Vitamin D Supplementation during Lactation to Support Infant and Mother

REFERENCES

• Alouf B, Grigalonis M: Incidental finding of vitamin-D deficient rickets in an otherwise healthy infant—a reappraisal of current vitamin-D supplementation guidelines.J Natl Med Assoc97 :1170– 1173,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian, Shivbalan S, Kumar PS: Hypocalcemia due to vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants.Indian Pediatr43 :247– 251,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawodu A, Khadir A, Hardy DJ, Varady E: Nutritional rickets in the United Emirates: an unresolved cause of childhood morbidity.Middle E Paediatr7 :12– 14,2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Greer FR: Issues in establishing vitamin D recommendations for infants and children.Am J Clin Nutr80 :1759S– 1762S,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiter SR, Schwartz RP, Kirkman HN, Charlton PA, Calikoglu AS, Davenport ML: Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants.J Pediatr137 :153– 7,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajakumar K, Thomas SB: Reemerging nutritional rickets: a historical perspective.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med159 :335– 341,2005 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sills IN, Skuza KA, Horlick MN, Schwartz MS, Rapaport R: Vitamin D deficiency rickets: reports of its demise are exaggerated.Clin Pediatr491– 493,1994 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomashek KM, Nesby S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, Powell KE, Parashar UD, Mellinger-Birdsong A, Grummer-Strawn LM, Dietz WH: Nutritional rickets in Georgia.Pediatrics107 :E45 ,2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward LM, Gaboury I, Ladhani M, Zlotkin S: Vitamin D-deficiency rickets among children in Canada.CMAJ177 :161– 166,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiler HA, Leslie WD, Krahn J, Steiman PW, Metge CJ: Canadian Aboriginal women have a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency than non-Aboriginal women despite similar dietary vitamin D intakes.J Nutr137 :461– 465,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisburg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME: Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003.Am J Clin Nutr80 (Suppl):1697S– 1670S,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch TR, Tsang RC: Vitamin D-deficient rickets: the reemergence of a once-conquered disease.J Pediatr137 :143– 145,2000 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner CL, Greer FR: American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents.Pediatrics122 :1142– 1152,2008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari H, Dietrich T, Orav E, Dawson-Hughes B: Positive association between 25(OH)D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults.Amer J Med116 :634– 9,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirilov G, Dakovska L, Lovacheva R: The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int.J Clin Pract57 :258– 261,2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Boucher BJ, Mannan N, Noonan K, Hales CN, Evans SJ: Glucose intolerance and impairment of insulin secretion in relation to vitamin D deficiency in east London Asians.Diabetologia38 :1239– 1245,1995 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VLW, Saad MF: Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction.Am J Clin Nutr79 :820– 825,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranney A, Horsely T, O'Donnell S, Weiler HA, Puil L, Ooi DS, Atkinson S, Ward L, Moher D, Hanley D, Fang M, Yazdi F, Garritty C, Sampson M, Barrowman N, Tsertsvadze A, Mamaladze V:“Effectiveness and Safety of Vitamin D in Relation to Bone Health.” Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 158 (Prepared by the University of Ottawa Evidence-Based Practice Center (UO-EPC) under Contract No. 290-02-0021.) AHRQ Publication No. 07-E013. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R: Estimates of optimal vitamin D status.Osteoporos Int16 :713– 716,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich T, Nunn M, Dawson-Hughes B, Bischoff-Ferrari HA: Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gingival inflammation.Am J Clin Nutr82 :575– 580,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froicu M, Weaver V, Wynn T, McDowell MA, Welsh JE, Cantorna MT: A crucial role for the vitamin D receptor in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases.Mol Endocrinol17 :2386– 2392,2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Grant WB, Giovannucci EL, Lipkin M, Newmark H, Holick MF, Garland FC: Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol103 :708– 711,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillie O:“Sunlight Robbery: Health Benefits of Sunlight Are Denied by Current Public Health Policy in the UK.” Health Research Forum Occasional Reports: No 1,2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Gloth FM, Tobin JD, Sherman SS, Hollis BW: Is the recommended daily allowance for vitamin D too low for the homebound elderly?J Am Geriatric Soc39 :137– 141,1991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, Holick MF: Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysis.Am J Prev Med32 :210– 216,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley D, Davison K: Vitamin D insufficiency in North America.J Nutr135 :332– 337,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness L, Cromer B: Low levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D are associated with elevated PTH in healthy adolescent females.Osteoporo Int16 :109– 113,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris SS: Vitamin D in type 1 diabetes prevention.J Nutr135 :323– 325,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A: Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.J Amer College Nutr22 :142– 146,2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF: Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis.Am J Clin Nutr79 :362– 371,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis BW: Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective DRI for vitamin D.J Nutr135 :317– 322,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM: Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study.Lancet358 :1500– 1503,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krall EA, Wehler C, Garcia RI, Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B: Calcium and vitamin D supplements reduce tooth loss in the elderly.Am J Med111 :452– 456,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial.Am J Clin Nutr85 :1586– 1591,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefkowitz E, Garland C: Sunlight, vitamin D, and ovarian cancer mortality rates in US women.Int J Epidemiol23 :1133– 1136,1994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL: Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response.Science311 :1770– 1773,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath J: Hypothesis: is low prenatal vitamin D a risk-modifying factor for schizophrenia?Schizophr Res49 :173– 177,1999 .
   Google Scholar
• Meier C, Woitge H, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ: Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during winter prevents seasonal bone loss: a randomized controlled open-label prospective trial.J Bone Mineral Res19 :12221– 12230,2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Merlino LA, Curtis J, Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Saag KG: Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis & Rheumatism50 :72– 7,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger K, Zhang S, O'Reilly E, Heman MA, Olek MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A: Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis.Neurology62 :60– 65,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman SS, Hollis BW, Tobin J: Vitamin D status and related parameters in a healthy population: the effects of age, sex, and season.J Clin Endocrinol Metab71 :405– 413,1990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth R, Ladak Y, Walfish PG: Age-related changes in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D versus parathyroid hormone relationship suggest a different reason why older adults require more vitamin D.J Clin Endocrinol Metab88 :185– 191,2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer FR, Hollis BW, Cripps DJ, Tsang RC: Effects of maternal ultraviolet B irradiation on vitamin d content of human milk.J Pediatr105 :431– 433,1984 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer FR, Hollis BW, Napoli JL: High concentrations of vitamin D2 in human milk associated with pharmacologic doses of vitamin D2.J Pediatr105 :61– 64,1984 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollis BW: Individual quantitation of vitamin D2, vitamin D3, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3 in human milk.Analytical Biochem131 :211– 219,1983 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis BW, Wagner CL: Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant.Am J Clin Nutr80 (suppl):1752S– 1758S,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, Fanning D, Hollis Bruce: High dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a cohort of breastfeeding mothers and their infants: a six-month follow-up pilot study.Breastfeeding Med2 :59– 70,2006 .
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health: Ultraviolet light: a hazard to children.Pediatrics104 :328– 333,1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First Nations, Inuit and Métis Health Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS): Vitamin D supplementation: Recommendations for Canadian mothers and infants.Paediatr Child Health12 :583– 589,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP, Dowell S, Chen TC, Holick MF: Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men.Osteoporos Int8 :222– 230,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney RP, Davies LM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ: Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol.Am J Clin Nutr77 :204– 210,2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesby-O'Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Hollis BW, Looker AC, Allen C, Doughertly C, Gunter EW, Bowman BA: Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994.Am J Clin Nutr76 :187– 192,2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth R: Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety.Am J Clin Nutr69 :842– 856,1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD: Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level.Am J Clin Nutr73 :288– 294,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting SJ, Calvo MS: Dietary recommendations to meet both endocrine and autocrine needs of vitamin D.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol97 :7– 12,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis BW and Wagner CL: Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation.Am J Clin Nutr79 :717– 726,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF: Evolution, functions, and RDA. In Holick MF (ed):“Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications”. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, Inc, pp1– 16,1999 .
   Google Scholar
• Armas L, Hollis BW, Heaney RP: Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans.J Clin Endocrinol Metab89 :5387– 5391,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad JG, Stamp TC: Circulating 25(OH)D in man.Amer J Med57 :57– 62,1974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markestad T, Aksnes L, Finne PH, Aarskog D: Plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in premature infants.Pediatr Res18 :269– 272,1984 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghazarian JG, Jefcoate CR, Knutson JC, Orme-Johnson WH, Deluca HF: Mitochondrial cytochrome P450: a component of chick kidney 25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase.J Biological Chem249 :3026– 3033,1974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewison M, Zehnder D, Chakraverty R: Vitamin D and barrier function: a novel role for extra-renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase.Mol Cell Endocrinol215 :31– 38,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad JG, Chyu K: Competitive protein-binding radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.J Clin Endocrinol Metab33 :992– 995,1971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin D. In“Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride.” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp250– 287,1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Haddad JG, Hollis BW: In vivo threshold for cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3.J Lab Clin Med114 :301– 305,1989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka LY, Wortsamn J, Hollis BW: Use of topical sunscreen for the evaluation of regional synthesis of vitamin D3.J Am Acad Dermatol22 :772– 775,1990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens T, Adams JS, Henderson SL, Holick MF: Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesize vitamin D3.Lancet9 :74– 76,1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF: Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin.J Clin Endocrinol Metab67 :373– 378,1988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris SS: Vitamin D and African Americans.J Nutr136 :1126– 1129,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Specker BL, Tsang RC, Hollis BW: Effect of race and diet on human-milk vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D.Am J Dis Child139 :1134– 1137,1985 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollis BW, Roos BA, Draper HH, Lambert PW: Vitamin D and its metabolites in human and bovine milk.J Nutr111 :1240 ,1981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis BW, Roos BA, Lambert PW: Vitamin D in plasma: Quantitation by a nonequilbrium ligand binding assay.Steroids37 :609– 619,1981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horst RL, Reinhardt TA, Beitz DC, Littledike ET: A sensitive competitive protein binding assay for vitamin D in plasma.Steroids37 :581– 591,1981 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drummond JC, Gray CH, Richardson NE: The antirachitic value of human milk.Br Med J2 :757 ,1939 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris BS, Bunker JW: Vitamin D potency of human breast milk.Am J Public Health29 :744– 747,1939 .
