5,822
Views
630
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Honey for Nutrition and Health: A Review

, PhD, , , PhD & , PhD
Pages 677-689 | Received 26 Jun 2007, Accepted 18 Oct 2007, Published online: 14 Jun 2013

REFERENCES

  • Crane E:“The Archaeology of Beekeeping.” London: Gerald Duckworth & Co.,1983 .
  • Crane E: History of honey. In Crane E (ed):“Honey, A Comprehensive Survey.” London: William Heinemann, pp439– 488,1975 .
  • Jones R: Honey and healing through the ages. In Munn P, Jones R (eds):“Honey and Healing.” Cardiff: International Bee Research Association IBRA, pp.1– 4,2001 .
  • Crane E:“The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting.” London: Gerald Duckworth & Co,1999 .
  • Allsop KA, Miller JB: Honey revisited: A reappraisal of honey in pre-industrial diets.Br J Nutr75 :513– 520,1996 .
  • Potschinkova P:“Bienenprodukte in der Medizin. Apitherapie.” München: Ehrenwirth Verlag,1992 .
  • Cherbuliez T, Domerego R:“L'Apitherapie.” Bruxelles: Amyris SPRL,2003 .
  • Molan P: Why honey is effective as a medicine. 1. Its use in modern medicine.Bee World80 :79– 92,1999 .
  • American Honey Board:Honey-Nutrition and Health. National Honey Board 1–27, 2005, www.honeystix.com/HoneyStix/compendium.pdf Accessed 13 June2007 .
  • Groeneveld M: Honig als Lebens- und Arzneimittel ?Dt Z Sportmed56 :364 ,2005 .
  • Al-Quassemi R, Robinson RK: Some special nutritional propeties of honey - a brief review.Nutr Food Sci33 :254– 260,2003 .
  • Heitkamp K: Pro und kontra Honig - Sind Aussagen zur Wirkung des Honigs “wissenschaftlich hinreichend gesichert”?Schriften zur Oecotrophologie1– 60,1984 .
  • Molan P: Why honey is effective as a medicine. 2. The scientific explanation of its effects.Bee World82 :22– 40,2001 .
  • White JW: Composition of honey. In Crane E (ed):“Honey. A Comprehensive Survey.” London: Heinemann Edition, pp157– 206,1975 .
  • Bogdanov S, Bieri K, Gremaud G, Iff D, Känzig A, Seiler K, Stockli H, Zürcher K: Bienenprodukte; 23 A Honig.Swiss Food Manual1– 35,2003 .
  • Heitkamp K, Busch-Stockfisch M: Pro und Kontra Honig - Sind Aussagen zur Wirkung des Honigs “wissenschaftlich hinreichend gesichert”?Z Lebensm Unters Forsch182 :279– 286,1986 .
  • Persano Oddo L, Piro R: Main European unifloral honeys: descriptive sheets.Apidologie35 :S38– S81,2004 .
  • Doner LW: The sugars of honey - a review.J Sci Food Agric28 :443– 456,1977 .
  • Siddiqui IR: The sugars of honey.Adv Carbohyd Chem25 :285– 309,1970 .
  • Conti ME: Lazio region (Central Italy) honeys: a survey of mineral content and typical quality parameters.Food Control11 :459– 463,2000 .
  • Terrab A, Hernanz D, Heredia FJ: Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric determination of minerals in thyme honeys and their contribution to geographical discrimination.J Agric Food Chem52 :3441– 3445,2004 .
  • Iskander FY: Trace and minor elements in four commercial honey brands.J. Radioanalyt Nuclear Chem201 :401– 408,1995 .
  • Rodriguez-Otero JL, Paseiro P, Simal J, Cepeda A: Mineral content of the honeys produced in Galicia (North-west Spain).Food Chem49 :169– 171,1994 .
  • Golob T, Dobersek U, Kump P, Necemer M: Determination of trace and minor elements in Slovenian honey by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.Food Chem91 :593– 600,2005 .
  • Yilmaz H, Yavuz O: Content of some trace metals in honey from south-eastern Anatolia.Food Chem65 :475– 476,1999 .
  • Bengsch E: Connaissance du miel. Des oligo-éléments pour la santé.Rev franç apicult569 :383– 386,1992 .
  • Bogdanov S, Matzke A: Honig - eine natürliche Süsse. In Matzke A, Bogdanov S (ed):“Der Schweizerische Bienenvater, Bienenprodukte und Apitherapie.” Winikon: Fachschriftenverlag VDRB, pp7– 40,2003 .
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung:“Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr,” 1st ed. Frankfurt am Main: Umschau/Braus,2000 .
  • Crane E, Walker P, Day R:“Directory of important world honey sources.” London: International Bee Research Association,1984 .
  • Bogdanov S, Ruoff K, Persano Oddo L: Physico-chemical methods for the characterisation of unifloral honeys: a review.Apidologie35 :S4– S17,2007 .
  • Al-Mamary M, Al-Meeri A, Al-Habori M: Antioxidant activities and total phenolics of different types of honey.Nutr Res22 :1041– 1047,2002 .
  • Gheldof N, Engeseth NJ: Antioxidant capacity of honeys from various floral sources based on the determination of oxygen radical absorbance capacity and inhibition of in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in human serum samples.J Agric Food Chem50 :3050– 3055,2002 .
  • Tomás-Barberán F.A, Martos I, Ferreres F, Radovic BS, Anklam E: HPLC flavonoid profiles as markers for the botanical origin of European unifloral honeys.J Sci Food Agric81 :485– 496,2001 .
  • Kenjeric D, Mandic ML, Primorac L, Bubalo D, Perl A: Flavonoid profile of Robinia honeys produced in Croatia.Food Chem102 :683– 690,2007 .
  • Bogdanov S: Contaminants of bee products.Apidologie38 :1– 18,2006 .
  • de Bodt G: Les miels de rhododendrons.Les Carnets de CARI10– 12,1996 .
  • Edgar JA, Roeder EL, Molyneux RJ: Honey from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A potential threat to health.J Agric Food Chem50 :2719– 2730,2002 .
  • Arcot J, Brand-Miller J: A preliminary assesment of the glycemic index of honey. pp1– 24,2005 . www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/HBE/05–027.pdf Accessed 13 June 2007.
  • Foster-Powell K, Holt SHA, Brand-Miller JC: International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002.Am J Clin Nutr76 :5– 56,2002 .
  • Ischayek JI, Kern M: US honeys varying in glucose and fructose content elicit similar glycemic indexes.J Am Diet Ass106 :1260– 1262,2006 .
  • Kreider R, Rasmussen C, Lundberg J, Cowan P, Greenwood M, Earnest C, Almada A: Effects of ingesting carbohydrate gels on glucose, insulin and perception of hypoglycemia.FASEB J14 :A490 ,2000 .
  • Ludwig D: Dietary glycemic index and obesity.J Nutr130 :280S– 283S,2000 .
  • Jenkins D, Kendall C, Augustin L, Franceschi S, Hamidi M, Marchie A, Jenkins A, Axelsen M: Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease.Am J Clin Nutr76 :266S– 273S,2002 .
  • Al-Khalidi A, Jawad FH, Tawfiq NH: Effects of bees honey, zahdi dates and its syrup on blood glucose and serum insulin of diabetics.Nutr Rep Int21 :631– 643,1980 .
  • Jawad F.H, Al-Khalidi A, Tawfiq N.H: Effects of bees honey, zahdi date and its syrup on blood glucose and serum insulin of normal subjects.J Faculty Medicine, Baghdad23 :169– 180,1981 .
  • Peretti A, Carbini L, Dazzi E, Pittau L, Spanu P, Manai M: Uso razionale del miele nell’alimentazione dei diabetici.Clin Dietolog21 :13– 21,1994 .
  • Al-Waili NS: Natural honey lowers plasma glucose, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and blood lipids in healthy, diabetic, and hyperlipidemic subjects: Comparison with dextrose and sucrose.J Med Food7 :100– 107,2004 .
  • Al-Waili NS: Intrapulmonary administration of natural honey solution, hyperosmolar dextrose or hypoosmolar distill water to normal individuals and to patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension: Their effects on blood glucose level, plasma insulin and C-peptide, blood pressure and peaked expiratory flow rate.Eur J Med Res8 :295– 303,2003 .
  • Bejan V, Lacatis D, Petrus V, Bejan W, Creteanu G: L'emploi du fructose dans le regime du diabete sucre insulino-dependant.Ille Symposium International d’Apitherapie, 11–15 Septembre 1978, Portoroz, Yougoslavie. Bukarest: Apimondia,382– 384,1978 .
  • Bornet F, Haardt M., Costagliola D, Blayo A, Slama G: Sucrose or honey at breakfest have no additional acute hyperglycaemic effect over an isoglucic amount of bread in Type 2 diabetic patients.Diabetologia28 :213– 217,1985 .
  • Katsilambros NL, Philippides P, Touliatou A, Georgakopoulos K, Kofotzouli L, Frangaki D, Siskoudis P, Marangos M, Sfikakis P: Metabolic effects of honey (alone or combined with other foods) in type II diabetics.Acta Diabetol Lat25 :197– 203,1988 .
  • Samanta A, Burden AC, Jones GR: Plasma glucose responses to glucose, sucrose and honey in patients with diabetes mellitus: an analysis of glycaemic and peak incremental indices.Diabet Med2 :371– 373,1985 .
  • Liu SM, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Holmes MD, Hu FB, Hankinson SE, Willett WC: Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women.Am J Clin Nutr73 :560– 566,2001 .
  • Pi-Sunyer FX: Glycemic index and disease.Am J Clin Nutr76 :290S– 298S,2002 .
  • Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ: Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome.Am J Clin Nutr76 :911– 922,2002 .
  • Busserolles J, Gueux E, Rock E, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y: Substituting honey for refined carbohydrates protects rats from hypertriglyceridemic and prooxidative effects of fructose.J Nutr132 :3379– 3382,2002 .
  • Yamada S, Itoh E, Murakami Y, Asano M: Prevention of ethanol-induced erythrocyte transformations by fructose and natural honey in low alcohol tolerance mice.Pathophysiology6 :163– 170,1999 .
  • Onyesom I: Effect of Nigerian citrus (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) honey on ethanol metabolism.S Afr Med J94 :984– 986,2004 .
  • Onyesom I: Honey-induced stimulation of blood ethanol elimination and its influence on serum triacylglycerol and blood pressure in man.Ann Nutr Metab49 :319– 324,2005 .
  • Molan PC: Honey as an antimicrobial agent. In Mizrahi A, Lensky Y (eds):“Bee Products: Properties, Applications and Apitherapy.” New York: Plenum Press, pp27– 37,1997 .
  • Molan PC: The antibacterial activity of honey. 1. The nature of the antibacterial activity.Bee World73 :5– 28,1992 .
  • Molan PC: The antibacterial activity of honey. 2. Variation in the potency of the antibacterial activity.Bee World73 :59– 76,1992 .
  • Bogdanov S: Nature and origin of the antibacterial substances in honey.Lebensm.-Wiss-Technol30 :748– 753,1997 .
  • Zeina B, Othman O, Al-Assad S: Effect of honey versus thyme on Rubella virus survival in vitro.J Altern Complement Med2 :345– 348,1996 .
  • Zeina B, Zohra BI, al Assad S: The effects of honey on Leishmania parasites: an in vitro study.Trop Doct27(Suppl 1) :36– 38,1997 .
  • Kilicoglu B, Kismet K, Koru O, Tanyuksel M, Oruc MT, Sorkun K, Akkus MA: The scolicidal effects of honey.Adv Ther23 :1077– 1083,2006 .
  • White JW, Subers MH, Schepartz AJ: The identification of inhibine, the antibacterial factor in honey, as hydrogen peroxide and its origin in a honey glucose-oxidase system.Biochim Biophys Acta73 :57– 70,1963 .
  • Dustmann JH: Über die Katalaseaktivität in Bienenhonig aus der Tracht der Heidekrautgewächse (Ericacea).Z Lebensm Unters Forsch145 :292– 295,1971 .
  • Russell KM, Molan PC, Wilkins AL, Holland PT: Identification of some antibacterial constituents of New Zealand Manuka honey.J Agric Food Chem38 :10– 13,1988 .
  • Cushnie T, Lamb A: Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids.Int J Antimicrob Agents26 :343– 356,2005 .
  • Weston RJ, Mitchell KR, Allen KL: Antibacterial phenolic components of New Zealand manuka honey.Food Chem64 :295– 301,1999 .
  • Yatsunami K, Echigo T: Antibacterial action of honey and royal jelly (Japanese).Honeybee Sci5 :125– 130,1984 .
  • Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM: Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA90 :7915– 7922,1993 .
  • Parthasarathy S, Steinberg D, Witztum JL: The role of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.Annu Rev Med43 :219– 225,1992 .
  • Beretta G, Granata P, Ferrero M, Orioli M, Facino RM: Standardization of antioxidant properties of honey by a combination of spectrophotometric/fluorimetric assays and chemometrics.Anal Chim Acta533 :185– 191,2005 .
  • D’Arcy BR:Antioxidants in Australian floral honeys -Identification of health-enhancing nutrient components. RIRDC Publication No 05/040, 1,2005 .
  • Gheldof N, Wang XH, Engeseth NJ: Identification and quantification of antioxidant components of honeys from various floral sources.J Agric Food Chem50 :5870– 5877,2002 .
  • Frankel S, Robinson GE, Berenbaum MR: Antioxidant capacity and correlated characteristics of 14 unifloral honeys.J Apic Res37 :27– 31,1998 .
  • Aljadi AM, Kamaruddin MY: Evaluation of the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of two Malaysian floral honeys.Food Chem85 :513– 518,2004 .
  • Inoue K, Murayarna S, Seshimo F, Takeba K, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H: Identification of phenolic compound in manuka honey as specific superoxide anion radical scavenger using electron spin resonance (ESR) and liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection.J Sci Food Agric85 :872– 878,2005 .
  • Fahey JW, Stephenson KK: Pinostrobin from honey and Thai ginger (Boesenbergia pandurata): A potent flavonoid inducer of mammalian phase 2 chemoprotective and antioxidant enzymes.J Agric Food Chem.50 :7472– 7476,2002 .
  • Blasa M, Candiracci M, Accorsi A, Piacentini M, Albertini M, Piatti E: Raw Millefiori honey is packed full of antioxidants.Food Chem97 :217– 222,2006 .
  • Nagai T, Inoue R, Kanamori N, Suzuki N, Nagashima T: Characterization of honey from different floral sources. Its functional properties and effects of honey species on storage of meat.Food Chem97 :256– 262,2006 .
  • Perez RA, Iglesias MT, Pueyo E, Gonzalez M, de Lorenzo C: Amino acid composition and antioxidant capacity of Spanish honeys.J Agric Food Chem55 :360– 365,2007 .
  • Gheldof N, Wang XH, Engeseth NJ: Buckwheat honey increases serum antioxidant capacity in humans.J Agric Food Chem51 :1500– 1505,2003 .
  • Schramm DD, Karim M, Schrader HRt Holt RR, Cardetti M, Keen CL: Honey with high levels of antioxidants can provide protection to healthy human subjects.J Agric Food Chem51 :1732– 1735,2003 .
  • Al-Waili NS: Effects of daily consumption of honey solution on hematological indices and blood levels of minerals and enzymes in normal individuals.J Med Food6 :135– 140,2003 .
  • Baltrusaityte V, Venskutonis PR, Ceksteryte V: Radical scavenging activity of different floral origin honey and beebread phenolic extracts.Food Chem101 :502– 514,2007 .
  • Kücük M, Kolayli S, Karaoglu S, Ulusoy E, Baltaci C, Candan F: Biological activities and chemical composition of three honeys of different types from Anatolia.Food Chem100 :526– 534,2007 .
  • Vela L, de Lorenzo C, Pérez RA: Antioxidant capacity of Spanish honeys and its correlation with polyphenol content and other physicochemical properties.J Sci Food Agric87 :1069– 1075,2007 .
  • Wang XH, Gheldof N, Engeseth NJ: Effect of processing and storage on antioxidant capacity of honey.J Food Sci69 :C96– C101,2004 .
  • Turkmen N, Sari F, Poyrazoglu ES, Velioglu YS: Effects of prolonged heating on antioxidant activity and colour of honey.Food Chem95 :653– 657,2006 .
  • Wang XH, Andrae L, Engeseth NJ: Antimutagenic effect of various honeys and sugars against Trp-p-1.J Agric Food Chem50 :6923– 6928,2002 .
  • Murosaki S, Muroyama K, Yamamoto Y, Liu T, Yoshikai Y: Nigerooligosacharides augments natural killer activity of hepatic mononuclear cells in mice.Int Immunopharmacol2 :151– 159,2002 .
  • Orsolic N, Basic I: Honey as a cancer-preventive agent.Periodicum Biolog106 :397– 401,2004 .
  • Orsolic N, Knezevic AH, Sver L, Terzic S, Heckenberger BK, Basic I: Influence of honey bee products on transplantable murine tumours.Vet Comp Oncology1 :216– 226,2003 .
