References
- Babiker EM, Gordon TC, Chao S, Newcomb M, Rouse MN, Jin Y, Wanyera R, Acevedo M, Brown-Guedira G, Williamson S, et al. 2015. Mapping resistance to the Ug99 race group of the stem rust pathogen in a spring wheat landrace. Theor Appl Genet. 128:605–297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2456-6.
- Babiker EM, Gordon TC, Chao S, Rouse MN, Wanyera R, Newcomb M, Brown-Guedira G, Pretorius ZA, Bonman JM. 2016. Genetic mapping of resistance to the Ug99 race group of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in a spring wheat landrace CItr 4311. Theor Appl Genet. 129:2161–2170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2764-5.
- Babu P, Baranwal DK, Harikrishna PD, Bharti H, Joshi P, Thiyagarajan B, Gaikwad KB, Bhardwaj SC, Singh GP, Singh A. 2020. Application of genomics tools in wheat breeding to attain durable rust resistance. Front Plant Sci. 11:567147. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.567147.
- Bajgain P, Rouse MN, Tsilo TJ, Macharia GK, Bhavani S, Jin Y, Anderson JA. 2016. Nested association mapping of stem rust resistance in wheat using genotyping by sequencing. PLoS One. 11(5):e0155760. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155760.
- Bansal U, Bariana H, Wong D, Randhawa M, Wicker T, Hayden M, Keller B. 2014. Molecular mapping of an adult plant stem rust resistance gene Sr56 in winter wheat cultivar Arina. Theor Appl Genet. 127:1441–1448. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2311-1.
- Baraibar S, García R, Silva P, Lado B, Castro A, Gutiérrez L, Kavanová M, Quincke M, Bhavani S, Randhawa MS, et al. 2020. QTL mapping of resistance to Ug99 and other stem rust pathogen races in bread wheat. Mol Breed. 40:82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-020-01153-5.
- Bhattacharya S. 2017. Deadly new wheat disease threatens Europe’s crops. Nature. 542:145–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.21424.
- Bhavani S, Hodson DP, Huerta-Espino J, Randhawa M, Singh RP. 2019. Progress in breeding for resistance to Ug99 and other races of the stem rust fungus in CIMMYT wheat germplasm. Front Agric Sci Eng. 6:210–224. doi:https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2019268.
- Boehm EWA, Wenstrom JC, McLaughlin DJ, Szabo LJ, Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR. 1992. An ultrastructural pachytene karyotype for Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Can J Bot. 70:401–413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b92-054.
- Brar GS, Fetch T, McCallum BD, Hucl PJ, Kutcher HR. 2019. Virulence dynamics and breeding for resistance to stripe, stem, and leaf rust in Canada since 2000. Plant Dis. 103:2981–2995. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-19-0866-FE.
- Chen J, Upadhyaya NM, Ortiz D, Sperschneider J, Li F, Bouton C, Breen S, Dong C, Xu B, Zhang X, et al. 2017. Loss of AvrSr50 by somatic exchange in stem rust leads to virulence for Sr50 resistance in wheat. Science. 358:1607–1610.
- Chen S, Guo Y, Briggs J, Dubach F, Chao S, Zhang W, Rouse MN, Dubcovsky J. 2018. Mapping and characterization of wheat stem rust resistance genes SrTm5 and Sr60 from Triticum monococcum. Theor Appl Genet. 131:625–635. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-3024-z.
- CIMMYT. 2005. Sounding the alarm on global stem rust: an assessment of race Ug99 in Kenya and Ethiopia and the potential for impact in neighboring regions and beyond. p. 26. [accessed 2020 Nov 30]. https://bgri.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SoundingAlarmGlobalRust-2005.pdf.
- DePauw RM, Buchannon KW. 1975. Postseedling response of wheat to stem rust. Can J Plant Sci. 55:385–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps75-061.
- Dinh HX, Singh D, Periyannan S, Park RF, Pourkheirandish M. 2020. Molecular genetics of leaf rust resistance in wheat and barley. Theor Appl Genet. 133:2035–2050. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-020-03570-8.
- Dixon GE. 1960. A review of wheat breeding in Kenya. Euphytica. 9:209–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00022225.
- Dubin HJ, Brennan JP 2009. Combating stem and leaf rust of wheat. International Food Policy Research Institute Discussion paper 910. p. 33.
- Duplessis S, Cuomo CA, Linc YC, Aerts A, Tisserant E, Veneault-Fourrey C, Joly DL, Hacquard S, Amselem J, Cantarel BL, et al. 2011. Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 108:9166–9171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019315108.
- Ellis JG, Lagudah ES, Spielmeyer W, Dodds PN. 2014. The past, present and future of breeding rust resistant wheat. Front Plant Sci. 5:641. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00641.
- Evans LE, Martens JW, Green GJ, Hurd EA. 1969. Sources of resistance to wheat stem rust in East Africa. Can J Plant Sci. 49:649–654. doi:https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps69-116.
- Fetch T, Jin Y, Nazari K, Park RF, Prashar M, Pretorius Z. 2009. Race nomenclature systems: can we speak the same language? In: McIntosh R, editor. Proceedings of the 1st BGRI Technical Workshop; Mar 17–20; Obregon, Mexico. p. 61–64.
- Fetch T, McCallum B. 2014. Increased virulence of wheat rusts and the threat to global crop production. In: Goyal A, Manoharachary C, editors. Future challenges in crop protection against fungal pathogens. New York (NY): Springer; p. 249–266.
- Fetch T, Zegeye T, Park RF, Hodson D, Wanyera R. 2016. Detection of wheat stem rust races TTHSK and PTKTK in the Ug99 race group in Kenya in 2014. Plant Dis. 100:1495. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1356-PDN.
- Gao L, Babiker EM, Nava IC, Nirmala J, Bedo Z, Lang L, Chao S, Gale S, Jin Y, Anderson JA, et al. 2019. Temperature-sensitive wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr15 is effective against Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK. Plant Pathol. 68:143–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12928.
- Ghazvini H, Hiebert CW, Zegeye T, Liu S, Dilawari M, Tsilo T, Anderson JA, Rouse MN, Jin Y, Fetch T. 2012. Inheritance of resistance to Ug99 stem rust in wheat cultivar Norin 40 and genetic mapping of Sr42. Theor Appl Genet. 125:817–824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1874-y.
- Green GJ, Knott DR, Watson IA, Pugsley AT. 1960. Seedling reactions to stem rust of lines of Marquis wheat with substituted genes for rust resistance. Can J Plant Sci. 40:524–538. doi:https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps60-069.
- Green GJ, Martens JW, Ribeiro O. 1970. Epidemiology and specialization of wheat and oat stem rusts in Kenya in 1968. Phytopathology. 60:309–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-60-309.
- Guthrie EJ. 1966. Investigation into physiologic specialization in wheat stem rust. FAO information bulletin on the Near East wheat and barley improvement and production project. III(1):15–20.
- Harder DE, Mathenge GR, Mwaura LK. 1972. Physiologic specialization and epidemiology of wheat stem rust in Kenya. Phytopathology. 62:166–171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-62-166.
- Hatta MAM, Arora S, Ghosh S, Matny O, Smedley MA, Yu G, Chakraborty S, Bhatt D, Xia X, Steuernagel B, et al. 2020. The wheat Sr22, Sr33, Sr35 and Sr45 genes confer resistance against stem rust in barley. Plant Biotechnol J. 19(2):273–284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13460.
- Hiebert CW, Fetch TG, Zegeye T. 2010. Genetics and mapping of stem rust resistance to Ug99 in the wheat cultivar Webster. Theor Appl Genet. 121:65–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1291-z.
- Hiebert CW, Fetch TG, Zegeye T, Thomas JB, Somers DJ, Humphreys DG, McCallum BD, Cloutier S, Singh D, Knott DR. 2011. Genetics and mapping of seedling resistance to Ug99 stem rust in Canadian wheat cultivars ‘Peace’ and ‘AC Cadillac’. Theor Appl Genet. 122:143–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1430-6.
- Hiebert CW, Kassa MT, McCartney CA, You FM, Rouse MN, Fobert P, Fetch TG. 2016a. Genetics and mapping of seedling resistance to Ug99 stem rust in winter wheat cultivar Triumph 64 and differentiation of SrTmp, SrCad, and Sr42. Theor Appl Genet. 129:2171–2177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2765-4.
- Hiebert CW, Kolmer JA, McCartney CA, Briggs J, Fetch T, Bariana H, Choulet F, Rouse MN, Spielmeyer W. 2016b. Major gene for field stem rust resistance co-locates with resistance gene Sr12 in ‘Thatcher’ wheat. PLoS One. 11(6):e0157029. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157029.
- Hiebert CW, Moscou MJ, Hewitt T, Steuernagel B, Hernández-Pinzón I, Green P, Pujol V, Zhang P, Rouse MN, Jin Y, et al. 2020. Stem rust resistance in wheat is suppressed by a subunit of the mediator complex. Nat Commun. 11(1):1123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14937-2.
- Huang S, Steffenson BJ, Sela H, Stinebaugh K. 2018. Resistance of Aegilops longissima to the rusts of wheat. Plant Dis. 102:1124–1135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-17-0880-RE.
- Huerta-Espino J, Singh R, Crespo-Herrera LA, Villaseñor-Mir HE, Rodriguez-Garcia MF, Dreisigacker S, Barcenas-Santana D, Lagudah E. 2020. Adult plant slow rusting genes confer high levels of resistance to rusts in bread wheat cultivars from Mexico. Front Plant Sci. 11:824. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00824.
- Huerto-Espino J. 1992. Analyses of wheat leaf and stem rust virulence on a worldwide basis [PhD dissertation]. St. Paul (USA): University of Minnesota.
- Hurd EA, Oggema MW, Evans LE. 1969. New emphasis in wheat breeding in Kenya. East Afr Agric For J. 35(2):213–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.1969.11662396.
- Jin Y, Kolmer J, Szabo L, Rouse MN, Hovmoller MS, Singh RP, Bhavani S. 2020. Emergence and spread of new races of wheat rust fungi: continued threat to food security and prospects of genetic control. In: Ristaino JB, Records A, editors. Emerging plant diseases and global food security. St. Paul (MN): APS Press; p. 53–79.
- Jin Y, Singh RP. 2006. Resistance in U.S. wheat to recent Eastern African isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with virulence to resistance gene Sr31. Plant Dis. 90:476–480. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0476.
- Jin Y, Singh RP, Ward RW, Wanyera R, Kinyua M, Njau P, Fetch T, Pretorius ZA, Yahyaoui A. 2007. Characterization of seedling infection types and adult plant infection responses of monogenic Sr gene lines to race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis. 91:1096–1099. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1096.
- Jin Y, Szabo LJ, Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Ward R, Fetch T. 2008. Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis. 92:923–926. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-6-0923.
- Jin Y, Szabo LJ, Rouse MN, Fetch T, Pretorius ZA, Wanyera R, Njau P. 2009. Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr36 within the TTKS race lineage of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis. 93:367–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-4-0367.
- Kankwatsa P, Adipala E, Hakiza JJ, Olanya M, Kidanemariam HM. 2002. Effect of integrating planting time, fungicide application and host resistance on potato late blight development in south-western Uganda. J Phytopathol. 150:248–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00750.x.
- Karaoglu H, Lee CMY, Park RF. 2013. Simple sequence repeats in Puccinia graminis: abundance, cross formae speciales and intra-species utility, and development of novel markers. Australas Plant Pathol. 42:271–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-013-0199-x.
- Kassa MT, You FM, Fetch TG, Fobert P, Sharpe A, Pozniak CJ, Menzies JG, Jordan MC, Humphreys G, Zhu T, et al. 2016. Genetic mapping of SrCad and SNP marker development for marker-assisted selection of Ug99 stem rust resistance in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 129:1373–1382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2709-z.
- Klindworth DL, Saini J, Long Y, Rouse MN, Faris JD, Jin Y, Xu SS. 2017. Physical mapping of DNA markers linked to stem rust resistance gene Sr47 in durum wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 130:1135–1154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2875-7.
- Knott DR. 1961. The inheritance of rust resistance. VI. The transfer of stem rust resistance from Agropyron elongatum to common wheat. Can J Plant Sci. 41:109–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps61-014.
- Knott DR. 1962a. Inheritance of rust resistance. VIII. Additional studies on Kenya varieties of wheat. Crop Sci. 2:130–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020013x.
- Knott DR. 1962b. The inheritance of rust resistance: IX. The inheritance of resistance to races 15B and 56 of stem rust in the wheat variety Khapstein. Can J Plant Sci. 42:415–419. doi:https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps62-068.
- Knott DR. 1971. Genes for stem rust resistance in wheat varieties Hope and H-44. Can J Genet Cytol. 13:186–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/g71-033.
- Knott DR, Anderson RG. 1956. The inheritance of rust resistance.: i. The inheritance of stem rust resistance in ten varieties of common wheat. Can J Agric Sci. 36:174–195.
- Knott DR, McIntosh RA. 1978. Inheritance of stem rust resistance in ‘Webster’ wheat. Crop Sci. 18:365–369. doi:https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1978.0011183X001800030003x.
- Laidò G, Panio G, Marone D, Russo MA, Ficco DBM, Giovanniello V, Cattivelli L, Steffenson B, de Vita P, Mastrangelo AM. 2015. Identification of new resistance loci to African stem rust race TTKSK in tetraploid wheats based on linkage and genome-wide association mapping. Front Plant Sci. 6:1033. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01033.
- Lathbury RJ. 1938. The appearance of a new physiologic form of stem rust in Kenya colony. East Afr Agric J. 4:183–185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03670074.1938.11663859.
- Lawrence GJ, Dodds PD, Ellis JG. 2007. Rust of flax and linseed caused by Melampsora lini. Mol Plant Pathol. 8:349–364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00405.x.
- Li F, Upadhyaya NM, Sperschneider J, Matny O, Nguyen-Phuc H, Mago R, Raley C, Miller ME, Silverstein KAT, Henningsen E, et al. 2019a. Emergence of the Ug99 lineage of the wheat stem rust pathogen through somatic hybridisation. Nat Commun. 10:5068. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12927-7.
- Li H, Boshoff WHP, Pretorius ZA, Zheng Q, Li B, Li Z. 2019b. Establishment of wheat - Thinopyrum ponticum translocation lines with resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race Ug99. J Genet Genomics. 46::405–407. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2019.07.005.
- Loughman R, Jayasena K, Majewski J. 2005. Yield loss and fungicide control of stem rust of wheat. Aust J Agric Res. 56:91–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/AR04126.
- Luig NH. 1977. The establishment and success of exotic strains of Puccinia graminis tritici in Australia. Proc Ecol Soc Aust. 10:89–96.
- Luo M, Xie L, Chakraborty S, Wang A, Matny O, Jugovich M, Kolmer J, Richardson T, Bhatt D, Hoque M, et al. 2021. A five-transgene cassette confers broad-spectrum resistance to a fungal rust pathogen in wheat. Nat Biotechnol. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-00770-x.
- Macharia JK, Wanyera R. 2012. Effect of stem rust race Ug99 on grain yield and yield components of wheat cultivars in Kenya. J Agric Sci Technol A. 2:423–431.
- Mago R, Brown-Guedira G, Dreisigacker S, Breen J, Jin Y, Singh R, Appels R, Lagudah ES, Ellis J, Spielmeyer W. 2011. An accurate DNA marker assay for stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 122:735–744. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1482-7.
- Mago R, Zhang P, Xia X, Zhang J, Hoxha S, Lagudah E, Graner A, Dundas I. 2019. Transfer of stem rust resistance gene SrB from Thinopyrum ponticum into wheat and development of a closely linked PCR-based marker. Theor Appl Genet. 132:371–382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-018-3224-1.
- Mayfield A. 1985. Efficacies of fungicides for control of stem rust of wheat. Aust J Exp Agric. 25:440–443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/EA9850440.
- McIntosh R, Dyck P, Green G. 1977. Inheritance of leaf rust and stem rust resistances in wheat cultivars Agent and Agatha. Aust J Agric Res. 28:37–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9770037.
- McIntosh RA, Wellings CR, Park RF. 1995. Wheat rusts: an atlas of resistance genes. Melbourne (Australia): CSIRO Publishing.
- Meyer M, Cox JA, Hitchings MDT, Burgin L, Hort MC, Hodson DP, Gilligan CA. 2017. Quantifying airborne dispersal routes of pathogens over continents to safeguard global wheat supply. Nat Plants. 3:780–786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-017-0017-5.
- Millet E, Steffenson BJ, Prins R, Sela H, Przewieslik-Allen AM, Pretorius ZA. 2017. Genome targeted introgression of resistance to African stem rust from Aegilops sharonensis into bread wheat. Plant Genome. 10:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2017.07.0061.
- Mueller DS, Wise KA, Dufault NS, Bradley CA, Chilvers MI. 2013. Fungicides for field crops. St Paul (MN): APS Press.
- Nazari K, Mafi M, Yahyaoui A, Singh RP, Park RF. 2009. Detection of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) race TTKSK (Ug99) in Iran. Plant Dis. 93:317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0317B.
- Nirmala J, Saini J, Newcomb M, Olivera P, Gale S, Klindworth D, Elias E, Talbert L, Chao S, Faris J, et al. 2017. Discovery of a novel stem rust resistance allele in durum wheat that exhibits differential reactions to Ug99 isolates. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genet. 7(10):3481–3490. doi:https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.117.300209.
- Niu Z, Klindworth DL, Friesen TL, Chao S, Jin Y, Cai X, Xu SS. 2011. Targeted introgression of a wheat stem rust resistance gene by DNA marker-assisted chromosome engineering. Genetics. 187:1011–1021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.110.123588.
- Niu Z, Klindworth DL, Yu G, Friesen TL, Chao S, Jin Y, Cai X, Ohm JB, Rasmussen JB, Xu SS. 2014. Development and characterization of wheat lines carrying stem rust resistance gene Sr43 derived from Thinopyrum ponticum. Theor Appl Genet. 127:969–980. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2272-4.
- Oerke EC. 2006. Crop losses to pests. J Agric Sci. 144:31–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859605005708.
- Olivera P, Newcomb M, Szabo LJ, Rouse M, Johnson J, Gale S, Luster DG, Hodson D, Cox JA, Burgin L, et al. 2015. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of race TKTTF of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici that caused a wheat stem rust epidemic in southern Ethiopia in 2013–14. Phytopathology. 105:917–928. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-14-0302-FI.
- Olivera PD, Kolmer JA, Anikster Y, Steffenson BJ. 2007. Resistance of sharon goatgrass (Aegilops sharonensis) to fungal diseases of wheat. Plant Dis. 91:942–950. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-8-0942.
- Olivera PD, Pretorius ZA, Badebo A, Jin Y. 2013. Identification of resistance to races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with broad virulence in triticale (×Triticosecale). Plant Dis. 97:479–484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-12-0459-RE.
- Olivera PD, Rouse MN, Jin Y. 2018. Identification of new sources of resistance to wheat stem rust in Aegilops spp. in the tertiary genepool of wheat. Front Plant Sci. 9:1719. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01719.
- Olivera PD, Sikharulidze Z, Dumbadze R, Szabo LJ, Newcomb M, Natsarishvili K, Rouse MN, Luster DG, Jin Y. 2019. Presence of a sexual population of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Georgia provides a hotspot for genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Phytopathology. 109:2152–2160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-19-0186-R.
- Olson EL, Rouse MN, Pumphrey MO, Bowden RL, Gill BS, Poland JA. 2013. Introgression of stem rust resistance genes SrTA10187 and SrTA10171 from Aegilops tauschii to wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 126:2477–2484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-013-2148-z.
- Park RF. 2007. Stem rust of wheat in Australia. Aust J Agric Res. 58:558–566. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/AR07117.
- Park RF, Bariana HS, Wellings CR. 2007. Global landscapes in cereal rust control. Aust J Agric Res Special Issue. 58(6):469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/ARv58n6_PR.
- Park RF, Fetch T, Hodson D, Jin Y, Nazari K, Prashar M, Pretorius Z. 2011. International surveillance of wheat rust pathogens: progress and challenges. Euphytica. 179:109–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-011-0375-4.
- Park RF, McIntosh RA. 1994. Adult plant resistances to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in wheat. New Zealand J Crop Hort Science. 22:151–158.
- Park RF, Wellings CR. 2012. Somatic hybridisation in the uredinales. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 50(1):219–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095405.
- Periyannan S, Bansal U, Bariana H, Deal K, Luo M-C, Dvorak J, Lagudah E. 2014. Identification of a robust molecular marker for the detection of the stem rust resistance gene Sr45 in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 127:947–955. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2270-6.
- Peturson B. 1958. Wheat rust epidemics in western Canada in 1953, 1954 and 1955. Can J Plant Sci. 38:16–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps58-004.
- Pinto FF, Hurd EA. 1970. Seventy years with wheat in Kenya. East Afr Agric For J. 36(sup1):1–24.
- Pretorius ZA, Ayliffe M, Bowden RL, Boyd LA, DePauw RM, Jin Y, Knox RE, McIntosh RA, Park RF, Prins R, et al. 2017. Advances in control of wheat rusts. In: Langridge P, editor. Achieving sustainable cultivation of wheat: Vol. I: breeding, quality traits, pests, and diseases. Cambridge (UK): Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing; p. 295–343.
- Pretorius ZA, Bender CM, Visser B, Terefe T. 2010. First report of a Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race virulent to the Sr24 and Sr31 wheat stem rust resistance genes in South Africa. Plant Dis. 94:784. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-6-0784C.
- Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Wagoire WW, Payne TS. 2000. Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis. f. sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Dis. 84:203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.2.203B.
- Pretorius ZA, Szabo LJ, Boshoff WHP, Herselman L, Visser B. 2012. First report of a new TTKSF race of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Plant Dis. 96:590. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-11-1027-PDN.
- Prins R, Dreisigacker S, Pretorius Z, van Schalkwyk H, Wessels E, Smit C, Bender C, Singh D, Boyd LA. 2016. Stem rust resistance in a geographically diverse collection of spring wheat lines collected from across Africa. Front Plant Sci. 7:973. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00973.
- Rahmatov M, Rouse MN, Nirmala J, Danilova T, Friebe B, Steffenson BJ, Johansson E. 2016. A new 2DS·2RL Robertsonian translocation transfers stem rust resistance gene Sr59 into wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 129:1383–1392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2710-6.
- Rees R, Syme J. 1981. Epidemics of stem rust and their effects on grain yield in the wheat WW15 and some of its derivatives. Aust J Agric Res. 32:725–730. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9810725.
- Roelfs AP, Martens JW. 1988. An international system of nomenclature for Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Phytopathology. 78:526–533. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-78-526.
- Rouse MN, Jin Y. 2011a. Genetics of resistance to race TTKSK of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Triticum monococcum. Phytopathology. 101:1418–1423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-11-0133.
- Rouse MN, Jin Y. 2011b. Stem rust resistance in A-genome diploid relatives of wheat. Plant Dis. 95:941–944. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-10-0260.
- Rouse MN, Nirmala J, Jin Y, Chao S, Fetch TG, Pretorius ZA, Hiebert CW. 2014. Characterization of Sr9h, a wheat stem rust resistance allele effective to Ug99. Theor Appl Genet. 127:1681–1688. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2330-y.
- Rouse MN, Olson EL, Gill BS, Pumphrey MO, Jin Y. 2011. Stem rust resistance in Aegilops tauschii germplasm. Crop Sci. 51:2074–2078. doi:https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2010.12.0719.
- Rowell JB. 1981. Control of stem rust on spring wheat by triadimefon and fenapanil. Plant Dis. 65:235–236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-65-235.
- Rowell JB. 1985. Evaluation of chemicals for rust control. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR, editors. The cereal rusts, vol II distribution, epidemiology, and control. Orlando (FL): Academic Press; p. 561–569.
- Salcedo A, Rutter W, Wang S, Akhunova A, Bolus S, Chao S, Anderson N, De Soto MF, Rouse M, Szabo L, et al. 2017. Variation in the AvrSr35 gene determines Sr35 resistance against wheat stem rust race Ug99. Science. 358:1604–1606.
- Sharma D, Knott DR. 1966. The transfer of leaf-rust resistance from Agropyron to Triticum by irradiation. Can J Genet Cytol. 8:137–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/g66-018.
- Singh A, Knox RE, DePauw RM, Singh AK, Cuthbert RD, Campbell HK, Singh D, Bhavani S, Fetch T, Clarke F. 2013. Identification and mapping in spring wheat of genetic factors controlling stem rust resistance and the study of their epistatic interactions across multiple environments. Theor Appl Genet. 126:1951–1964. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-013-2109-6.
- Singh RP, Hodson DP, Huerta-Espino J, Jin Y, Bhavani S, Njau P, Herrera-Foessel S, Singh PK, Singh S, Govindan V. 2011. The emergence of Ug99 races of the stem rust fungus is a threat to world wheat production. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 49:465–481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423.
- Singh RP, Hodson DP, Huerta-Espino J, Jin Y, Njau P, Wanyera R, Herrera-Foessel SA, Ward RW. 2008. Will stem rust destroy the world’s wheat crop? Adv Agron. 98:271–309.
- Singh RP, Hodson DP, Jin Y, Huerta-Espino J, Kinyua MG, Wanyera R, Njau P, Ward RW. 2006. Current status, likely migration and strategies to mitigate the threat to wheat production from race Ug99 (TTKS) of stem rust pathogen. CAB Rev: Perspect Agric Vet Sci Nutr Nat Resour 1(54):1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20061054.
- Singh RP, Hodson DP, Jin Y, Lagudah ES, Ayliffe MA, Bhavani S, Rouse MN, Pretorius ZA, Szabo LJ, Huerta-Espino J, et al. 2015. Emergence and spread of new races of wheat stem rust fungus: continued threat to food security and prospects of genetic control. Phytopathology. 105:872–884. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-15-0030-FI.
- Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Bhavani S, Herrera-Foessel SA, Singh D, Singh PK, Velu G, Mason RE, Jin Y, Njau P, et al. 2011b. Race non-specific resistance to rust diseases in CIMMYT spring wheats. Euphytica. 179:175–186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-010-0322-9.
- Soko T, Bender CM, Prins R, Pretorius ZA. 2018. Yield loss associated with different levels of stem rust resistance in bread wheat. Plant Dis. 102:2531–2538. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0307-RE.
- Stakman EC, Steward DM, Loegering WQ. 1962. Identification of physiologic races of Puccinia graminis var. tritici. USDA-ARS publ. E617. (Revised).
- Steffenson BJ, Case AJ, Pretorius ZA, Coetzee V, Kloppers FJ, Zhou H, Chai Y, Wanyera R, Macharia G, Bhavani S, et al. 2017. Vulnerability of barley to African pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and sources of resistance. Phytopathology. 107:950–962. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-16-0400-R.
- Stoxen S. 2012. Population structure of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in the United States [M. Sc. thesis]. The University of Minnesota. p. 75.
- Szabo LJ, Cuomo C, Park RF. 2014. The stem rust pathogen of grasses, Puccinia graminis. In: Dean RA, editor. Genomics of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes. Berlin (Heidelberg): Springer; p. 177–196.
- Tesfaye T, Chala A, Shikur E, Hodson D, Szabo LJ. 2020. First report of TTRTF race of wheat stem rust, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, in Ethiopia. Plant Dis. 104:293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-19-1390-PDN.
- Thind AK, Wicker T, Simkova H, Fossati D, Moullet O, Brabat C, Vrana J, Dolezel J, Krattinger SG. 2017. Rapid cloning of genes in hexaploid wheat using cultivar-specific long-range chromosome assembly. Nat Biotech. 8:793–796. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3877.
- Thorpe HC. 1949. A note on the release of some new cereal varieties. East Afr Agric J. 14(4):210–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03670074.1949.11664693.
- Thorpe HC. 1958. Wheat breeding in Kenya. In: Jenkins BC, editor. Proceedings of the 1st International Wheat Genetics Symposium; Aug 11–15; Winnipeg, MB, Canada: Public Press, Ltd. p. 55–66.
- Toth J, Pandurangan S, Burt A, Mitchell Fetch J, Kumar S. 2019. Marker-assisted breeding of hexaploid spring wheat in the Canadian prairies. Can J Plant Sci. 99:111–127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0183.
- USDA-ARS. 2020. Small grains losses due to rust. https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/stpaul/cereal-disease-lab/docs/small-grain-losses-due-to-rust/small-grain-losses-due-to-rust/.
- Visser B, Herselman L, Park RF, Karaoglu H, Bender CM, Pretorius ZA. 2011. Characterization of two new Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici races within the Ug99 lineage in South Africa. Euphytica. 179:119–127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-010-0269-x.
- Visser B, Meyer M, Park RF, Gilligan CA, Burgin LE, Hort MC, Hodson DP, Pretorius ZA. 2019. Microsatellite analysis and urediniospore dispersal simulations support the movement of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici from southern Africa to Australia. Phytopathology. 109:133–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-18-0110-R.
- Wanyera R, Macharia JK, Kilonzo SM, Kamundia JW. 2009. Foliar fungicides to control wheat stem rust, race TTKS (Ug99), in Kenya. Plant Dis. 93:929–932. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-9-0929.
- Wanyera R, Wamalwa M, Odemba M, Wanga H, Kinyanjui P, Onyango V, Owuoche J. 2016. Management of wheat rusts at different growth stages using Nativo 300 SC (trifloxystrobin 100g/L+tebuconazole 200g/L) fungicide. Aust J Crop Sci. 10:1273–1280. doi:https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.09.p7676.
- Watson IA. 1957. Further studies on the production of new races from mixtures of races of Puccinia graminis var. tritici on wheat seedlings. Phytopathology. 47:510–512.
- Watson IA, de Sousa CNA. 1982. Long distance transport of spores of Puccinia graminis tritici in the southern hemisphere. Proc Linn Soc New South Wales. 106:311–321.
- Wellings CR, McIntosh RA, Walker J. 1987. Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in Eastern Australia possible means of entry and implications for plant quarantine. Plant Pathol. 36:239–241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1987.tb02230.x.
- Wessels E, Prins R, Boshoff WHP, Zurn J, Acevedo M, Pretorius ZA. 2019. Mapping a resistance gene to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in the bread wheat cultivar ‘Matlabas’. Plant Dis. 103:2337–2344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-18-1731-RE.
- Wulff BBH, Moscou MJ. 2014. Strategies for transferring resistance into wheat: from wide crosses to GM cassettes. Front Plant Sci. 5:692. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00692.
- Yu G, Champouret N, Steuernagel B, Olivera PD, Simmons J, Williams C, Johnson R, Moscou MJ, Hernández-Pinzón I, Green P, et al. 2017. Discovery and characterization of two new stem rust resistance genes in Aegilops sharonensis. Theor Appl Genet. 130:1207–1222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2882-8.
- Yu G, Klindworth DL, Friesen TL, Faris JD, Zhong S, Rasmussen JB, Xu SS. 2015a. Development of a diagnostic co-dominant marker for stem rust resistance gene Sr47 introgressed from Aegilops speltoides into durum wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 128:2367–2374. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2590-1.
- Yu G, Zhang Q, Friesen TL, Rouse MN, Jin Y, Zhong S, Rasmussen JB, Lagudah ES, Xu SS. 2015b. Identification and mapping of Sr46 from Aegilops tauschii accession CIae 25 conferring resistance to race TTKSK (Ug99) of wheat stem rust pathogen. Theor Appl Genet. 128:431–443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2442-4.
- Yu L-X, Barbier H, Rouse MN, Singh S, Singh RP, Bhavani S, Huerta-Espino J, Sorrells ME. 2014. A consensus map for Ug99 stem rust resistance loci in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 127:1561–1581. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2326-7.
- Zambino PJ, Kubelik AR, Szabo L. 2000. Gene action and linkage of avirulence genes to DNA markers in the rust fungus Puccinia graminis. Phytopathology 90:819–826
- Zhang B, Chi D, Hiebert C, Fetch T, McCallum B, Xue A, Cao W, DePauw R, Fedak G. 2019. Pyramiding stem rust resistance genes to race TTKSK (Ug99) in wheat. Can J Plant Pathol. 41:443–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1596983.
- Zhang J, Zhang P, Dodds P, Lagudah E. 2020. How target-sequence enrichment and sequencing (TEnSeq) pipelines have catalyzed resistance gene cloning in the wheat-rust pathosystem. Front Plant Sci. 11:678. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00678.
- Zhang J, Zhang P, Karaoglu H, Park RF. 2017. Molecular characterization of Australian isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici supports long-term clonality but also reveals cryptic genetic variation. Phytopathology. 107:1032–1038. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-16-0334-R.
- Zwer PZ, Park RF, McIntosh RA. 1992. Wheat stem rust in Australia 1969-1985. Aust J Agric Res. 43:399–431.