Magnesium supplementation in patients with congestive heart failure.

References

• Schocken DD, Arrieta MI, Leaverton PE, Ross EA: Prevalence and mortality of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 20: 301–306, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M: Do vasodilators prolong life in heart failure? N Engl J Med 316: 1471–1474, 1987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Center for Disease Control: Current trends: mortality from congestive heart failure—United States, 1980–1990. MMWR 43: 77–81, 1994.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottlieb SS: Importance of magnesium in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 63: 39G–42G, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Seelig MS: Cardiovascular consequences of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis, prevalence and manifestations—magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletion. Am J Cardiol 65: 4G–21G, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Wester PO, Dyckner T: Intracellular electrolytes in cardiac failure. Acta Med Scand 707: suppl.33–36, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Whang R, Ryder KW: Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. JAMA 263: 3063–3064, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen L, Kitzes R: Magnesium sulfate and digitalis-toxic arrhythmias. JAMA 249: 2808–2810, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorn EJ, Tandon PK, DiBianco R, Timmis GC, Fenster PE, Shannon J, Packer M: Clinical and prognostic significance of serum magnesium concentrations in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure. The PROMISE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 634–640, 1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iseri LT, Freed J, Bures AR: Magnesium deficiency and cardiac disorders. Am J Med 58: 837–846, 1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seelig MS: Possible role of magnesium in disorders of the aged. In Regelson W, Sinex FF (eds): “Modern Aging Research,” Vol. 3A. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp 279–305, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Packer M, Gottlieb SS, Blum MA: Immediate and long-term pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the genesis of sudden cardiac death in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Med 82-.4A-10A, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Ralston MA, Murnane MR, Kelley RE, Altschuld RA, Unverferth DV, Leier CV: Magnesium content of serum, circulating mononuclear cells, skeletal muscle, and myocardium in congestive heart failure. Circulation 80: 573–580, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen L, Kitzes R: Characterization of the magnesium status of elderly people with congestive heart failure, hypertension and diabetes mellitus by the magnesium-load test. Mag-Bull 15: 105–107, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Bashir Y, Sneddon JF, Stanton A, Haywood GA, Simpson IA, McKenna WJ, Camm AJ: Effects of long-term oral magnesium chloride replacement in congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 72: 1156–1162, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seller RH, Ramirez O, Brest AN, Moyer JH: Serum and erythrocyte magnesium levels in congestive heart failure. Effect of hydrochlorothiazide. Am J Cardiol 17: 786–791, 1966.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keeffe S, Grimes H, Finn J, McMurrough P, Daly K: Effect of captopril therapy on lymphocyte potassium and magnesium concentrations in patients with CHF. Cardiology 80: 100–105, 1992.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smetana R, Pacher R, Baumgartner W, Kratochwill CH, Sarmini S, Gemeiner N, Meisinger V: Magnesium-sparing effect of high dosage ACE-inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure. (Abstract). Mag Res 4: 218, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Lim P, Jacob E: Magnesium deficiency in patients on long-term diuretic therapy for heart failure. Br Med J 3: 620–622, 1972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson RN, Keywood C, Amadi AA, Davies JR., Patterson DLH: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and magnesium conservation in patients with congestive cardiac failure. Br Heart J 66: 19–21, 1991.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elin RJ: Assessment of Magnesium Status. Clin Chem 33: 1965–1970, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorup I, Skajaa K, Clausen T, Kjeldsen K: Reduced concentrations of potassium and magnesium and sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle during treatment with diuretics. Br Med J 296: 455–458, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryzen E, Elkayarn U, Rude RK: Low blood mononuclear cell magnesium in intensive care unit patients. Am Heart J 111: 476–480, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Dyckner T, Wester PO: Skeletal muscle magnesium and potassium determinations: correlation with lymphocyte contents of magnesium and potassium. J Am Coll Nutr 4: 619–625, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tovey JA, Sundar AS, Ikram S, Smith S, Penny WJ: Human cardiac muscle magnesium and potassium concentrations: can skeletal muscle, mononuclear blood cells, erythrocyte and plasma concentrations provide a surrogate measure. Ann Clin Biochem 29: 461–462, 1992.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malini PL, Strocchi E, Valtancoli G, Amrosioni E: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide diuretics and magnesium balance. A preliminary study. Mag Res 3: 193–196, 1990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuller L, Famer N, Caggiula A, Borhani N, Dunkle S: Relationship of diuretic therapy and serum magnesium levels among participants in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Am J Epidemiology 122: 1045–1059, 1985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murdoch DL, Forrest G, Davies DL, McInnes GT: A comparison of the potassium and magnesium-sparing properties of amiloride and spironolactone in diuretic-treated normal subjects. Br J Clin Pharmac 35: 373–378, 1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies DL, Fraser R: Do diuretics cause magnesium deficiency. Br J Clin Pharm 36: 1–10, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryzen E, Elbaum N, Singer FR, Rude RK: Parenteral magnesium tolerance testing in the evaluation of magnesium deficiency. Magnesium 4: 137–147, 1985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archer WH, Emerson RL, Reusch CS: Intra and extracellular fluid magnesium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clin Biochem 5: 159–161, 1972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council: “Recommended Dietary Allowances,” 10th ed. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Seelig MS: Magnesium requirements in human nutrition. Mag-Bull. 3: 26–47, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Alfrey AC, Miller NL, Butkus D: Bone magnesium pools in uremia. J Lab Clin Med 84: 153–161, 1974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen L, Kitzes R: Characterization of the magnesium status of elderly people by the Mg tolerance test. Mag-Bull 14: 133–135, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Gullestad L, Dolva LO, Waage A, Falch D, Fagerthun H, Kjekshus J: Magnesium deficiency diagnosed by an intravenous loading test. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 52: 245–253, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstein FW, Stanton MF: Serum magnesium levels in the United States, 1971–1974. J Am Coll Nutr 5: 399–414, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemel PC, Zemel MB, Urberg M, Douglas FL, Geiser R, Sowers JR: Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of magnesium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 51: 665–669, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borella P, Ambrosini G, Concari M, Bargellini A: Is magnesium content in erythrocytes suitable for evaluating cation retention after oral physiological supplementation in marginally magnesium-deficient subjects. Mag Res 6: 149–153, 1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dyckner T, Wester PO: Intracellular magnesium loss during diuretic administration. Drugs 28(suppl 1):161–166, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Ruddell M: Intraindividual variability of blood magnesium parameters with time. Clin Chem 35: 1114–1115, 1989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou V, Godard J-P, Ferment O, Chastang C, Proust J, Bogdan A, Auzéby A, Touitou C: Prevalence of magnesium and potassium deficiencies in the elderly. Clin Chem 33: 518–523, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang XY, Hosseini JM, Ruddel ME, Elin RJ: Blood magnesium parameters do not differ with age. J Am Coll Nutr 9: 308–313, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullestad L, Nes M, Ronneberg R, Midtvedt K, Falch D, Kjekshus J: Magnesium status in healthy free-living elderly Norwegians. Am Coll Nutr 13: 45–50, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen HS, McNair P, Goransson L, Balslov S, Larsen OG, Aurup P: Magnesium deficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease with and without acute myocardial infarction uncovered by an intravenous loading test. Arch Intern Med 148: 329–332, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goto K, Yasue H, Okumura K, Matsuyama K, Kugiyama K, Miyagi H, Higashi T: Magnesium deficiency detected by intravenous loading test in variant angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 65: 709–712, 1990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Igawa A, Miwa K, Miyagi Y, Fujita M, Inoue H: Comparison of frequency of magnesium deficiency in patients with vasospastic angina and fixed coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 75, 728–731, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Martin BJ, Milligan K: Diuretic—associated Hypomagnesemia in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 147: 1768–1771, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golf SW, Riediger H, Matthes S, Kuhn V, Graef V, Temme H, Katz N, Roka L: Homeostasis of magnesium in man after oral supplementation: results of a placebo controlled blind study. Mag-Bull 12: 144–148, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Dyckner T, Wester PO: Magnesium deficiency—guidelines for diagnoses and substitution therapy. Acta Med Scand 661(suppl):37–41, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Rude RK, Stephen T, Nadler J: Determination of red cell intracellular free Mg+ + by nuclear magnetic resonance as an assessment of magnesium depletion. Magnes Trace Elem 10(2–4):117–121, 1991–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giles TD, Chobanian AV: Magnesium deficiency: a new cardiovascular risk factor. In “Magnesium Deficiency: A New Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Sudden Death?” Fort Lee, NJ: Health Care Communications, pp 1–24, 1990.
   Google Scholar