Costa Rican Adolescents have a Deleterious Nutritional Profile as Compared to Adults in Terms of Lower Dietary and Plasma Concentrations of Antioxidant Micronutrients

REFERENCES

• Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Branch LG, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Buring JE: A prospective study of consumption of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables and decreased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly.Ann Epidemiol5 :255– 260,1995 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu S, Manson JE, Lee IM, Cole SR, Hennekens CH, Willett WC, Buring JE: Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women’s Health Study.Am J Clin Nutr72 :922– 928,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Vupputuri S, Myers L, Whelton PK: Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: The first national health and nutrition examination survey epidemiologic follow-up study.Am J Clin Nutr.76 :93– 99,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Lee IM, Ajani U, Cole SR, Buring JE, Manson JE: Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians’ Health Study.Int J Epidemiol30 :130– 135,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, Hu FB, Hunter D, Smith-Warner SA, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Spiegelman D, Willett WC: Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease.J Natl Cancer Inst96 :1577– 1584,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung HC, Merchant A, Willett W, Ascherio A, Rosner BA, Rimm E, Joshipura KJ: The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and peripheral arterial disease.Epidemiology14 :659– 665,2003 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fairfield KM, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC: Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: A prospective analysis.Cancer92 :2318– 2326,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngoan LT, Mizoue T, Fujino Y, Tokui N, Yoshimura T: Dietary factors and stomach cancer mortality.Br J Cancer87 :37– 42,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, Verhoeven DT, van Poppel GA, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, van den Brandt PA: Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in the netherlands cohort study on diet and cancer.Cancer Causes Control11 :101– 115,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Vecchia C, Altieri A, Tavani A, Vegetables, fruit, antioxidants and cancer: A review of Italian studies.Eur J Nutr40 :261– 267,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey M, Shukla VK: Diet and gallbladder cancer: A case-control study.Eur J Cancer Prev11 :365– 368,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stefani E, Brennan P, Ronco A, Fierro L, Correa P, Boffetta P, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Barrios E: Food groups and risk of lung cancer in Uruguay.Lung Cancer38 :1 ,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardinaal AF, Kok FJ, Ringstad J, Gomez-Aracena J, Mazaev VP, Kohlmeier L, Martin BC, Aro A, Kark JD, Delgado-Rodriguez M, et al.: Antioxidants in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: The EURAMIC study.Lancet342 :1379– 1384,1993 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud DS, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Giovannucci E: Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts [see comments].Am J Clin Nutr72 :990– 997,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato R, Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Hoffman SC, Norkus EP, Comstock GW: Prospective study of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinoid concentrations and the risk of breast cancer.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev11 :451– 457,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Brants HA,van den Brandt PA: A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands).Cancer Causes Control13 :573– 582,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial.Lancet360 :23– 33,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz Rejon F, Martin-Pena G, Granado F, Ruiz-Galiana J, Blanco I, Olmedilla B: Plasma status of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and main carotenoids to first myocardial infarction: Case control and follow-up study.Nutrition18 :26– 31,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE: Dietary carotenoids and risk of breast cancer.Am J Clin Nutr76 :883– 888,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen R, Salonen JT: Low plasma lycopene concentration is associated with increased intima-media thickness of the carotid artery wall.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol20 :2677– 2681,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klipstein-Grobusch K, Launer LJ, Geleijnse JM, Boeing H, Hofman A, Witteman JC: Serum carotenoids and atherosclerosis. The Rotterdam Study.Atherosclerosis148 :49– 56,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy DD, Tucker KL, Ladas ED, Rheingold SR, Blumberg J, Kelly KM: Low antioxidant vitamin intakes are associated with increases in adverse effects of chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Am J Clin Nutr79 :1029– 1036,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC: “Healthy Youth: An Investment in Our Nation’s Future.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Atlanta 4,2002 . Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/aag/aag_dash.htm. Accessed November 4,2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Lien N,Jacobs Jr DR, Klepp KI: Exploring predictors of eating behaviour among adolescents by gender and socio-economic status.Public Health Nutr5 :671– 681,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill AJ: Developmental issues in attitudes to food and diet.Proc Nutr Soc61 :259– 266,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch LL, Fisher JO: Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents.Pediatrics101 :539– 549,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen KW, Ash DM, Warneke C, de Moor C: Intake of soft drinks, fruit-flavored beverages, and fruits and vegetables by children in grades 4 through 6.Am J Public Health92 :1475– 1478,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B: Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescents and adults.Public Health Nutr5 :663– 669,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytle LA, Seifert S, Greenstein J, McGovern P: How do children’s eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study.Am J Health Promot14 :222– 228,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Tristan ML, Nathan DM: Randomized controlled community-based nutrition and exercise intervention improves glycemia and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in rural Costa Rica Diabetes Care26 :24– 29,2003 .
   Google Scholar
• “Health in the Americas” (Publication No. 569), Vol. II. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, pp544 ,1998 .
   Google Scholar
• Campos H, Siles X: Siesta and the risk of coronary heart disease: Results from a population-based, case-control study in Costa Rica.Int J Epidemiol29 :429– 437,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwig MS, El-Sohemy A, Baylin A, Rifai N, Campos H: Frequent intake of tropical fruits that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthin is associated with higher plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations in Costa Rican adolescents.J Nutr132 :3161– 3167,2002 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabagambe EK, Baylin A, Allan DA, Siles X, Spiegelman D, Campos H: Application of the method of triads to evaluate the performance of food frequency questionnaires and biomarkers as indicators of long-term dietary intake.Am J Epidemiol154 :1126– 1135,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylin A, Kabagambe EK, Siles X, Campos H: Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake.Am J Clin Nutr76 :750– 757,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furtado J, Siles X, Campos H: Carotenoid concentrations in vegetables and fruits common to the Costa Rican diet.Int J Food Sci Nutr55 :101– 113,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sohemy A, Baylin A, Kabagambe E, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Campos H: Individual carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma as biomarkers of dietary intake.Am J Clin Nutr76 :172– 179,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monge-Rojas R: Dietary intake as a cardiovascular risk factor in Costa Rican adolescents.J Adolesc Health28 :328– 337,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett WC: “Nutritional Epidemiology ,” 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, p514 ,1998 .
   Google Scholar
• King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH: Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections.Diabetes Care21 :1414– 1431,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy KS, Yusuf S: Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries.Circulation97 :596– 601,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewnowski A: Nutrition transition and global dietary trends.Nutrition16 :486– 487,2000 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rozowski SJ, Moreno M: Effect of Westernization of nutritional habits on obesity in Latin America. In Bendich A, Deckelbaum RJ (eds): “Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals .” Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, p579 ,1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Chestnutt IG, Ashraf FJ: Television advertising of foodstuffs potentially detrimental to oral health— a content analysis and comparison of children’s and primetime broadcasts.Community Dent Health19 :86– 89,2002 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coon KA, Tucker KL: Television and children’s consumption patterns. A review of the literature.Minerva Pediatr54 :423– 436,2002 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar