Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children

REFERENCES

• Patton HM, Sirlin C, Behling C, Middleton M, Schwimmer JB, Lavine JE: Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a critical appraisal of current data and implications for future research.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr43 :413– 427,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manco M, Marcellini M, DeVito R, Comparcola D, Sartorelli MR, Nobili V: Metabolic syndrome and liver histology in paediatric non alcoholic steatohepatitis.Int J Obes (Lond)32 :381– 387,2008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser A, Longnecker MP, Lawlor DA: Prevalence of elevated alanine aminotransferase among US adolescents and associated factors: NHANES 1999-2004.Gastroenterology133 :1814– 1820,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwimmer JB, Deutsch R, Kahen T, Lavine JE, Stanley C, Behling C: Prevalence of fatty liver in children and adolescents.Pediatrics118 :1388– 1393,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss RS, Barlow SE, Dietz WH: Prevalence of abnormal serum aminotransferase values in overweight and obese adolescents.J Pediatr136 :727– 733,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartorio A, Del Col A, Agosti F, Mazzilli G, Bellentani S, Tiribelli C, Bedogni G: Predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children.Eur J Clin Nutr61 :877– 883,2007 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan DF, Li AM, Chu WC, Chan MH, Wong EM, Liu EK, Chan IH, Yin J, Lam CW, Fok TF, Nelson EA: Hepatic steatosis in obese Chinese children.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord28 :1257– 1263,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeau KJ, Klingensmith G, Zeitler P: Type 2 diabetes in children is frequently associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr41 :94– 98,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams LA, Lymp JF, St. Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein AM, Angulo P: The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study.Gastroenterology129 :113– 121,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo P: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.N Engl J Med346 :1221– 1231,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwimmer JB, McGreal N, Deutsch R, Finegold MJ, Lavine JE: Influence of gender, race, and ethnicity on suspected fatty liver in obese adolescents.Pediatrics115 :E561– E565,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day CP, James OF: Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”?Gastroenterology114 :842– 845,1998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day CP: From fat to inflammation.Gastroenterology130 :207– 210,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili V, Marcellini M, Marchesini G, Vanni E, Manco M, Villani A, Bugianesi E: Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Insulin Resistance, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children.Diabetes Care30 :2638– 2640,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJ: Fetal programming of coronary heart disease.Trends Endocrinol Metab13 :364– 368,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenwald P: Chronic fetal distress and placental insufficiency.Biol Neonat5 :215– 65,1963
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bugianesi E, McCullogh AJ, Marchesini G: Insulin resistance: a metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease.Hepatology42 :987– 1000,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G, Gambino R, Mecca F, Depetris N, Cassader M, David E, Cavallo-Perin P, Rizzetto M: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association.Hepatology35 :367– 372,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiikkainen M, Hakkinen AM, Korsheninnikova E, Nyman T, Makimattila S, Yki-Jarvinen H: Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on liver fat content, hepatic insulin resistance, insulin clearance, and gene expression in adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes53 :2169– 2176,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utzschneider KM, Kahn SE: Review: The role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.J Clin Endocrinol Metab91 :4753– 4761,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzout-Marniche D, Becard D, Guichard C, Foretz M, Ferre P, Foufelle F: Insulin effects on sterol regulatory-element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) transcriptional activity in rat hepatocytes.Biochem J350 :389– 393,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning JD, Horton JD: Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury.J Clin Invest114 :147– 152,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ: Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.J Clin Investl15 :1343– 1351,2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, Rizzo WB, Contos MJ, Sterling RK, Luketic VA, Shiffman ML and Clore JN: Non alcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities.Gastroenterology120 :1183– 1192,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerq IA, Da Silva Morais A, Schroyen B, Van Hul N, Geerts A: Insulin resistance in hepatocytes and sinusoidal liver cells: Mechanisms and consequences.J Hepatol47 :142– 156,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manco M, Marcellini M, Giannone G, Nobili V: Correlation of serum TNF-alpha levels and histologic liver injury scores in paediatric non-alcholic fatty liver disease.Am J Clin Pathol127 :954– 960,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili V, Manco M, Ciampalini P, Diciommo V, Devito R, Piemonte F, Comparcola D, Guidi R, Marcellini M: Leptin, free leptin index, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Eur J Endocrinol155 :735– 743,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou CC, Liang L, Hong F, Fu JF, Zhao ZY: Serum adiponectin, resistin levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children.Endocr J52 :519– 524,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manco M, Bedogni G, Marcellini M, Devito R, Ciampalini P, Sartorelli MR, Comparcola D, Piemonte F, Nobili V: Waist circumference correlates with liver fibrosis in children with non alcoholic steatohepatitis.Gut57 :1283– 1287,2008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskin M, Kurtoglu S, Kendrici M, Atabek ME, Yazici C: Homeostasis model assessment is more reliable than the fasting glucose/insulin and quantitative insulin sensitivity index for assessing insulin resistance among obese children and adolescents.Pediatrics115 :E500– E503,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uwaifo GI, Tjahjana M, Freedman RJ, Lutchman G, Promrat K: Acanthosis nigricans in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an uncommon finding.Endocr Pract12 :371– 379,2006 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Lee KE, Kim DJ, Kim SK, Ahn CW, Lim SK, Kim KR, Lee HC, Huh KB, Cha BS: Metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese, nondiabetic adults.Arch Intern Med164 :2169– 2175,2004 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsuda M, De Fronzo RA: Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp.Diabetes Care22 :1462– 1470,1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mari A, Pacini G, Murphy E, Ludvik B, Nolan JJ: A model-based method for assessing insulin sensitivity from the oral glucose tolerance test.Diabetes Care24 :539– 548,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R: Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance.Am J Physiol237 :E214– E223,1979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman RN: Lilly lecture 1989.Toward physiological understanding of glucose tolerance. Minimal-model approach. Diabetes38 :1512– 1527,1989 .
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association: Diagnosis and classification of Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes Care31 :S55– S60,2008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, George J, Farrell GC, Enders F, Saksena S, Burt AD, Bida JP, Lindor K, Sanderson SO, Lenzi M, Adams LA, Kench J, Therneau TM, Day CP: The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.Hepatology45 :846– 854,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg WM, Voelker M, Thiel R, Becka M, Burt A, Schuppan D, Hubscher S, Roskams T, Pinzani M, Arthur MJ: European Liver Fibrosis Group. Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study.Gastroenterology127 :1704– 1713,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili V, Vizzutti F, Arena U, Abraldes JG, Marra F, Pietrobattista A, Fruhwirth R, Marcellini M, Pinzani M: Accuracy and reproducibility of transient elastography for the diagnosis of fibrosis in pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Hepatology2008 Apr 18.
   Google Scholar
• Schwimmer JB, Behling C, Newbury R, Dcutsch R, Nievergelt C, Schork NJ, Lavine JE: Histopathology of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Hepatology42 :641– 649,2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili V, Marcellini M, Devito R, Ciampalini P, Piemonte F, Comparcola D, Sartorelli MR, Angulo P: NAFLD in children: a prospective clinical-pathological study and effect of lifestyle advice.Hepatology44 :458– 465,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts EA: Pediatric nonalcholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A “growing” problem?J Hepatol46 :1133– 1142,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunt EM: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: definition and pathology.Semin Liver Dis21 :3– 16,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, Ferrell LD, Liu YC, Torbenson MS, Unalp-Arida A, Yeh M, McCullough AJ, Sanyal AJ: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Hepatology41 :1313– 1321,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili V, Manco M, Devito R, Di Ciommo V, Comparcola D, Sartorelli MR, Piemonte F, Marcellini M, Angulo P: Lifestyle intervention and antioxidants in children with non alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised controlled trial.Hepatology48 :119– 128,2008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zivkovic AM, German JB, Sanyal AJ: Comparative review of diets for the metabolic syndrome: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Am J Clin Nutr86 :285– 300,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solga S, Alkhuraishe AR, Clark JM, Torbenson M, Greenwald A, Diehl AM, Magnuson T: Dietary composition and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Dig Dis Sci49 :1578– 1583,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JW, Randles KM, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ: Carbohydrate and fiber recommendations for individuals with diabetes: a quantitative assessment and meta-analysis of the evidence.J Am Coll Nutr23 :5– 17,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, Caballero B, Frei B, Willett WC: A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States.Am J Clin Nutr83 :529– 542,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDevitt RM, Bott SJ, Harding M, Coward WA, Bluck LJ, Prentice AM. De novo lipogenesis during controlled overfeeding with sucrose or glucose in lean and obese women.Am J Clin Nutr74 :737– 746,2001 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschop M, Kiefer TJ, Rader D, Heiman M, Townsend RR, Keim NL, D'Alessio D, Havel PJ: Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women.J Clin Endocrinol Metab89 :2963– 2972,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Wei Y, Pagliassotti MJ: Saturated fatty acids promote endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver injury in rats with hepatic steatosis.Endocrinology147 :943– 51,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manco M, Calvani M, Mingrone G: Effects of dietary fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and secretion.Diabetes Obes Metab6 :402– 413,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Meigs JB, Manson JE, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB; Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.J Nutr135 :562– 566,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D: Trans fatty acids—effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function.Atheroscler Suppl7 :29– 32,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricon S, Burdge GC, Kew S, Banerjee T, Russell JJ, Jones EL, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Yaqoob P, Calder PC: Opposing effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on blood lipids in healthy humans.Am J Clin Nutr80 :614– 620,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricon S, Burdge GC, Jones EL, Russell JJ, El-Khazen S, Moretti E, Hall WL, Gerry AB, Leake DS, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Calder PC, Yaqoob P: Effects of dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on the blood lipid profile in healthy middle-aged men.Am J Clin Nutr83 :744– 753,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein AH. Thematic review series: patient-oriented research. Dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein: effects on plasma lipoprotein patterns.J Lipid Res47 :1661– 1667,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinciguerra M, Veyrat-Durebex C, Moukil MA, Rubbia-Brandt L, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Foti M: PTEN down-regulation by unsaturated fatty acids triggers hepatic steatosis via an NF kappaBp65/mTOR-dependent mechanism.Gastroenterology.134 :268– 280,2008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goheen SC, Larkin EC, Rao GA: Severe fatty liver in rats fed a fat-free ethanol diet, and its prevention by small amounts of dietary arachidonate.Lipids18 :285– 290,1983 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouziane M, Prost J, Belleville J: Dietary protein deficiency affects n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids hepatic storage and very low density lipoprotein transport in rats on different diets.Lipids29 :265– 272,1994 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke SD, Jump DB: Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription.Lipids31 :S7– S11,1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, Takahashi M, Ezaki O: Fish oil feeding decreases mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) by down-regulation of SREBP-1c mRNA in mouse liver. A possible mechanism for down-regulation of lipogenic enzyme mRNAs.J Biol Chem274 :25892– 25898,1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G: Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.Lancet358 :893– 894,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HZ, Yang SQ, Chuckaree C, Kuhajda F, Ronnet G, Diehl AM: Metformin reverses fatty liver disease in obese, leptin-deficient mice.Nat Med6 :998– 1003,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, Darland C, Finch J, Hardies J, Balas B, Gastaldelli A, Tio F, Pulcini J, Berria R, Ma JZ, Dwivedi S, Havranek R, Fincke C, DeFronzo R, Bannayan GA, Schenker S, Cusi K: A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.N Engl J Med355 :2297– 2307,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavine JE, Schwimmer JB: Clinical Research Network launches TONIC: trial for treatment of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in children.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr42 :129– 130,2006 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwimmer JB, Middleton MS, Deutsch R, Lavine JE: A phase 2 clinical trial of metformin as a treatment for non-diabetic paediatric non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.Aliment Pharmacol Ther21 :871– 879,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavine JE: Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: a pilot study.J Pediatr136 :734– 738,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vajro P, Mandato C, Franzese A, Ciccimarra E, Lucariello S, Savoia M, Capuano G, Migliaro F: Vitamin E treatment in pediatric obesity-related liver disease: a randomized study.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.38 :48– 55,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili V, Manco M, DeVito R, Ciampalini P, Piemonte F, Marcellini M: Effect of vitamin E on aminotransferase levels and insulin resistance in NAFLD children.Aliment Pharmacol Ther24 :1553– 1561,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili V, Manco M, Ciampalini P, Alisi A, Devito R, Bugianesi E, Marcellini M, Marchesini G: Metformin use in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An open-label, 24-month, observational pilot study.Clin Ther30 :1168– 1176,2008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar