D. C., & Feldstein, S. B. (2013). The impact of the MJO on clusters of wintertime circulation anomalies over the North American region. Climate Dynamics, 40(7-8), 1749–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1493-y
  • Rostami, M., & Zeitlin, V. (2019). Eastward-moving convection-enhanced modons in shallow water in the equatorial tangent plane. Physics of Fluids, 31(2), 021701. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5080415
  • Roundy, P. E., MacRitchie, K., Asuma, J., & Melino, T. (2010). Modulation of the global atmospheric circulation by combined activity in the Madden–Julian Oscillation and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation during boreal winter. Journal of Climate, 23(15), 4045–4059. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3446.1
  • Salby, M. L., & Hendon, H. H. (1994). Intraseasonal behavior of clouds, temperature, and winds in the tropics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51(15), 2207–2224. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2207:IBOCTA>2.0.CO;2
  • Sasaki, W., Onishi, R., Fuchigami, H., Goto, K., Nishikawa, S., Ishikawa, Y., & Takahashi, K. (2016). MJO simulation in a cloud-system-resolving global ocean-atmosphere coupled model. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(17), 9352–9360. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070550
  • Seo, H., Subramanian, A. C., Miller, A. J., & Cavanaugh, N. R. (2014). Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of Sea surface temperature on the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 27(22), 8422–8443. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00141.1
  • Seo, K.-H., & Son, S.-W. (2012). The global atmospheric circulation response to tropical diabatic heating associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation during northern winter. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 69(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JAS3686.1
  • Shao, X., Song, J., & Li, S. (2019). The lagged connection of the positive NAO with the MJO phase 3 in a simplified atmospheric model. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 135(3-4), 1091–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2425-5
  • Shapiro, M., Shukla, J., Brunet, G., Nobre, C., Beland, M., Dole, R., Trenberth, K., Anthes, R., Asrar, G., Barrie, L., Bougeault, P., Brasseur, G., Burridge, D., Busalacchi, A., Caughey, J., Chen, D., Church, J., Enomoto, T., Hoskins, B., … Wallace, J. M. (2010). An earth-system prediction initiative for the twenty-first century. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91(10), 1377–1388. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS2944.1
  • Shea, D. J., Trenberth, K. E., & Reynolds, R. W. (1992). A global monthly sea surface temperature climatology. Journal of Climate, 5(9), 987–1001. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0987:AGMSST>2.0.CO;2
  • Sheng, J., & Derome, J. (1991). An observational study of the energy transfer between the seasonal mean flow and transient eddies. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 43(2), 128–144. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v43i2.11921
  • Shi, X., Kim, D., Adames-Corraliza, Á. F., & Sukhatme, J. (2018). WISHE-moisture mode in an aquaplanet simulation. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10(10), 2393–2407. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001441
  • Shukla, J., Anerson, J., Baumhefner, D., Brankovic, C., Chang, Y., Kalnay, E., et al. (2000). Dynamical seasonal prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81(11), 2593–2606. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2593:DSP>2.3.CO;2
  • Simmons, A. J., Wallace, J. M., & Branstator, G. (1983). Barotropic wave propagation and instability, and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 40(6), 1363–1392. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1363:BWPAIA>2.0.CO;2
  • Slingo, J., Inness, P., Neale, R., Woolnough, S., & Yang, G. Y. (2003). Scale interactions on diurnal to seasonal timescales and their relevance to model systematic errors. Annals of Geophysics, 46, 139–155. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3383
  • Slingo, J. M., Blackburn, M., Betts, A., Brugge, R., Hodges, K., Hoskins, B., Miller, M., Steenman-Clark, L., & Thuburn, J. (1994). Mean climate and transience in the tropics of the UGAMP GCM: Sensitivity to convective parameterization. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 120(518), 881–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051807
  • Slingo, J. M., Rowell, D. P., Sperber, K. R., & Nortley, F. (1999). On the predictability of the interannual behavior of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and its relationship with El Nino. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 583–610. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555411
  • Slingo, J. M., Sperber, K. R., Boyle, J. S., Ceron, J. P., Dix, M., Dugas, B., Ebisuzaki, W., Fyfe, J., Gregory, D., Gueremy, J.-F., Hack, J., Harzallah, A., Inness, P., Kitoh, A., Lau, W. K.-M., McAvaney, B., Madden, R., Matthews, A., Palmer, T. N., … Renno, N. (1996). Intraseasonal Oscillations in 15 atmospheric general circulation models: Results from an AMIP diagnostic subproject. Climate Dynamics, 12(5), 325–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00231106
  • Sobel, A., & Maloney, E. (2012). An idealized semi-empirical framework for modeling the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 69(5), 1691–1705. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-0118.1
  • Sobel, A., & Maloney, E. (2013). Moisture modes and the eastward propagation of the MJO. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 70(1), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0189.1
  • Sobel, A. H., Nilsson, J., & Polvani, L. M. (2001). The weak temperature gradient approximation and balanced tropical moisture waves. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58(23), 3650–3665. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<3650:TWTGAA>2.0.CO;2
  • Son, S.-W., Lim, Y., Yoo, C., Hendon, H., & Kim, J. (2017). Stratospheric control of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 30(6), 1909–1922. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0620.1
  • Sperber, K. R. (2003). Propagation and the vertical structure of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Monthly Weather Review, 131(12), 3018–3037. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<3018:PATVSO>2.0.CO;2
  • Sperber, K. R., Gualdi, S., Legutke, S., & Gayler, V. (2005). The Madden–Julian Oscillation in ECHAM4 coupled and uncoupled general circulation models. Climate Dynamics, 25(2-3), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0026-3
  • Stachnik, J. P., Waliser, D. E., Majda, A. J., Stechmann, S. N., & Thual, S. (2015). Evaluating MJO event initiation and decay in the skeleton model using anRMM-like index. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120(22), 11,486–11,508. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023916
  • Stan, C., Straus, D., Frederiksen, J., Lin, H., Maloney, E., & Schumacher, C. (2017). Review of tropical- extratropical teleconnections on intraseasonal time scales. Reviews of Geophysics, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000538
  • Stechmann, S. N., & Majda, A. J. (2015). Identifying the skeleton of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in observational data. Monthly Weather Review, 143(1), 395–416. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00169.1
  • Straub, K. H. (2013). MJO initiation in the real-time multivariate MJO index. Journal of Climate, 26(4), 1130–1151. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00074.1
  • Straus, D. M., Swenson, E., & Lappen, C.-L. (2015). The MJO cycle forcing of the North Atlantic circulation: Intervention experiments with the community earth system model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72(2), 660–681. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0145.1
  • Sultan, B., Janicot, S., & Diedhiou, A. (2003). The West African monsoon dynamics. Part I: Documentation of intraseasonal variability. Journal of Climate, 16(21), 3389–3406. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3389:TWAMDP>2.0.CO;2
  • Sun, L., Wang, H., & Liu, F. (2019). Combined effect of the QBO and ENSO on the MJO. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 12(3), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2019.1588064
  • Takayabu, Y. N. (1994). Large-scale cloud disturbances associated with equatorial waves. Part II: Westward-propagating inertia-gravity waves. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 72, 451–465. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.72.3_451
  • Tang, Y., & Yu, B. (2008). MJO and its relationship to ENSO. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere, 113(D14), D14106. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009230
  • Thayer-Calder, K., & Randall, D. A. (2009). The role of convective moistening in the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 66(11), 3297–3312. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3081.1
  • Thompson, D. W. J., & Wallace, J. M. (1998). The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(9), 1297–1300. https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00950
  • Thual, S., & Majda, A. J. (2015). A suite of skeleton models for the MJO with refined vertical structure. Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting, 1(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2015-0004
  • Thual, S., Majda, A. J., & Stechmann, S. N. (2014). A stochastic skeleton model for the MJO. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 71(2), 697–715. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0186.1
  • Tian, B., Yung, Y. L., Waliser, D. E., Tyranowski, T., Kuai, L., Fetzer, E. J., & Irion, F. W. (2007). Intraseasonal variations of the tropical total ozone and their connection to the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(8), L08704. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029451
  • Toms, B. A., Barnes, E. A., Maloney, E. D., & van den Heever, S. C. (2020). The global teleconnection signature of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and its modulation by the quasi-biennial Oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2020JD032653. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032653
  • Tseng, K. C., Barnes, E. A., & Maloney, E. D. (2018). Prediction of the midlatitude response to strong Madden-Julian Oscillation events on S2S time scales. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(1), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075734
  • Vecchi, G. A., & Bond, N. A. (2004). The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the northern high latitude wintertime surface air temperatures. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(4), L04104. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018645
  • Ventrice, M. J., Wheeler, M. C., Hendon, H. H., Schreck, C. J., Thorncroft, C. D., & Kiladis, G. N. (2013). A modified multivariate Madden–Julian Oscillation index using velocity potential. Monthly Weather Review, 141(12), 4197–4210. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00327.1
  • Vitart, F. (2017). Madden—Julian Oscillation prediction and teleconnections in the S2S database. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 143(706), 2210–2220. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3079
  • Vitart, F., & Jung, T. (2010). Impact of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics on the skill in predicting the Madden Julian Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(23), L23805. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045465
  • Vitart, F., & Molteni, F. (2010). Simulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and its teleconnections in the ECMWF forecast system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136(649), 842–855. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.623
  • Vitart, F., & Robertson, A. W. (2018). The sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction project (S2S) and the prediction of extreme events. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0013-0
  • Waliser, D. E. (2012). Predictability and forecasting. In W. K. M. Lau & D. E. Waliser (Eds.), Intraseasonal variability in the atmosphere-ocean climate system (Ch. 12, pp. 433–476). Springer.
  • Waliser, D. E., Lau, K.-M., & Kim, J.-H. (1999). The influence of coupled sea surface temperatures on the Madden–Julian Oscillation: A model perturbation experiment. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 56(3), 333–358. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0333:TIOCSS>2.0.CO;2
  • Waliser, D. E., Lau, K. M., Stern, W., & Jones, C. (2003). Potential predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 84(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-1-33
  • Wallace, J. M., & Guztler, D. S. (1981). Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Monthly Weather Review, 109(4), 784–812. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<0784:TITGHF>2.0.CO;2
  • Wang, B. (1988). Dynamics of tropical low-frequency waves: An analysis of the moist Kelvin wave. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 45(14), 2051–2065. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2051:DOTLFW>2.0.CO;2
  • Wang, B. (2005). Theory. In K. M. Lau, & D. E. Waliser (Eds.), Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System (pp. 307–360). Chichester: Praxis.
  • Wang, B. (2006). The Asian monsoon (pp. 787). Springer/Praxis Publishing Co.
  • Wang, B., & Chen, G. (2017). A general theoretical framework for understanding essential dynamics of Madden–Julian Oscillation. Climate Dynamics, 49(7-8), 2309–2328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3448-1
  • Wang, B., Chen, G., & Liu, F. (2019). Diversity of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Science Advances, 5, eaax0220. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0220
  • Wang, B., & Lee, S. S. (2017). MJO propagation shaped by zonal asymmetric structures: Results from 24 GCM simulations. Journal of Climate, 30(19), 7933–7952. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0873.1
  • Wang, B., Lee, S-S, Waliser, D. E., Zhang, C., Sobel, A., Maloney, E., Li, T., Jiang, X., & Ha, K.-J. (2018). Dynamics-oriented diagnostics for the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 31(8), 3117–3135. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0332.1 
  • Wang, B., & Li, T. (1994). Convective interaction with boundary-layer dynamics in the development of the tropical intraseasonal system. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51(11), 1386–1400. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1386:CIWBLD>2.0.CO;2
  • Wang, B., Liu, F., & Chen, G. (2016). A trio-interaction theory for Madden–Julian Oscillation. Geoscience Letters, 3(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-016-0066-z
  • Wang, B., & Rui, H. (1990). Dynamics of the coupled moist Kelvin–Rossby wave on an equatorialβ-plane. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 47(4), 397–413. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<0397:DOTCMK>2.0.CO;2
  • Wang, J., Kim, H-M, Chang, E. K. M., & Son, S-W. (2018). Modulation of the MJO and North Pacific storm track relationship by the QBO. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(8), 3976–3992. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027977
  • Wang, S., Tippett, M. K., Sobel, A. H., Martin, Z. K., & Vitart, F. (2019). Impact of the QBO on prediction and predictability of the MJO convection. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(22), 11,766–11,782. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030575
  • Wang, W., & Schlesinger, M. E. (1999). The dependence on convective parameterization of the tropical intraseasonal Oscillation simulated by the UIUC 11-layer atmospheric GCM. Journal of Climate, 12(5), 1423–1457. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1423:TDOCPO>2.0.CO;2
  • Webster, P. J., & Holton, J. R. (1982). Cross-equatorial response to middle-latitude forcing in a zonally varying basic state. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 39(4), 722–733. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<0722:CERTML>2.0.CO;2
  • Webster, P. J., Magana, V. O., Palmer, T. N., Shukla, J., Tomas, R. A., Yanai, M., & Yasunari, T. (1998). Monsoons: Processes, predictability and the prospects for prediction. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103(C7), 14451–14510. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC02719
  • Wheeler, M. (2003). MJO modeling and simulation: Rectifying shortcomings. In D. E. Waliser, S. Schubert, A. Kumar, K. Weickmann, & R. Dole (Eds.), Modeling, simulation, and forecasting of subseasonal variability (Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, NASA/CP-2003-104606, Vol. 25, pp. 1–66). NASA.
  • Wheeler, M., & Hendon, H. H. (2004). An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction. Monthly Weather Review, 132(8), 1917–1932. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1917:AARMMI>2.0.CO;2
  • Wheeler, M. C., Hendon, H. H., Cleland, S., Meinke, H., & Donald, A. (2009). Impacts of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Australian rainfall and circulation. Journal of Climate, 22(6), 1482–1498. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2595.1
  • Wheeler, M., & Kiladis, G. N. (1999). Convectively coupled equatorial waves: Analysis of clouds and temperature in the wavenumber-frequency domain. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 56(3), 374–399. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0374:CCEWAO>2.0.CO;2
  • Woolnough, S. J., Slingo, J. M., & Hoskins, B. J. (2000). The relationship between convection and sea-surface temperature on intraseasonal timescales. Journal of Climate, 13(12), 2086–2104. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2086:TRBCAS>2.0.CO;2
  • Woolnough, S. J., Vitart, F., & Balmaseda, M. A. (2007). The role of the ocean in the Madden–Julian Oscillation: Implications for MJO prediction. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 133(622), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4
  • Xie, P., & Arkin, P. A. (1997). Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78(11), 2539–2558. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2
  • Yadav, P., Straus, D. M., & Swenson, E. T. (2019). The Euro-Atlantic circulation response to the Madden-Julian Oscillation cycle of tropical heating: Coupled GCM intervention experiments. Atmosphere-Ocean, 57(3), 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2019.1626214
  • Yang, D., Adames, Á. F., Khouider, B., Wang, B., & Zhang, C. (2020). A review of MJO theories. Chap. 19 in The multiscale global monsoon system. In C. P. Chang, K. J. Ha, R. H. Johnson, D. Kim, G. N. Lau, & B. Wang (Eds.), World scientific series on Asia-Pacific weather and climate (Vol. 11, Ch. 19). World Scientific.
  • Yang, Q., Fu, Q., & Hu, Y. (2010). Radiative impacts of clouds in the tropical tropopause layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D00H12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012393
  • Yang, D., & Ingersoll, A. P. (2013). Triggered convection, gravity waves, and the MJO: A shallow-water model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 70(8), 2476–2486. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0255.1
  • Yang, D., & Ingersoll, A. P. (2014). A theory of the MJO horizontal scale. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(3), 1059–1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058542
  • Yano, J.-I., & Emanuel, K. (1991). An improved model of the equatorial troposphere and its coupling with stratosphere. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 48(3), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0377:AIMOTE>2.0.CO;2
  • Yano, J.-I., Graf, H.-F., & Spineanu, F. (2012). Theoretical and operational implications of atmospheric convective organization. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(4), ES39–ES41. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00178.1
  • Yano, J. I., & Tribbia, J. J. (2017). Tropical atmospheric Madden–Julian Oscillation: A strongly nonlinear free solitary Rossby wave? Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 74(10), 3473–3489. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0319.1
  • Yasunari, T. (1979). Cloudiness fluctuations associated with the Nothern Hemisphere summer monsoon. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 57, 227–242. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.57.3_227
  • Yoo, C., Lee, S., & Feldstein, S. B. (2012). Mechanisms of Arctic surface air temperature change in response to the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 25(17), 5777–5790. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00566.1
  • Yoo, C., & Son, S.-W. (2016). Modulation of the boreal wintertime Madden–Julian Oscillation by the stratospheric quasi-biennial Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(3), 1392–1398. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067762
  • Zhang, C. (2005). Madden-Julian Oscillation. Reviews of Geophysics, 43, RG2003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000158
  • Zhang, C., Adames, Á. F., Khouider, B., Wang, B., & Yang, D. (2020). Four theories of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Reviews of Geophysics, e2019RG000685. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000685
  • Zhang, C., & Dong, M. (2004). Seasonality in the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 17(16), 3169–3180. https://doi.org/10.1175/15200442(2004)017<3C3169:sitmo>3E2.0.co;2
  • Zhang, C., Dong, M., Gualdi, S., Hendon, H. H., Maloney, E. D., Marshall, A., Sperber, K. R., & Wang, W. (2006). Simulations of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in four pairs of coupled and uncoupled global models. Climate Dynamics, 27(6), 573–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0148-2
  • Zhang, C., & Gottschalck, J. (2002). SST anomalies of ENSO and the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the equatorial Pacific. Journal of Climate, 15(17), 2429–2445. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2429:SAOEAT>2.0.CO;2
  • Zhang, C., & Webster, P. J. (1992). Laterally forced equatorial perturbations in a linear model. Part I: Stationary transient forcing. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 49(7), 585–607. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0585:LFEPIA>2.0.CO;2
  • Zhang, C., & Zhang, B. (2018). QBO-MJO connection. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(6), 2957–2967. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD028171
  • Zhang, G. J., & Song, X. L. (2009). Interaction of deep and shallow convection is key to Madden–Julian Oscillation simulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(9), L09708. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037340
  • Zheng, C., Chang, EK-M, Kim, H-M, Zhang, M., & Wang, W. (2018). Impacts of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on storm-track activity, surface air temperature, and precipitation over North America. Journal of Climate, 31(15), 6113–6134. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0534.1
  • Zhou, S., L'Heureux, M., Weaver, S., & Kumar, A. (2012). A composite study of the MJO influence on the surface air temperature and precipitation over the continental United States. Climate Dynamics, 38(7-8), 1459–1471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1001-9
  • Zhou, W., Yang, D., Xie, S.-P., & Ma, J. (2020). Amplified Madden-Julian Oscillation impacts in the Pacific-North America region. Nature Climate Change, 10(7), 654–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0814-0
  • Zhu, C., Nakazawa, T., Li, J., & Chen, L. (2003). The 30–60 day intraseasonal Oscillation over the western North Pacific Ocean and its impacts on summer flooding in China during 1998. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(18), 1952. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017817
  • Zhu, H. Y., Hendon, H., & Jakob, C. (2009). Convection in a parameterized and superparameterized model and its role in the representation of the MJO. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 66(9), 2796–2811. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3097.1

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.