Flaxseed in Lupus Nephritis: A Two-Year Nonplacebo-Controlled Crossover Study

REFERENCES

• Dubois EL, Wierzchowiecki M, Cos MB, Weiner JM: Duration and death in systemic lupus erythematosus. An analysis of 249 cases. JAMA 227: 1399–1402, 1974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert DA, Hadler NM, Ropes MW: Does corticosteroid therapy affect the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? Arthr Rheum 22: 945–953, 1979.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginzler EM, Diamond HS, Weiner M, Schlesinger M, Fries JF, Wasner C, Medsgar Jr TA, Ziegler G, Klippel JH, Hadler NM, Albert DA, Hess EV, Spencer-Green G, Grayzel A, Worth D, Hahn BH, Barnett EV: A multi-center study of outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. 1. Entry variables as predictors of prognosis. Arthr Rheum 25: 601–611, 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balow JE, Austin III HA, Tsokos GC, Antonobych TT, Steinberg AD, Klippel JH: Lupus nephritis [NIH Conference]. Ann Int Med 106: 79–94, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponticelli C, Zucchelli P, Moroni G, Cagnali L, Bonfi G, Pasquali S: Long-term prognosis of diffuse lupus nephritis. Clin Nephrol 28: 263–271, 1987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urowitz MB, Bookman AAM, Koehler BE, Gordon DA, Smythe HA, Orgyzlo MA: The bi-model mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 60: 221–225, 1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsh J, Klippel JH, Balow JE, Decker JL: Mortality in lupus nephritis. Arthr Rheum 22: 764–769, 1979.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Correia P, Cameron JS, Lian JD, Hicks J, Ogg CS, Williams DG, Chantler C, Haycock DG: Why do patients with lupus nephritis die? Brit Med J 290: 126–131, 1985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hosenpud JD, Mortanaro A, Hart MV, Haines JE, Specht HD, Bennett RM, Kloster FE: Myocardial perfusion abnormalities in asymptomatic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 77: 286–292, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prickett JD, Robinson DR, Steinberg AD: Dietary enrichment with the polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid prevents proteinuria and prolongs survival in NZB × NZW/F1 mice. J Clin Invest 68: 556–559, 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prickett JD, Robinson DR, Steinberg AD: Effects of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic acid upon auto-immune nephritis in female NZB × NZW/F1 mice. Arthr Rheum 26: 133–139, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson DR, Prickett JD, Makoul GT, Steinberg AD, Calvin RB: Dietary fish oil reduces progression of established renal disease in [NZB × NZW]F1 mice and delays renal disease in BXSB, and MRL/1 strains. Arthr Rheum 29: 539–546, 1986.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark WT, Parbtani A, Huff MW, Reid B, Holub BJ, Falardeau P: Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Kidney Int 36: 653–660, 1989.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark WF, Parbtani A, Naylor CD, Levinton CM, Muirhead N, Spanner E, Huff MW, Philbrick DJ, Holub BJ: Fish oil in lupus nephritis: Clinical findings and methodological implications. Kidney Int 44: 75–86, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson LU, Robb P, Serraino M, Cheung F: Mammalian lignan production for various foods. Nutr Cancer 16: 43–52, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley DS, Branch LB, Love JE, Taylor OC, Rivera YM, Iacono JM: Dietary alpha-linolenic acid and immunocompetence in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 40–46, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer P, Jaeger W, Berger I, Barleben H, Wirth M, Richter-Heinrich, Voigt S, Godicke W: Effects of dietary oleic, linolenic and alpha-linolenic acids on blood pressure, serum lipids, lipoproteins and the formation of eicosanoid precursors in patients with mild essential hypertension. J Human Hypertens 4: 227–233, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen TY, Hussaini IM: Kadsurenone and other related lignans as antagonists of platelet-activating factor receptor. Meth Enzymol 187: 446–454, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall AV, Parbtani A, Clark WF, Spanner E, Keeney M, Chin-Yee I, Philbrick DJ, Holub BJ: Abrogation of MRL/lpr lupus nephritis by dietary flaxseed. Am J Kidney Dis 2: 326–332, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Camussi G, Tetta C, Coda R, Segoloni GP, Vercellone A: Platelet-activating factor-induced loses of glomerular anionic charges. Kidney Int 25: 73–81, 1984.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macconi D, Noris M, Benfenati E, Quaglia R, Pagliarino G, Remuzzi G: Increased urinary excretion of platelet activating factor in mice with lupus nephritis. Life Sci 48: 1429–1437, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morigi M, MacConi D, Riccardi E, Baccardo P, Zilio P, Bertani T, Remuzzi G: Platelet-activating factor receptor blocking reduces proteinuria and improves survival in lupus auto-immune mice. J Pharm Exp Ther 258: 601–606, 1991.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baldi E, Emancipator SN, Hassan MO, Dunn MJ: Platelet activating factor receptor blockade ameliorates murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Kidney Int 38: 1030–1038, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetta C, Bussolino F, Modena V, Montruccio G, Segoloni G, Pescarmona G, Camussi G: Release of platelet-activating factor in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 91: 244–256, 1990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley VE, Ferretti A, Izui S, Strom TB: A fish oil diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cyclooxygenase metabolites, and suppresses lupus in MRL-lpr mice. J Immunol 134: 1914–1919, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark WF, Parbtani A, Huff MW, Spanner E, de Salis H, Chin-Yee I, Philbrick DJ, Holub BJ: Flaxseed: A potential treatment for lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 48: 475–480, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright DJ, Jenkins DE: Simplified method for estimations of serum and plasma viscosity in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Blood 36: 516–522, 1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eraker SA, Kirscht JP, Becker MH: Understanding and Improving Patient Compliance. Ann Int Med 100: 258–268, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibaldi Milo: Failure to Comply: A Therapeutic Dilemma and the Bane of Clinical Trials. J Clin Pharmacol 36: 674–682, 1996.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singer P, Jaeger W, Berger I, Barleben H, Wirth M, Richter-Heinrich E, Voigt S, Gödicke W: Effects of dietary oleic, linolenic and α-linolenic acids on blood pressure, serum lipids, lipoproteins and the formation of eicosanoid precursors in patients with mild essential hypertension. J Human Hypertension 4: 227–233, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunnane SC, Hamadeh MJ, Liede AC, Thompson LU, Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ: Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 61: 62–68, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz RI, Horwitz SM: Adherence to Treatment and Health Outcomes. Arch Intern Med 153: 1863–1868, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar