References

  • Alberga, A. & Russell-Mayhew, S. (2016). Promoting physical activity for all shapes and sizes. In E. Cameron & C. Russell (Eds.), The fat pedagogy reader (pp. 151–159). Peter Lang.
  • Allensworth, D., & Kolbe, L. (1987). The comprehensive school health program: Exploring an expanded concept. Journal of School Health, 57(10), 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1987.tb03183.x
  • Bassett-Gunter, R., Yessis, J., Manske, S., & Gleddie, D. (2016). Healthy school communities in Canada. Health Education Journal, 75(2), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896915570397
  • Busch, B., Altenburg, T. M., Harmsen, I. A., & Chinapaw, M. J. (2017). Interventions that stimulate healthy sleep in school-aged children: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Public Health, 27(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw140
  • Cale, L., & Harris, J. (2013). Every child (of every size) matters’ in physical education! Physical education’s role in childhood obesity. Sport, Education and Society, 18(4), 433–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.601734
  • Canadian Association for School Health. (2007). Canadian consensus statement: Schools and communities working in partnership to create and foster health-promoting schools. https://opha.on.ca/OPHA/media/Resources/Resource%20Documents/CSH_Consensus_Statement2007.pdf?ext=.pdf
  • Carels, R. A., & Latner, J. (2016). Weight stigma and eating behaviors: Introduction to the special issue. Appetite, 102(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.03.001
  • Chaput, J.-P., Gray, C. E., Poitras, V. J., Carson, V., Gruber, R., Olds, T., Weiss, S. K., Connor Gorber, S., Kho, M. E., Sampson, M., Belanger, K., Eryuzlu, S., Callender, L., & Tremblay, M. S. (2016). Systematic review of the relationships between sleep duration and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(6 (Suppl. 3), S266–S282. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0627
  • Choate, L. H. (2005). Toward a theoretical model of women’s body image resilience. Journal of Counseling & Development, 83(3), 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00350.x
  • Cliff, K., & Wright, J. (2010). Confusing and contradictory: considering obesity discourse and eating disorders as they shape body pedagogies in HPE. Sport, Education, & Society, 15(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573321003683893
  • Culbert, K. M., Racine, S. E., & Klump, K. L. (2015). Research review: What have we learned about the causes of eating disorders: A synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(11), 1141–1164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12441
  • Damiano, S. R., Zali, Y., McLean, S., & Paxton, S. J. (2018). Achieving body confidence for young children: Development and pilot study of a universal teacher-led body image and weight stigma program for early primary school children. Eating Disorders, 26(6), 487–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2018.1453630
  • Dassanayake, W., Springett, J., & Shewring, T. (2017). The impact on anxiety and depression of a whole school approach to health promotion: Evidence from a Canadian comprehensive school health (CSH) initiative. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 10(4), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1754730X.2017.1333913
  • Dicken-Gracen, V. (2021). A textbook case of bias. In H. A. Brown & N. Ellis-Ordway (Eds.), Weight bias in health education: Critical perspectives for pedagogy and practice (pp. 63–71). Routledge.
  • Dooris, M., & Barry, M. M. (2012). Overview of implementation in health promoting settings. In O. Samdal, & L. Rowling (Eds.), The implementation of health promoting schools (pp. 31–50). Routledge.
  • Dugmore, J. A., Copeland, G. W., Hannah, E N., & Bauer, J. (2020). Effects of weight-neutral approaches compared with traditional weight-loss approaches on behavioral, physical, and psychological health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 78(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz020
  • Dullo, A. G., & Montani, J. P. (2015). Pathways from dieting to weight regain, to obesity and to metabolic syndrome: An overview. Obesity Reviews, 16(S1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12250
  • Foresight. (2007). Tackling obesities: Future choices – project report (2nd ed.). Government Office for Science and Department of Health and Social Care, United Kingdom. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287937/07-1184x-tackling-obesities-future-choices-report.pdf
  • Gaesser, G. A., Tucker, W. J., Jarrett, C. L., & Angadi, S. S. (2015). Fitness versus fatness: Which influences heath and mortality risk the most? Current Sports Medicine Reports, 14(4), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000170
  • Gard, M., & Pluim, C. (2014). Schools and public health: Past, present, future. Lexington Books.
  • Gard, M., & Vander Schee, C. (2014). Schools, the state and public health: Some historical and contemporary insights. In K. Fitzpatrick & R. Tinning (Eds.), Health education: Critical perspectives (pp.61–74). Routledge.
  • Goldthorpe, J., Epton, T., Keyworth, C., Calam, R., & Armitage, C. J. (2020). Are primary/elementary school-based interventions effective in preventing/ameliorating excess weight gain? A systematic review of systematic reviews. Obesity Reviews, 21(6), e13001. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13001
  • Hahn, S. L., Bauer, K. W., Kaciroti, N., Eisenberg, D., Lipson, S. K., & Sonneville, K. R. (2021). Relationships between patterns of weight-related self-monitoring and eating disorder symptomology among undergraduate and graduate students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(4), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23466
  • Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007
  • Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2009). Muscular ideal media images and men’s body image: Social comparison processing and individual vulnerability. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014691
  • Jendrzyca, A., & Warschburger, P. (2016). Weight stigma and eating behaviours in elementary school children: A prospective population-based study. Appetite, 102(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.005
  • Joint Consortium for School Health. (2008). What is comprehensive school health? http://www.jcsh-cces.ca/upload/JCSH%20CSH%20Framework%20FINAL%20Nov%2008.pdf
  • Jovanovski, N., & Jaeger, T. (2022). Demystifying ‘diet culture’: Exploring the meaning of diet culture in online ‘anti-diet’ feminist, fat activist, and health professional communities. Women’s Studies International Forum, 90, 102558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102558
  • Keery, H., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image, 1(3), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001
  • Kenney, E. L., Redman, M. T., Criss, S., Sonneville, K. R., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Are K-12 school environments harming students with obesity? A qualitative study of classroom teachers. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 22(1), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0268-6
  • Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S., Waters, E., Komro, K., Gibbs, L., Magnus, D., & Campbell, R. (2015). The World Health Organization’s Health Promoting Schools framework: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 130. ). The World Health Organization’s Health Promoting Schools framework: A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-y
  • Lee, A., St Leger, L. H., Ling, K. W., Keung, V. M., Lo, A. S., Kwong, A. C., Ma, H. P., & Armstrong, E. S. (2018). The Hong Kong healthy schools award scheme, school health and student health: An exploratory study. Health Education Journal, 77(8), 857–871. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896918779622
  • Leme, A. C., B., Philippi, S. T., Thompson, D., Nicklas, T., & Baranowski, T. (2019). Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls- Brazil”: An obesity prevention program with added focus on eating disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 24(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0510-5
  • Li, J., Simon, G., Castro, M. R., Kumar, V., Steinbach, M. S., & Caraballo, P. J. (2021). Association of BMI, comorbidities and all-cause mortality by using a baseline mortality risk model. PLoS One, 16(7), e0253696. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253696
  • Lynagh, M., Cliff, K., & Morgan, P. J. (2015). Attitudes and beliefs of nonspecialist and specialist trainee health and physical education teachers toward obese children: Evidence for “anti-fat” bias. Journal of School Health, 85(9), 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12287
  • Macdonald, D., Johnson, R., & Leow, A. (2014). Health education and health promotion: Beyond cells and bells. In K. Fitzpatrick & R. Tinning (Eds.), Health education: Critical perspectives (pp.17–30). Routledge.
  • Madsen, K. A., Linchey, J., Ritchie, L., & Thompson, H. R. (2017). The fit study: Design and rationale for a cluster randomized trial of school-based BMI screening and reporting. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 58, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.05.005
  • Marks, R. J., De Foe, A., & Collett, J. (2020). The pursuit of wellness: Social media, body image and eating disorders. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105659
  • Meiklejohn, J., Phillips, C., Freedman, M. L., Griffin, M. L., Biegel, G., Roach, A., Frank, J., Burke, C., Pinger, L., Soloway, G., Isberg, R., Sibinga, E., Grossman, L., & Saltzman, A. (2012). Integrating mindfulness training into K-12 education: Fostering the resilience of teachers and students. Mindfulness, 3(4), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0094-5
  • Morgan, P., & Bourke, S. (2008). Non-specialist teachers’ confidence to teach PE: The nature and influence of personal school experiences in PE. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 13(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408980701345550
  • Morrow, J. R., Jr, Zhu, W., Franks, D. B., Meredith, M. D., & Spain, C. (2009). 1958–2008: 50 years of youth fitness tests in the United States. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599524
  • Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2005). Can we simultaneously work toward the prevention of obesity and eating disorders in children and adolescents? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38(3), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20181
  • Neumark-Sztainer, D., Bauer, K. W., Friend, S., Hannan, P. J., Story, M., & Berge, J. M. (2010). Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(3), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.001
  • Nocentini, A., De Luca, L., & Menesini, E. (2019). The teacher’s role in preventing bullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1830. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01830
  • Nordmo, M., Danielsen, Y. S., & Nordmo, M. (2020). The challenge of keeping it off: A descriptive systematic review of high-quality, follow-up studies of obesity treatments. Obesity Reviews, 21(1), e12949. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12949
  • Nutter, S., Ireland, A., Alberga, A. S., Brun, I., Lefebvre, D., Hayden, K. A., & Russell-Mayhew, S. (2019). Weight bias in educational settings: A systematic review. Current Obesity Reports, 8(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00330-8
  • Nutter, S., Saunders, J. F., Brun, I., Exner-Cortens, D., & Russell-Mayhew, S. (2022). Changes in pre-service teacher personal and professional attitudes following a comprehensive school health course. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue Canadienne De l’Éducation, 45(1), 227–245. https://doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.v45i1.5033
  • O’Dea, J. (2007). Everybody’s different: A positive approach to teaching about health, puberty, body image, nutrition, self-esteem and obesity prevention. Australian Council for Educational Research Press.
  • O’Dea, J. A., & Abraham, S. (2001). Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to weight control, eating disorders, and body image in Australian trainee home economics and physical education teachers. Journal of Nutrition Education, 33(6), 332–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60355-2
  • Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Santelli, J. S., Ross, D. A., Afifi, R., Allen, N. B., Arora, M., Azzopardi, P., Baldwin, W., Bonell, C., Kakuma, R., Kennedy, E., Mahon, J., McGovern, T., Mokdad, A. H., Patel, V., Petroni, S., Reavley, N., Taiwo, K., … Viner, R. M. (2016). Our future: A Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. The Lancet, 387(10036), 2423–2478. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00579-1
  • Pearl, R. L., & Puhl, R. M. (2018). Weight bias internalization and health: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 19(8), 1141–1163. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12701
  • Pinhas, L., McVey, G., Walker, K. S., Norris, M., Katzman, D., & Collier, S. (2013). Trading health for a healthy weight: The uncharted side of healthy weights initiatives. Eating Disorders, 21(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2013.761082
  • Piran, N. (2004). Teachers: On “being” (rather than “doing”) prevention. Eating Disorders, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260490267724
  • Piran, N. (2017). Journeys of embodiment at the intersection of body and culture: The developmental theory of embodiment. Elsevier.
  • Puhl, R. M., Himmelstein, M. S., & Watson, R. J. (2019). Weight-based victimization among sexual and gender minority adolescents: Findings from a diverse national sample. Pediatric Obesity, 14(7), e12514. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12514
  • Puhl, R. M., Luedicke, J., & Heuer, C. (2011). Weight-based victimization toward overweight adolescents: Observations and reactions of peers. Journal of School Health, 81(11), 696–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00646.x
  • Puhl, R. M., Moss-Racusin, C. A., Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (2008). Weight stigmatization and bias reduction: perspectives of overweight and obese adults. Health Education Research, 23(2), 347-358. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cym052
  • Puhl, R. M., Wall, M., Chen, C., Austin, B., Eisenberg, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2017). Experiences of weight teasing in adolescence and weight-related outcomes in adulthood: A 15-year longitudinal study. Preventive Medicine, 100, 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.023
  • Ramsay, S. A., Branen, L. J., Fletcher, J., Price, E., Johnson, S. L., & Sigman-Grant, M. (2010). Are you done?’ Child care providers’ verbal communication at mealtimes that reinforce or hinder children’s internal cues of hunger and satiation. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(4), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.07.002
  • Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., Mussap, A. J., & Holt, K. (2009). Body image in preadolescent boys. In L. Smolak & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Body image, eating disorders and obesity in youth (2nd ed., pp 77–95). American Psychological Association.
  • Robison, J. (2005). Health at every size: toward a new paradigm of weight and health. Medscape General Medicine, 7(3), 13. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302552
  • Rodgers, R. F. (2016). The role of the “healthy weight” discourse in body image and eating concerns: An extension of sociocultural theory. Eating Behaviors, 22, 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.004
  • Rodin, J., Silberstein, L., & Striegel-Moore, R. (1984). Women and weight: A normative discontent. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 32, 267–307.
  • Russell-Mayhew, S., Ireland, A., Murray, K., Alberga, A. S., Nutter, S., Gabriele, T., Peat, G., & Gereluk, D. (2017). Reflecting and informing a culture of wellness: The development of a comprehensive school health course in a bachelor of education program. Journal of Educational Thought, 50(2-3), 156–181. https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/jet/issue/view/3158
  • Salk, R. H., & Engeln-Maddox, R. (2011). If you’re fat, then I’m humongous!: Frequency, content, and impact of fat talk among college ­women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310384107
  • Saunders, J. F., Eaton, A. A., & Frazier, S. L. (2019). Disordered society: Women in eating disorder recovery advise policymakers on change. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 46(2), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-018-0903-9
  • Saunders, J. F., Nutter, S., Brun, I., Exner-Cortens, D., & Russell-Mayhew, S. (2021). The efficacy of a comprehensive school health course in changing pre-service teachers’ attitudes and reactions toward weight-related teasing. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 36(3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573520974916
  • Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). Little girls in a grown up world: Exposure to sexualized media, internalization of sexualisation messages, and body image in 6-9 year-old girls. Body Image, 18, 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.04.004
  • Sole-Smith, V. (2020, November 12). Are schools teaching kids to diet? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/parenting/remote-learning-schools-diet-kids.html
  • Spiel, E., Rodgers, R., Paxton, S., Wertheim, E., Damiano, S., Gregg, K., & McLean, S. (2016). He’s got his father’s bias’: Parental influence on weight bias in young children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12123
  • Stevens, S. D., Herbozo, S., Morrell, H. E., Schaefer, L. M., & Thompson, J. K. (2017). Adult and childhood weight influence body image and depression through weight stigmatization. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(8), 1084–1093. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315624749
  • Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2015). Weight discrimination and risk of mortality. Psychological Science, 26(11), 1803–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615601103
  • Tanner, C., Maher, J., Leahy, D., Lindsay, J., Supski, S., & Wright, J. (2019). Sticky’ foods: How school practices produce negative emotions for mothers and children. Emotion, Space, and Society, 33, 100626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2019.100626
  • Tatangelo, G. K., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2017). Children’s body image and social comparisons with peers and the media. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(6), 776–787. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315615409
  • Taylor, R. W., Grant, A. M., Williams, S. M., & Goulding, A. (2010). Sex differences in regional body fat distribution from pre- to post puberty. Obesity, 18(7), 1410–1416. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.399
  • Tomiyama, A. J., Epel, E. S., McClatchey, T. M., Poelke, G., Kemeny, M. E., McCoy, S. K., & Daubenmier, J. (2014). Associations of weight stigma with cortisol and oxidative stress independent of adiposity. Health Psychology, 33(8), 862–867. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000107
  • Tomiyama, A. J., Hunger, J. M., Nguyen-Cuu, J., & Wells, C. (2016). Misclassification of cardiometabolic health when using body mass index categories in NHANES 2005-2012. International Journal of Obesity, 40(5), 883–886. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.17
  • Tylka, T. L., Annunziato, R. A., Burgard, D., Daníelsdóttir, S., Shuman, E., Davis, C., & Calogero, R. M. (2014). The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: Evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. Journal of Obesity, 2014, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/983495
  • Vamos, S., & Zhou, M. (2009). Using focus group research to assess health education needs of pre-service and in-service teachers. American Journal of Health Education, 40(4), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2009.10599094
  • Vartanian, L. R., & Novak, S. A. (2011). Internalized societal attitudes moderate the impact of weight stigma on avoidance of exercise. Obesity, 19(4), 757–762. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.234
  • Welch, R., McMahon, S., & Wright, J. (2012). The medicalisation of food pedagogies in primary school and popular culture: A case for awakening subjugated knowledges. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 33(5), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2012.696501
  • Wright, J., Burrows, L., & Rich, E. (2012). Health imperatives in primary schools across three countries: Intersections of class, culture, and subjectivity. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 33(5), 673–691.
  • Yager, Z., & O’Dea, J. (2009). Body image, dieting, and disordered eating and activity practices among teacher trainees: Implications for school-based health education and obesity prevention programs. Health Education Research, 24(3), 472–482. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyn044
  • Yager, Z., & O’Dea, J. A. (2005). The role of teachers and other educators in the prevention of eating disorders and child obesity: What are the issues? Eating Disorders, 13(3), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260590932878
  • Zuba, A., & Warschburger, P. (2017). The role of weight teasing and weight bias internalization in psychological functioning: A prospective study among school-aged children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(10), 1245–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0982-2

  • AQ11: Please unblind all “Authors” references and alphabetize accordingly. Please cite unblinded in text.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.