Notes
- For more discussion, see Edward Soja, Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000); J.R. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York: Norton, 2000); and Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World (New York: St. Martin's, 1991).
- Timothy W. Luke, “Placing Powers, Sitting Spaces: The Politics of Global and Local in the New World Order,” Environment and Planning A: Society and Space 12 (1994), pp. G13–G28.
- Roger Keil, “The Environmental Problematics in World Cities,” World Cities in a World-System Paul L. Knox and Peter J. Taylor, (eds.), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 293.
- See Robert Pool, Beyond Engineering: How Society Shapes Technology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); Edward Soja, Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996); and Paul Virilio, The Art of the Motor (Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
- Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
- See Mark Gottdiener, The Theming of America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997); Neil Smith, Uneven Development (Oxford; Blackwell, 1984); and Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1963).
- See Timothy W. Luke, Capitalism, Democracy, and Ecology: Departing from Marx (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
- Dita Smith, “What on Earth? Draw of Cities,” Washington Post (3 February 2001), p. A16.
- Joseph Rykwert, The Seduction of Place: The History and Future of the City (New York: Vintage, 2001), p. 11.
- Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, rev. ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 3.
- Paul L. Knox, “Introduction,” World Cities in a World-System, p. 7.
- D.A. Smith and M. Timberlake, “Cities in Global Matrices: Toward Mapping the World Systems' City System,” World Cities in a World-System, p. 296.
- See Erik Swyngedouw, “The Mammon Quest: ‘Globalization,’ Interspatial Competition, and the Monetary Order,” Cities and Regions in the New Europe Mick Dunford and G. Kafkalas, (eds.), (London: Belhaven Press), pp. 39–67.
- Jonathan Friedman, “The World City Hypothesis,” World Cities in a World-System, pp. 317–331.
- Roger Keil, “World City Formation, Local Politics, and Sustainability,” Local Places in the Age of the Global City, eds. Roger Keil, Gerda R. Wekerle, and David V. J. Bell (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1996), p. 42.
- Ibid.
- J. V. Beaverstock, R.G. Smith, and P. J. Taylor, “A Roster of World Cities,” Cities 16/6 (1999), pp. 445–458.
- J. V. Beaverstock, R.G. Smith, and P. J. Taylor, “World City Network: A New Global Geography,” Annals, American Association of Geographers 90 (2000), pp. 123–134.
- See Michael Storper, The Regional World (New York: Guilford, 1997); and Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.
- See Peter J. Taylor, “Specification of the World City Network,” Geographical Analysis 33 (2001), pp. 17–26; and J.V. Beaverstock, R.G. Smith, and P.J. Taylor, “Geographies of Globalization: U.S. Law Firms in Global Cities,” GaWC Research Bulletin 4 http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/gy/gawc/rb/rb4.html.
- P.J. Taylor, D.R. Walker and J.V. Beaverstock, “Global Cities and Global Service Networks,” Global Networks, Linked Cities Saskia Sassen, (ed.), (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 93–115.
- Saskia Sassen, “Introduction,” Global Networks, Linked Cities (London Routledge, 2002), p. 1.
- Ibid.
- See Saskia Sassen, De-Nationalization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
- See Roger Keil, Los Angeles: Globalization, Urbanization, and Social Struggles (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1998).
- Keil, “World City Formation,” p. 38.
- Keil, “The Environmental Problematic in World Cities,” p. 282.
- Jonathan Friedmann and Goetz Wolff, “World City Formation: An Agenda for Research and Action,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 6 (1982), p. 319.
- Keil, “The Environmental Problematic in World Cities,” p. 285.
- See David Harvey, Spaces of Hope (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
- See David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); and Lewis Mumford, The Lewis Mumford Reader Donald Muller, (ed.), (New York: Pantheon, 1986).
- Michael Janofsky, “In the Race to Produce more Power, States are Faced with Environmental Tradeoffs,” New York Times (26 March 2001), p. A17.
- Michael Hardt and Tony Negri, Empire (Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press, 2000), p. 187.
- Ponting, A Green History, pp. 300–303.
- Ibid., pp. 301, 309; and McNeill, Something New, pp. 282–285.
- McNeill, Something New, p. 287.
- Ibid., p. 289.
- See Jean Baudrillard, The System of Objects (London: Verso, 1996); and Jean Baudrillard, For A Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign (St. Louis: Telos Press, 1981).
- Ulrich Beck, What is Globalization? (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 9.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 13.
- McNeill, Something New, p. 209.
- Phillip P. Pan, “Scientists Issue Dire Prediction on Warming,” Washington Post (23 January 2001), pp. A1, A14.
- McNeill, Something New, p. 5.
- Ibid., p. 5.
- Ibid., p. 6.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Hilary F. French, Vanishing Borders: Projecting the Planet in the Age of Globalization (New York: Norton, 2000), pp. 5, 34.
- McNeill, Something New, pp. 6–7.
- Ibid., p. 8.
- See Carlo Cipolla, The Economic History of World Population (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978), p. 53; and Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder, Co: Westview, 1994), p. 226.
- McNeill, Something New, pp. 15, 16.
- See Mumford, Lewis Mumford Reader.
- McNeill, Something New, p. 282.
- Ibid., pp. 282–283.
- Smith, “What On Earth? Draw of Cities,” p. A16.
- See Nicholas Onuf, A World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989).
- See the Public Ecology Project at: http://www.cnr.vt.edu/publicecology.
- Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991), p. ix.
- Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Random House, 1992); and Joseph Nye, Bound To Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990).
- See Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern (London: Harvester Wheatsleaf, 1993).
- Timothy W. Luke, Ecocritique: Contesting the Politics of Nature, Economy, and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).
- Zachary A. Smith, The Environmental Policy Paradox, second edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1995), p. 170.
- See National Academy of Engineering, Technology and Environment (Washington, DC: Natural Research Council, 1989).
- Ulrich Beck, The Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London: Sage, 1992), p. 222.
- Ibid., p. 223.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 14.
- See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
- See Hillary F. French, Vanishing Borders; and William Greider, One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of World Capitalism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
- Harvey, Spaces of Hope, Soja, Postmetropolis; and Luke, Capitalism, Democracy, and Ecology.