Dietary and Biochemical Indices of Nutritional Status in Male Athletes and Controls

REFERENCES

• Van Erp-Baart AMJ, Saris WHM, Binkhorst RA, Vos JA, Elvers JWH: Nationwide survey on nutritional habits in elite athletes. Part II. Mineral and vitamin intake. Int J Sports Med 10:S11-S16, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogelholm M: Estimated energy expenditure, diet and iron status of male Finnish endurance athletes: a cross-sectional study. Scand J Sports Sci 11:59-63, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Guilland J-C, Penaranda T, Gallet C, Boggio V, Fuchs F, Klepping J: Vitamin status of young athletes including the effects of supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 21:441-449, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short SH, Short WS: Four-year study of university athletes’ dietary intake. J Am Diet Assoc 82:632-645, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickson JF, Duke MA, Risser WL, Johnson CW, Palmer R, Stockton JE: Nutrition intake from food sources of high school football athletes. J Am Diet Assoc 87:1656-1659, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallongeville J, Ledoux M, Brisson G: Iron deficiency among active men. J Am Coll Nutr 8; 195-202, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber M, Benadé AJS: Nutrient intake and dietary supplementation in body-builders. S Afr Med J 72:831-834, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weight LM, Noakes TD, Ladabarios D, Graves J, Jacobs P, Berman PA: Vitamin and mineral status of trained athletes including the effects of supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 47:186-191, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JD, Wang JF, Li KJ, Zhao YW, Jiao Y, Hou XY: Nutritional problems and measures in elite and amateur athletes. Am J Clin Nutr 49:1084-1089, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke LM, Read RSD: Diet patterns of elite Australian male triathletes. Phys Sports Med 15:140-155, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council: “Recommended Dietary Allowances,” 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Casoni I, Guglielmini C, Graziano L, Reali MG, Mazzotta, D, Abbasciano V: Changes of magnesium concentrations in endurance athletes. Int J Sports Med 11:234-237, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufaux B, Hoederath A, Streitberger I, Hollman W, Assman G: Serum ferritin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and iron in middle and long-distance runners, elite rowers, and professional cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2:43-46, 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson B, Hallberg L, Rossander L, Swolin B: Iron metabolism and “sports anemia.” II. A hematological comparison of elite runners and control subjects. Acta Med Scand 216:157-164, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casoni I, Borsetto C, Cavicchi A, Martinelli S, Conconi F: Reduced hemoglobin concentration and red cell hemoglobinization in Italian marathon and ultramarathon runners. Int J Sports Med 6:176-179, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressendorfer RH, Sockolov R: Hypozincemia in runners. Phys Sports Med 8:97-100, 1980.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stendig-Lindberg G, Shapiro Y, Epstein Y, Galun E, Schonberger E, Graff E, Wacker WEC: Changes in serum magnesium concentration after strenuous exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 6:35-40, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Day BA, DeBolt JE, Trostman UH, Bernier LL, Deuster PA: Magnesium, zinc, and copper status of US Navy SEAL trainees. Am J Clin Nutr 49:695-700, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement DB, Asmundson RC: Nutritional intake and hematological parameters in endurance runners. Phys Sports Med 10:37-43, 1982.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickson DN, Wilkinson RL, Noakes TD: Effects of ultramarathon training and racing on hematologic parameters and serum ferritin levels in well-trained athletes. Int J Sports Med 3:111-117, 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steward JG, Ahlquist DA, McGill DB, Ilstrup DM, Schwartz S, Owen RA: Gastrointestinal blood loss and anemia in runners. Ann Intern Med 100:843-845, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin DE, Vroon DH, May DF, Pilbeam SP: Physiological changes in elite male distance runners training for the Olympic Competition. Phys Sports Med 14:152-171, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haralambie G: Serum zinc in athletes in training. Int J Sports Med 2:136-138, 1981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamura JB, McNutt SW, Lichton IJ, Wenkam NS: Altered zinc status of soldiers under field conditions. J Am Diet Assoc 87:595-597, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couzy F, Lafargue P, Guezennec CY: Zinc metabolism in the athletes: influence of training, nutrition and other factors. Int J Sports Med 11:263-266, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Smoak BL, Patterson KY, LeMay LG, Veillon C, Deuster PA: Biochemical indices of selected trace minerals in men: effect of stress. Am J Clin Nutr 53:126-131, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock SJ: “Clinical Trials. A Practical Approach.” Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp 100-101, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Dumin JVGA, Womersley J: Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 32:77-97, 1974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietinen P, Hartman AM, Haapa E, Räsänen L, Haapakoski J, Palmgren J, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Huttunen JK: Reproducibility and validity of dietary assessment instruments. I. A self-administered food use questionnaire with a portion size picture booklet. Am J Epidemiol 128:655-666, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivistoinen P (ed): Mineral element composition of Finnish Foods: N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Rb, Al, B, Br, Hg, As, Cd, Pb and ash. Acta Agric Scand Suppl 22, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson GHG, Petersen RD, Beaton GH: Estimating nutrient deficiencies in a population from dietary records: the use of probability analyses. Nutr Res 2:409-415, 1982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Nordiska Näringsrekommendationer. Nordisk Ministerråd. Rapport 1989:2.” Uppsala: Statens Livsmedelsverk, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Fogelholm M, Lahti-Koski M. The validity of a food use questionnaire in assessing nutrient intakes of physically active young men. Eur J Clin Nutr 45:267-272, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson PWF, PafTenberger RS, Morris JN, Havlik RJ: Assessment methods for physical activity and physical fitness in population studies: Report of a NHLBI workshop. Am Heart J 111:1177-1192, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen OE, Holup JL, D’Alessio DA, Craig ES, Polansky M, Smalley KJ, Kavle EC, Bushman MC, Owen LR, Mozzoli MA, Kendrick ZV, Boden GH: A reappraisal of the caloric requirements of men. Am J Clin Nutr 46:875-885, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubacher G, Vuilleumier JP: Procedure for the determination of vitamin C in plasma. In Curstius HCh, Roth M (eds): “Clinical Biochemistry. Principles and Methods.” Berlin: Walter de Gruyeter, pp 992-997, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Mount JN, Heduan E, Herd C, Jupp R, Kearney E, Marsh A: Adaptation of coenzyme stimulation assays for the nutritional assessment of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 using Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. Ann Clin Biochem 24:41-46, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmela S, Vuori E: Improved direct determination of copper and zinc in a single serum dilution by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Atomic Spectroscopy 5:146-149, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Wood B: Thiamin status in Australia. World Rev Nutr Diet 46:148-218, 1985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacob RA, Skala JH, Omaye ST: Biochemical indices of human vitamin C status. Am J Clin Nutr 46:818-826, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tietz NW (ed): “Textbook of Clinical Chemistry.” Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp 1810-1850, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Harju E, Pakarinen A, Larmi T: A comparison between serum ferritin concentration and the amount of bone marrow stainable iron. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 44:555-556, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “BMDP Statistical Software Manual,” vol 1. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Murata A: Smoking and vitamin C. World Rev Nutr Diet 64:31-57, 1991.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoeller DA: How accurate is self-reported dietary energy intake? Nutr Rev 48:373-379, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Erp-Baart AMJ, Saris WHM, Binkhorst RA, Vos JA, Elvers JWH: Nationwide survey on nutritional habits in elite athletes. Part I. Energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake. Int J Sports Med 10:S3-S10, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandjean AC: Macronutrient intake of US athletes compared with the general population and recommendations made for athletes. Am J Clin Nutr 49:1070-1076, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blass JP, Gibson GE: Abnormality of thiamin-requiring enzyme in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. N Engl J Med 297:1367-1370, 1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekkarinen M, Koivula L, Rissanen A. Thiamine intake and evaluation of thiamine status among aged people in Finalnd. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 44:435-442, 1974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallner A, Hartman D, Hornig D: Steady-state turnover and body pool of ascorbic acid in man. Am J Clin Nutr 32:530-539, 1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Klevay LM, Milne DB, Sandstead HH: Maximal oxygen consumption as related to magnesium, copper, and zinc nutriture. Am J Clin Nutr 37:407-415, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg L, Magnusson B: The etiology of “sports anemia.” Acta Med Scand 216:145-148, 1984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guglielminin C, Casoni I, Patracchini M, Manfredini F, Grazzi G, Ferrari M, Conconi F: Reduction of Hb levels during the racing season in nonsideropenic professional cyclists. Int J Sports Med 10:352-356, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Federation for Clinical Chemistry: Approved recommendation (1987) on the theory of reference values. Part 2. Selection of individuals for the production of reference values. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 25:639-644, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Washburn RA, Montoye HJ: The assessment of physical activity by questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 123:563-576, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishman RK, Steinhard M: Reliability and concurrent validity for a 7-d re-call of physical activity in college students. Med Sci Sports Exerc 20:14-25, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baecke JAH, Burema J, Frijters JER: A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 36:936-942, 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeller DA, Racette SB: A review of field techniques for the assessment of energy expenditure. J Nutr 120:1492-1495, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson SA: Guidelines for use of dietary intake data. J Am Diet Assoc 88:1258-1260, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potosky AL, Block G, Hartman AM: The apparent validity of diet questionnaires is influenced by number of diet-record days used for comparison. J Am Diet Assoc 90:810-813, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd KS, Hudes M, Howes Calloway D: Food intake measurement: problems and approaches. Am J Clin Nutr 37:139-146, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandjean AC: Profile of nutritional beliefs of the elite athlete. In Butts N, Gushiken T, Zarins B (eds): “The Elite Athlete.” New York: Spectrum Publications, pp 239-247, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Williams MH: Vitamin supplementation and athletic performance. In Walter P, Stähelin H, Brubacher G (eds): “Elevated Dosages of Vitamins.” Toronto: Hans Huber, pp 163-191, 1989.
   Google Scholar