7,953
Views
73
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Harassment on public transport and its impacts on women’s travel behaviour

, &
Pages 8-15 | Received 02 Jan 2017, Accepted 21 Feb 2017, Published online: 19 Mar 2017

References

  • Attoh, Kafui A. 2011. “What Kind of Right Is the Right to the City?” Progress in Human Geography 35 (5): 669–685. doi:10.1177/0309132510394706.
  • Australian Human Rights Commission. 2012. “Nature and Characteristics.” In Working Without Fear: Results of the Sexual Harassment National Telephone Survey. Australia: Australian Human Rights Commission. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/chapter-5-working-without-fear-results-sexual-harassment-national-telephone-survey-2012.
  • Bastomski, Sara, and Philip Smith. 2016. “Gender, Fear, and Public Places: How Negative Encounters with Strangers Harm Women.” Sex Roles, July, 1–16. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0654-6.
  • Cheng, Yung-Hsiang. 2010. “Exploring Passenger Anxiety Associated with Train Travel.” Transportation 37 (6): 875–896. doi:10.1007/s11116-010-9267-z.
  • Cox, Tom, Jonathan Houdmont, and Amanda Griffiths. 2006. “Rail Passenger Crowding, Stress, Health and Safety in Britain.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 40 (3): 244–258. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2005.07.001.
  • Currie, Graham, Alexa Delbosc, and Sarah Mahmoud. 2010. “Perceptions and Realities of Personal Safety on Public Transport for Young People in Melbourne.” World Transit Research, January. http://www.worldtransitresearch.info/research/3823.
  • Davidson, M. Meghan, Michael S. Butchko, Krista Robbins, Lindsey W. Sherd, and Sarah J. Gervais. 2016. “The Mediating Role of Perceived Safety on Street Harassment and Anxiety.” Psychology of Violence 6 (4): 553–561. doi:10.1037/a0039970.
  • Delbosc, Alexa, and Graham Currie. 2012. “Modelling the Causes and Impacts of Personal Safety Perceptions on Public Transport Ridership.” Transport Policy 24 (November): 302–309. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.09.009.
  • Department of Transport, The Government of Western Australia. 2011. “Public Transport Plan 2031.” http://www.transport.wa.gov.au/projects/public-transport-plan-2031.asp.
  • Fenster, Tovi. 2005. “The Right to the Gendered City: Different Formations of Belonging in Everyday Life.” Journal of Gender Studies 14 (3): 217–231. doi: 10.1080/09589230500264109
  • Fisher, Bonnie S., and John J. Sloan. 2003. “Unravelling the Fear of Victimization among College Women: Is the Shadow of Sexual Assault Hypothesis Supported?” Justice Quarterly 20 (3): 633–659. doi:10.1080/07418820300095641.
  • Gekoski, Anna, Jacqueline M. Gray, Miranda A. H. Horvath, Sarah Edwards, Aliye Emirali, and Joanna R. Adler. 2015. What Works in Reducing Sexual Harassment and Sexual Offences on Public Transport Nationally and Internationally: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. London: British Transport Police and Department for Transport. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/15219.
  • Henson, Billy, and Bradford W. Reyns. 2015. “The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself  and Crime: The Current State of the Fear of Crime Literature and Where It Should Go Next.” Sociology Compass 9 (2): 91–103. doi:10.1111/soc4.12240.
  • Hirsch, Lily, and Kirrilly Thompson. 2011. “The Carriage as an Emotional Landscape: How Do Passengers Experience Fear? Understanding Fear in the Australian Metropolitan Railway Industry.” AusRAIL Plus, 22–24.
  • Horii, Mitsutoshi, and Adam Burgess. 2012. “Constructing Sexual Risk: Chikan, Collapsing Male Authority and the Emergence of Women-Only Train Carriages in Japan.” Health, Risk & Society 14 (1): 41–55. doi: 10.1080/13698575.2011.641523
  • Hsu, Hsin-Ping. 2011. “How Does Fear of Sexual Harassment on Transit Affect Womens Use of Transit.” Womens Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference. Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 2 (46): 85–94.
  • Johnson, Holly. 2005. “Crime Victimisation in Australia: Key Results of the 2004 International Crime Victimisation Survey.” Monograph 64. Research and Public Policy. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology. http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rpp/61-80/rpp64.html.
  • Johnson, Molly, and Ebony Bennett. 2015. Everyday Sexism: Australian Womens Experiences of Street Harassment. Canberra: The Australian Institute. http://www.tai.org.au/sites/defualt/files/Everyday_sexism_TAIMarch2015_0.pdf.
  • Keane, Carl. 1998. “Evaluating the Influence of Fear of Crime as an Environmental Mobility Restrictor on Womens Routine Activities.” Environment and Behavior 30 (1): 60–74. doi: 10.1177/0013916598301003
  • Koskela, Hille. 1999. “Gendered Exclusions: Womens Fear of Violence and Changing Relations to Space.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 81B (2): 111–124. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.1999.00052.x.
  • Koskela, Hille, and Rachel Pain. 2000. “Revisiting Fear and Place: Womens Fear of Attack and the Built Environment.” Geoforum 31 (2): 269–280. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7185(99)00033-0
  • Lane, Jodi, Angela R. Gover, and Sara Dahod. 2009. “Fear of Violent Crime among Men and Women on Campus: The Impact of Perceived Risk and Fear of Sexual Assault.” Violence and Victims 24 (2): 172–192. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.24.2.172
  • Levy, Caren. 2013. “Travel Choice Reframed: Deep Distribution and Gender in Urban Transport.” Environment and Urbanization 25 (1): 47–63. doi:10.1177/0956247813477810.
  • Lorenc, Theo, Mark Petticrew, Margaret Whitehead, David Neary, Stephen Clayton, Kath Wright, Hilary Thomson, Steven Cummins, Amanda Sowden, and Adrian Renton. 2013. “Environmental Interventions to Reduce Fear of Crime: Systematic Review of Effectiveness.” Systematic Reviews 2 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-2-30.
  • Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia. 2014. “Fear and Safety in Transit Environments From the Womens Perspective.” Security Journal 27 (2): 242–256. doi:10.1057/sj.2014.9.
  • Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, and Camille Fink. 2008. “Addressing Womens Fear of Victimization in Transportation Settings: A Survey of U.S. Transit Agencies.” Urban Affairs Review 44 (4): 554–587. doi:10.1177/1078087408322874.
  • Lupton, Deborah. 1999. “Dangerous Places and the Unpredictable Stranger: Constructions of Fear of Crime.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 32 (1): 1–15. doi: 10.1177/000486589903200102
  • Lynch, G., and S. Atkins. 1988. “The Influence of Personal Security Fears on Womens Travel Patterns.” Transportation 15 (3): 257–277. doi:10.1007/BF00837584.
  • Macmillan, Ross, Annette Nierobisz, and Sandy Welsh. 2000. “Experiencing the Streets: Harassment and Perceptions of Safety among Women.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 37 (3): 306–322. doi:10.1177/0022427800037003003.
  • Madan, Manish, and Mahesh K. Nalla. 2016. “Sexual Harassment in Public Spaces Examining Gender Differences in Perceived Seriousness and Victimization.” International Criminal Justice Review 26 (2): 80–97. doi: 10.1177/1057567716639093
  • May, David C., Nicole E. Rader, and Sarah Goodrum. 2010. “A Gendered Assessment of the“Threat of Victimization”: Examining Gender Differences in Fear of Crime, Perceived Risk, Avoidance, and Defensive Behaviors.” Criminal Justice Review 35 (2): 159–182. doi:10.1177/0734016809349166.
  • Mccarty, Megan K., Nicole E. Iannone, and Janice R. Kelly. 2014. “Stranger Danger: The Role of Perpetrator and Context in Moderating Reactions to Sexual Harassment.” Sexuality & Culture 18 (4): 739–758. http://dx.doi.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/10.1007/s12119-013-9215-0. doi: 10.1007/s12119-013-9215-0
  • Meyer, Emily, and Lori A. Post. 2006. “Alone at Night: A Feminist Ecological Model of Community Violence.” Feminist Criminology 1 (3): 207–227. doi:10.1177/1557085106289919.
  • Neupane, Gita, and Meda Chesney-Lind. 2014. “Violence Against Women on Public Transport in Nepal: Sexual Harassment and the Spatial Expression of Male Privilege.” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 38 (1): 23–38. doi:10.1080/01924036.2013.794556.
  • Newton, Andrew D, Henry Partridge, and Andy Gill. 2014. “Above and Below: Measuring Crime Risk in and Around Underground Mass Transit Systems.” Crime Science 3 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/2193-7680-3-1.
  • Osmond, J., and A. Woodcock. 2015. “Are Our Streets Safe Enough for Female Users? How Everyday Harassment Affects Mobility.” In Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2015: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ergonomics & Human Factors, edited by S. Sharples, S. Shorrock, and P. Waterson, 495–502. London: Taylor & Francis. http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b18293-87.
  • Özascilar, Mine. 2013. “Predicting Fear of Crime: A Test of the Shadow of Sexual Assault Hypothesis.” International Review of Victimology 19 (3): 269–284. doi:10.1177/0269758013492754.
  • Pain, Rachel. 1991. “Space, Sexual Violence and Social Control: Integrating Geographical and Feminist Analyses of Womens Fear of Crime.” Progress in Human Geography 15 (4): 415–431. doi:10.1177/030913259101500403.
  • Pain, Rachel. 1997. “Social Geographies of Womens Fear of Crime.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 (2): 231–244.
  • Pain, Rachel. 2000. “Place, Social Relations and the Fear of Crime: A Review.” Progress in Human Geography 24 (3): 365–387. http://dx.doi.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/10.1191/030913200701540474. doi: 10.1191/030913200701540474
  • Plan International and Our Watch. 2016. “A Right to the Night: Australian Girls on their Safety in Public Places.” https://www.plan.org.au/~/media/plan/documents/resources/a-right-to-the-night.pdf.
  • Preston, Valerie, and Ebru Ustundag. 2008. “Feminist Geographies of the City: Multiple Voices, Multiple Meanings.” In A Companion to Feminist Geography, edited by Lise Nelson, and Joni Seager, 211–227. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Pritchard, Adam J., Carol E. Jordan, and Pamela Wilcox. 2015. “Safety Concerns, Fear and Precautionary Behavior among College Women: An Exploratory Examination of Two Measures of Residency.” Security Journal 28 (1): 16–38. http://dx.doi.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/10.1057/sj.2012.39. doi: 10.1057/sj.2012.39
  • Queensland Government. 2006. “Moving People Connecting Communities: A Passenger Transport Strategy for Queensland 2007–2017.” http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Travel-and-transport/Public-transport/Passenger-transport-strategy.aspx.
  • Reynolds, Emma. 2016. “Women-Only Pink Carriages Idea for Aussie Trains Causes Controversy.” April 6. http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/womenonly-pink-carriages-idea-for-aussie-trains-causes-controversy/news-story/8377482b8b705dd2854a51d0eb0b7847.
  • Root, Amanda, Laurie Schintler, and Kenneth Button. 2000. “Women, Travel and the Idea of “Sustainable Transport.” Transport Reviews 20 (3): 369–383. doi:10.1080/014416400412850.
  • Schulz, Dorothy, and Susan Gilbert. 1996. “Women and Transit Security: A New Look at an Old Issue.” In Women’s Travel Issues: Proceedings from the Second National Conference, October 1996, edited by S. Rosenbloom, and S. Byron, 551–562. Washington , DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Highway Information Management, Federal Highway Administration.
  • Smith, Martha J. 2008. “Addressing the Security Needs of Women Passengers on Public Transport.” Security Journal 21 (1–2): 117–133. doi:10.1057/palgrave.sj.8350071.
  • Spears, Steven, Douglas Houston, and Marlon G. Boarnet. 2013. “Illuminating the Unseen in Transit Use: A Framework for Examining the Effect of Attitudes and Perceptions on Travel Behavior.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 58 (December): 40–53. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2013.10.011.
  • Starkweather, Sarah. 2007. “Gender, Perceptions of Safety and Strategic Responses among Ohio University Students.” Gender, Place & Culture 14 (3): 355–370. doi:10.1080/09663690701325000.
  • State of New South Wales. 2012. “Sydneys Rail Future: Modernising Sydneys Trains.” Director General of Transport for NSW. http://nwrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/The-Project/Sydney-s-Rail-Future.
  • Steinmetz, Nancy M., and D. Mark Austin. 2014. “Fear of Criminal Victimization on a College Campus: A Visual and Survey Analysis of Location and Demographic Factors.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 39 (3): 511–537. doi:10.1007/s12103-013-9227-1.
  • Stringer, Scott. 2007. Hidden in Plain Sight: Sexual Harassment and Assault in the New York City Subway System. New York. http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/city_room/20070726_hiddeninplainsight.pdf.
  • Suarez, Eliana, and Tahany M. Gadalla. 2010. “Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25 (11). http://trafficlight.bitdefender.com/info?url=http%3A//jiv.sagepub.com/content/25/11/2010.short&language=en_US. doi: 10.1177/0886260509354503
  • Valentine, Gill. 1989. “The Geography of Womens Fear.” Area 21 (4): 385–390.
  • Vera-Gray, F. 2016. “Mens Stranger Intrusions: Rethinking Street Harassment.” Womens Studies International Forum 58 (September): 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2016.04.001.
  • Victorian Government. 2014. “Plan Melbourne.”Victorian Government. http://www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/Plan-Melbourne.
  • Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Collective Action for Safe Spaces, and Stop Street Harassment. 2016. “Understanding Sexual Harassment on Public Transportation.” Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. http://www.wmata.com/sexual_harassment_report.pdf.
  • Whitley, Rob, and Martin Prince. 2005. “Fear of Crime, Mobility and Mental Health in Inner-City London, UK.” Social Science & Medicine 61 (8): 1678–1688. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.044.
  • Whitzman, Carolyn. 2007. “Stuck at the Front Door: Gender, Fear of Crime and the Challenge of Creating Safer Space.” Environment and Planning A 39 (11): 2715–2732. doi: 10.1068/a38449
  • Whitzman, Carolyn. 2008. The Handbook of Community Safety, Gender and Violence Prevention: Practical Planning Tools. London: Routledge.
  • Whitzman, Carolyn. 2013. “Womens Safety and Everyday Mobility.” In Building Inclusive Cities: Womens Safety and the Right to the City, edited by Carolyn Whitzman, 35–43. London: Routledge.
  • Yavuz, Nilay, and Eric Welch. 2010. “Addressing Fear of Crime in Public Space: Gender Differences in Reaction to Safety Measures in Train Transit.” Urban Studies 47 (12): 2491–2515. doi:10.1177/0042098009359033.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.