77
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Zinc-Fortified Foods Do Not Improve Intake of Total Dietary Zinc for Ontario Preschoolers

, MSc, RD, , MSc, , PhD, RD, , MEd, RD, , MA, RD, , MA & , PhD, RD show all
Pages 561-568 | Received 30 Nov 2007, Accepted 22 May 2008, Published online: 13 Jun 2013

REFERENCES

  • Gibson RS, Smit Vanderkooy PD, MacDonald AC, Goldman A, Ryan BA, Berry M: A growth-limiting, mild zinc-deficiency syndrome in some southern Ontario boys with low height percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr49 :1266– 1273,1989 .
  • Gibson RS, Friel JK, Scythes CA: The zinc, copper, and manganese status of a selected group of Canadian children twenty-two months of age. J Can Diet Assoc46 :182– 185,1985 .
  • Smit Vanderkooy PD, Gibson RS: Food consumption patterns of Canadian preschool children in relation to zinc and growth status. Am J Clin Nutr45 :609– 616,1987 .
  • Health Canada: “Consolidation of the Food and Drugs Act and the Food and Drug Regulations.” Ottawa: Health Canada,2005 . Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/legislation/acts-lois/fda-lad/index_e.html
  • Canadian Food Inspection Agency: Foods to which vitamins, mineral nutrients and amino acids may or must be added. In “Guide to Food Labeling and Advertising,” Annex 7-1. Ottawa: CFIA,2003 . Available at: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch7-e.shtml
  • Arsenault JE, Brown KH: Zinc intake of US preschool children exceeds new dietary reference intakes. Am J Clin Nutr78 :1011– 1017,2003 .
  • Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: “Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment.” Washington DC: National Academy Press,2000 .
  • Yadrick MK, Kenney MA, Winterfeldt EA: Iron, copper, and zinc status: response to supplementation with zinc or zinc and iron in adult females. Am J Clin Nutr49 :145– 150,1989 .
  • Fischer PWF, Giroux A, L'Abbé MR: Effect of zinc supplementation on copper status in adult man. Am J Clin Nutr40 :743– 746,1984 .
  • Chandra RK: Excessive intake of zinc impairs immune responses. JAMA252 :1443– 1444,1984 .
  • Hughes S, Samman S: The effect of zinc supplementation in humans on plasma lipids, antioxidant status and thrombogenesis. J Am Coll Nutr25 :285– 291,2006 .
  • Health Canada: “Addition of Vitamins and Minerals to Foods: Proposed Policy and Implementation Plans.” Ottawa: Health Canada,2005 . Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/nutrition/foritfication_final_doc_e.pdf
  • Hooper M, Evers S: What do Ontario children eat for breakfast? Food group, energy and macronutrient intake. Can J Diet Pract Res64 :28– 30,2003 .
  • Evers SE, Hooper MD: Anthropometric status and diet of 4 to 5 year old low income children. Nutr Res16 :1847– 1859,1996 .
  • Institut de la Statistique du Quebec: “Enquête de Nutrition auprès des Enfants Québécois de 4 ans.” Quebec: Gouvernement du Quebec,2005 . Available at: http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/sante/nutrition4ans_pdf_an.htm
  • Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Zinc. In “Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc.” Washington DC: National Academy Press, pp442– 501,2001 .
  • Kirkpatrick SI, Tarasuk V: Food insecurity is associated with nutrient inadequacies among Canadian adults and adolescents. J Nutr138 :604– 612,2008 .
  • Randall Simpson J, Keller HH, Rysdale LA, Beyers JE: Nutrition Screening Tool for Every Preschooler (NutriSTEP™): validation and test-retest reliability of a parent-administered questionnaire assessing nutrition risk of preschoolers. Eur J Clin Nutr62 :770– 780,2008 . Available at: http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/1602780a.pdf
  • Sudbury & District Health Unit: “How to Build a Healthy Preschooler.” Sudbury, Ontario: SDHU,2004 . Available at: http://www.beststart.org/resources/nutrition/index.html
  • Sudbury & District Health Unit: “The ABC's of Feeding Preschoolers.” Sudbury, Ontario: S&DHU,2004 . Available at: http://www.beststart.org/resources/nutrition/index.html
  • Gibson RS, Smit Vanderkooy P, McLennan CE, Mercer NM: Contribution of tap water to mineral intakes of Canadian preschool children. Arch Environ Health42 :165– 169,1987 .
  • Statistics Canada: “Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Questionnaire for Cycle 1.1 (September 2000-November 2001).” Ottawa: Statistics Canada,2001 .
  • Godin London Inc: CANDAT, Nutrient Calculation System (Version 7.0) [Computer Software]. London, Ontario: Godin London Inc,2005 .
  • Health Canada: “Canadian Nutrient File,” Ottawa: Health Canada,2005 .
  • Health Canada: “Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating: Focus on Preschoolers.” Ottawa: Minister of National Health and Welfare,1995 .
  • Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Appendix E, Adjustment of observed intake data to estimate the distribution of usual intakes in a group. In “Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Planning.” Washington DC: National Academy Press, pp196– 208,2003 .
  • Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Protein. In “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids (Macronutrients).” Washington DC: National Academy Press, pp589– 768,2005 .
  • Zlotkin S: A critical assessment of the upper intake levels for infants and children. J Nutr136 :502S– 506S,2006 .
  • International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG). Overview of Zinc Nutrition. In Hotz C, Brown KH (eds): “Assessment of the Risk of Zinc Deficiency in Populations and Options for Its Control.” Food and Nutrition Bulletin, The United Nations University 25 (Supp 2):S99– S123,2004 . Available at: http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/fnb25-s-IZiNCG.pdf
  • Trumble-Waddell JE, Campbell ML, Armstrong LM, MacPherson BD: Reliability and validity of the three-day estimated record of food intake provided by parents and caregivers of preschool children in dual-earner families. Can J Diet Pract Res59 :83– 89,1998 .
  • Statistics Canada: Census of Population. Population 15 years and over by highest level of schooling, by province and territory (2001 Census),2004 . Available at: http://www40.statcan.ca/101/cst01/educ43a.htm
  • Statistics Canada: Family Income, by Family Type,2007 . Available at: http://www40.statcan.ca/101/cst01/famil106a.htm
  • Statistics Canada: 2006 Census of Population,2006 . Available at: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/Immigration/Table403.cfm?Lang=E&T=403&GH=4&SC=&S=99&O=A
  • Health Canada: “Canadian Nutrient File Users’ Guide.” Ottawa: Health Canada,2005 .
  • Veugelers PJ, Fitzgerald AL, Johnston E: Dietary intake and risk factors for poor diet quality among children in Nova Scotia. Can J Public Health96 :212– 216,2005 .
  • Hanning RM, Woodruff SJ, Lambraki I, Jessup L, Driezen P, Murphy CC: Nutrient intakes and food consumption patterns amongst Ontarian students in grades six, seven and eight. Can J Public Health98 :12– 16,2007 .
  • Lofti M: “Food Fortification in Canada: Experiences and Issues in Controlling Micronutrient Malnutrition.” Ottawa: The Micronutrient Initiative,2002 .
  • Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: “Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification.” Washington, DC: National Academy Press,2003 .
  • Health Canada: Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2, Nutrition (2004) “Nutrient Intakes from Food,” Vol 1. Ottawa: Health Canada,2007 . Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/pubs/cchs-escc_vol_e.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.