  • Swellam T, Miyanaga N, Onozawa M, Hattori K, Kawai K, Shimazui T, Akaza H: Antineoplastic activity of honey in an experimental bladder cancer implantation model: in vivo and in vitro studies.Int J Urol10 :213– 219,2003 .
  • Al-Waili NS, Boni NS: Natural honey lowers plasma prostaglandin concentrations in normal individuals.J Med Food6 :129– 133,2003 .
  • Bilsel Y, Bugra D, Yamaner S, Bulut T, Cevikbas U, Turkoglu U: Could honey have a place in colitis therapy? Effects of honey, prednisolone, and disulfiram on inflammation, nitric oxide, and free radical formation.Dig Surg19 :306– 311,2002 .
  • Postmes T: The treatment of burns and other wounds with honey. In Munn P, Jones R (eds):“Honey and Healing.” Cardiff: IBRA International Bee Research Association, pp41– 47,2001 .
  • Al-Waili NS, Haq A: Effect of honey on antibody production against thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens in primary and secondary immune responses.J Med Food7 :491– 494,2004 .
  • Duddukuri GR, Kumar PS, Kumar VB, Athota RR: Immunosuppressive effect of honey on the induction of allergen-specific humoral antibody response in mice.Int Arch Allergy Immunol114 :385– 388,1997 .
  • Shannon IL, Edmonds EJ, Madsen KO: Honey: sugar content and cariogenicity.J Dent Children46 :29– 33,1979 .
  • Lembke A, Kay HW, Rathjen G: Kariogene Wirkungen von zuckerhaltigen Lebensmitteln am Beispiel von Aufstrichen.Milchwissenschaft37 :467– 471,1982 .
  • Thylstrup A, Fejerskov O:“Textbook of Cariology.” Copenhagen: Munksgaard,1986 .
  • Bowen WH, Lawrence RA: Comparison of the cariogenicity of cola, honey, cow milk, human milk, and sucrose.Pediatrics116 :921– 926,2005 .
  • Decaix C: Comparative study of sucrose and honey.Chir Dent Fr46 :59– 60,1976 .
  • Steinberg D, Kaine G, Gedalia I: Antibacterial effect of propolis and honey on oral bacteria.Am J Dent9 :236– 239,1996 .
  • Molan PC: Honey for oral health.J. Dental Res80 :1– 130,2001 .
  • Sela MO, Shapira L, Grizim I, Lewinstein I, Steinberg D, Gedalia I, Grobler SR: Effects of honey consumption on enamel microhardness in normal versus xerostomic patients.J. Oral Rehabil25 :630– 634,1998 .
  • Edgar WM, Jenkins GN: Solubility-reducing agents in honey and partly-refined crystalline sugar.Br Dent J136 :7– 14,1974 .
  • English HK, Pack AR, Molan PC: The effects of manuka honey on plaque and gingivitis: a pilot study.J Int Acad Periodontol6 :63– 67,2004 .
  • Grobler SR, du Toit IJ, Basson NJ: The effect of honey on human tooth enamel in vitro observed by electron microscopy and microhardness measurements.Arch Oral Biol39 :147– 153,1994 .
  • al-Bukhaari M:“Holy Hadith (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Arabic).” 3rd ed. Chicago: Kazi Publications,1994 .
  • Celsus C:“De medicina.” London: Heinemann,1935 .
  • Khotkina ML:Honey as part of therapy for patients with stomach ulcers. Collection of papers Irkutsk State Medical Institute252– 262,1955 .
  • Ludyanskii EA:“Apiterapia.” Vologda, Russia: Poligrafist,1994 .
  • Menshikov FK, Feidman SI: Curing stomach ulcers with honey.Sovetskaya Meditsing10 :13– 14,1949 .
  • Mladenov S:“Pcelnite produkti hrana i lekarstvo (BG) / The bee products - food and medicine.” Sofia: Medizina i Fizkultura,1978 .
  • Slobodianiuk AA, Slobodianiuk MS: Complex treatment of gastritis patients with high stomach secretion in combination with (and without) a 15–20% solution of honey.Ufa, Bashkir. Khniz. izd.-vo ,1969 , cited from [ 8].
  • Salem SN: Honey regimen in gastrointestinal disorders.Bull Islamic Med1 :358– 362,1981 .
  • al Somal N, Coley KE, Molan PC, Hancock BM: Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to the antibacterial activity of Manuka honey.J R Soc Med87 :9– 12,1994 .
  • Ali ATMM, Chowdhury MNH, Al-Humayyd MS: Inhibitory effect of natural honey on Helicobacter pylori.Trop Gastroenterol12 :139– 143,1991 .
  • Osato MS, Reddy SG, Graham DY: Osmotic effect of honey on growth and viability of Helicobacter pylori.Dig Dis Sci44 :462– 464,1999 .
  • Ali ATM: Natural honey accelerates healing of indomethacin-induced antral ulcers in rats.Saudi Med J16 :161– 166,1995 .
  • Kandil A, El-Banby M, Abdel-Wahed K, Abdel-Gawwad M, Fayez M: Curative properties of true floral and false nonfloral honeys and induced gastric ulcers.J Drug Res Egypt17 :103– 106,1987 .
  • Gharzouli K, Amira S, Gharzouli A, Khennouf S: Gastro protective effects of honey and glucose-fructose-sucrose-maltose mixture against ethanol-, indomethacin-, and acidified aspirin-induced lesions in the rat.Exp Toxicol Pathol54 :217– 221,2002 .
  • Gharzouli K, Gharzouli A, Amira S, Khennouf S: Prevention of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats by natural honey and glucose-fructose-sucrose-maltose mixture.Pharmacol Res43 :509 ,2001 .
  • Al Swayeh OA, Ali ATMM: Effect of ablation of capsaicin-sensitive neurons on gastric protection by honey and sucralfate.Hepato-Gastroenterol45 :297– 302,1998 .
  • Nasuti C, Gabbianelli R, Falcioni G, Cantalamessa F: Antioxidative and g astro protective activities of anti-inflammatory formulations derived from chestnut honey in rats.Nutr Res26 :130– 137,2006 .
  • Ali ATMM: Natural honey exerts its protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats by preventing depletion of glandular nonprotein sulfhydryls.Trop Gastroenterol16 :18– 26,1995 .
  • Ali ATMM: Natural honey prevents ischaemia-reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal lesions and increased vascular permeability in rats.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol9 :1101– 1107,1997 .
  • Baltuskevicius A, Laiskonis A, Vysniauskiene D, Ceksteryte V, Racys J: Use of different kinds of honey for hepatitis A treatment and for reduction of increased acidity of gastric juice.Zemdirbyste, Mokslo Darbai76 :173– 180,2001 .
  • Pokorn D, Vukmirovic V:Velocity of gastric emptying of saccharides after administering honey and pure invert sugar, III International Apitherapy, Symposium 11–15 September 1978 , Portoroz, Yougoslava. Bukarest: Apimondia, pp.277– 279,1978 .
  • Sanz ML, Polemis N, Morales V, Corzo N, Drakoularakou A, Gibson GR, Rastall RA: In vitro investigation into the potential prebiotic activity of honey oligosaccharides.J Agric Food Chem53 :2914– 2921,2005 .
  • Yun YW: Fructooligosaccharides - occurrence, preparation and application.Enzyme Microb Technol19 :107– 117,1996 .
  • Ustunol Z: The effect of honey on the growth of bifidobacteria. Report for the National Honey Board 1–8, 2000. http://www.honey.com/downloads/bifido.pdf Accessed 25 May2007 .
  • Kajiwara S, Gandhi H, Ustunol Z: Effect of honey on the growth of and acid production by human intestinal Bifidobacterium spp: An in vitro comparison with commercial oligosaccharides and inulin.J Food Prot65 :214– 218,2002 .
  • Shin H.S, Ustunol Z: Carbohydrate composition of honey from different floral sources and their influence on growth of selected intestinal bacteria: An in vitro comparison.Food Res Int38 :721– 728,2005 .
  • Shamala TR, Jyothi YS, Saibaba P: Stimulatory effect of honey on multiplication of lactic acid bacteria under in vitro and in vivo conditions.Lett Appl Microbiol30 :453– 455,2000 .
  • Haffejee IE, Moosa A: Honey in the treatment of infantile gastroenteritis.Br Med J290 :1866– 1867,1985 .
  • Ladas SD, Haritos DN, Raptis SA: Honey may have a laxative effect on normal subjects because of incomplete fructose absorption.Am J Clin Nutr62 :1212– 1215,1995 .
  • Ladas SD, Raptis S.A: Honey, fructose absorption, and the laxative effect.Nutrition15 :591– 592,1999 .
  • Riby JE, Fujisawa T, Kretchmer N: Fructose absorption.Am J Clin Nutr58 :748– 753,1993 .
  • Sirnik V, Koch V, Golob T: L'influence du miel sur la digestibilité des substances nutritives chez le rat albinos.III International Apitherapy, Symposium 11–15 September 1978 , Portoroz, Yougoslava. Bukarest: Apimondia, pp286– 290,1978 .
  • Al-Waili NS: Identification of nitric oxide metabolites in various honeys: effects of intravenous honey on plasma and urinary nitric oxide metabolites concentrations.J Med Food6 :359– 364,2003 .
  • Al-Waili NS, Boni NS: Honey increased saliva, plasma, and urine content of total nitrite concentrations in normal individuals.J Med Food7 :377– 380,2004 .
  • Frauenfelder RA:“Der Honig als Genuss-, Nähr- und Kräftigungsmittel.” Biel-Madretsch: Buchdruckerei A. Umiker, pp3– 32,1921 .
  • Müller L: Der Bienenhonig in der Säuglingsernährung bei Berücksichtigung einer neuen Fertignahrung.Med Monatsschrift10 :729– 732,1956 .
  • Ramenghi LA, Amerio G, Sabatino G: Honey, a palatable substance for infants: from De Rerum Natura to evidence-based medicine.Eur J Pediatr160 :677– 678,2001 .
  • Mommsen H: Honig start Zucker in der Ernährung des Säuglings.Dt Hebammen-Z9 :10– 12,1957 .
  • Takuma DT: Honig bei der Aufzucht von Säuglingen.Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde103 :160– 161,1955 .
  • Tropp C: Der Honig und seine Bedeutung in der Säuglings- und Kinderernährung.Der Landarzt33 :250– 252,1957 .
  • Rivero-Urgell M, Santamaria-Orleans A: Oligosaccharides: application in infant food (review).Early Hum Dev65 :43– 52,2001 .
  • Hübner B: Säuglingsernährung mit Honigmilch (Nektar-Mil).Münchner Medizin Wochenschrift100 :311– 313,1958 .
  • Bianchi EM: Honey: Its importance in children's nutrition.Amer Bee J117 :733 ,1977 .
  • Cox N, Hinkle R: Infant botulism.Am Fam Physician65 :1388– 1392,2002 .
  • Tanzi MG, Gabay MP: Association between honey consumption and infant botulism.Pharmacotherapy22 :1479– 1483,2002 .
  • McMaster P, Piper S, Schell D, Gillis J, Chong A: A taste of honey.J Paediatr Child Health36 :596– 597,2000 .
  • Müller-Bunke H, Höck A, Schöntube M, Noack R: Säuglingsbotulismus.Monatsschrift für Kinderheilkunde3 :242– 245,2000 .
  • European Commission: Honey and microbiological hazards. Report European Commission of Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General 1–40, 2002. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scv/out53_en.pdf Accessed 13 June2007 .
  • Kreider RB, Rasmussen CJ, Lancaster SL, Kerksick C, Greenwood M: Honey: An alternative sports gel.Strength Conditioning J.24 ,50– 51,2002 .
  • Leutholz B, Kreider R: Optimising nutrition of exercise and sport. In Wilson T, Temple N (ed):“Nutritional Health”. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp207– 235,2001 .
  • Earnest C, Kreider R, Lundberg J, Rasmussen C, Cowan P, Greenwood M, Almada A: Effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on glucose and insulin responses during and after resistance exercise.J Strength Cond Res14 :361 ,2000 .
  • Earnest CP, Lancaster SL, Rasmussen CJ, Kerksick CM, Lucia A, Greenwood MC, Almada AL, Cowand PA, Kreider RB: Low versus high glycemic index meals carbohydrate gel ingestion during simulated 64 km cycling time trial performance.J Strength Cond Res18 :466– 472,2004 .
  • Biswal BM, Zakaria A, Ahmad NM: Topical application of honey in the management of radiation mucositis. A preliminary study.Support Care Cancer11 :242– 248,2003 .
  • Zidan J, Shetver L, Gershuny A, Abzah A, Tamam S, Stein M, Friedman E: Prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia by special honey intake.Med Oncol23 :549– 552,2006 .
  • Bousquet J, Campos J, Michel F.B: Food intolerance to honey.Allergy39 :73– 75,1984 .
  • Helbling A, Peter C, Berchtold E, Bogdanov S, Müller U: Allergy to honey: Relation to pollen and honey bee allergy.Allergy47 :41– 49,1992 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.