   Google Scholar
• Polskin LF, Kraer B, Sobel AE: Secretion of vitamin D in milks of women fed fish liver oil.J Nutr30 :451 ,1945 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reeve LE, Chesney RW, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D of human milk: identification of biologically active forms.Am J Clin Nutr36 :122– 126,1982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisman Y, Bawnik JC, Eisenberg Z, Spirer Z: Vitamin D metabolites in human milk.J Pediatr100 :745– 748,1982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis BW, Pittard WB, Reinhardt TA: Relationships among vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin D-binding protein concentrations in the plasma and milk of human subjects.J Clin Endocrinol Metab62 :41– 44,1986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancela L, Le Boulch N, Miravet L: Relationship between the vitamin D content of maternal milk and the vitamin D status of nursing women and breast-fed infants.J Endocrinol110 :43– 50,1986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R: Risk assessment for vitamin D.Am J Clin Nutr85 :6– 18,2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang NK, Gupta RC, Jain MK: Role of vitamin D in pulmonary tuberculosis.J Assoc Physicians India32 :185– 188,1984 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Challa A, Ntourntoufi A, Cholevas V, Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Andronikou S: Breastfeeding and vitamin D status in Greece during the first 6 months of life.Eur J Pediatr164 :724– 729,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozza JM, Rodda CP: Vitamin D deficiency in mothers of infants with rickets.MJA175 :153– 155,2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler EE, Hollis BW, Nelson SE, Jeter JM: Vitamin d deficiency in breastfed infants in Iowa.Pediatrics118 :603– 610,2006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawodu A, Agarwal M, Sankarankutty M, Hardy D, Kochiyil J, Badrinath P: Higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in mothers of rachitic than nonrachitic children.J Pediatr147 :109– 111,2005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawodu A, Agarwal M, Hossain M, Kochiyil J, Zayed R: Hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers in summer: a justification for vitamin D supplementation of breast-feeding infants.J Pediatr142 :169– 173,2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess AF: The History of Rickets. In Hess AF (ed):“Rickets Including Osteomalacia and Tetany.” Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, pp22– 37,1929 .
   Google Scholar
• Zamora SA, Rizzoli R, Belli DC, Slosman DO, Bonjour J-P: Vitamin D supplementation during infancy is associated with higher bone mineral mass in prepubertal girls.J Clin Endocrinol Metab84 :4541– 4544,1999 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greer FR, Marshall S: Bone mineral content, serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations, and ultraviolet B light exposure in infants fed human milk with and without vitamin D2 supplements.J Pediatr114 :204– 212,1989 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greer FR, Searcy JE, Levin RS, Steichen JJ, Steichen-Ashe PS, Tsang RC: Bone mineral content and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in breast-fed infants with and without supplemental vitamin D: One-year follow-up.J Pediatr100 :919– 922,1982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park MJ, Namgung R, Kim DH, Tsang RC: Bone mineral content is not reduced despite low vitamin D status in breast milk-fed infants versus cow's milk based formula-fed infants.J Pediatr132 :641– 645,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Specker BL, Ho ML, Oestreich A, Yin TA, Shui QM, Chen XC, Tsang RC: Prospective study of vitamin D supplementation and rickets in China.J Pediatr120 :733– 739,1992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson SA, Tsang RC: Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D. In Tsang RC, Uauy R, Koletzko B, Zlotkin SH (eds):“Nutrition of the Preterm Infant: Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines,” 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH: Digital Educational Publishing, Inc, pp245– 276,2005 .
   Google Scholar
• “Mead Johnson Nutritionals Product Handbook.”2004 Mead Johnson and Company. Evansville, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Pittard WB, Geddes KM, Hulsey TC, Hollis BW: How much vitamin D for neonates?Am J Dis Child145 :1147– 1149,1991 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeghoud F, Vervel C, Guillozo H, Walrant-Debray O, Boutignon H, Garabédian M: Subclinical vitamin D deficiency in neonates: definition and response to vitamin D supplements.Am J Clin Nutr65 :771– 778,1997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ala-Houhala M: 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during breast-feeding with or without maternal or infantile supplementation of vitamin D.J Pediatr Gastroenerol Nutr4 :220– 226,1985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ala-Houhala M, Koskinen T, Terho A, Koivula T, Visakorpi J: Maternal compared with infant vitamin D supplementation.Arch Dis Child61 :1159– 1163,1986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothberg AD, Pettifor JM, Cohen DF, Sonnendecker EW, Ross FP: Maternal-infant vitamin D relationships during breast-feeding.J Pediatr101 :500– 503,1982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi A, Okano T, Tsugawa N, Tasaka Y, Kobayashi T, Kodama S, Matsuo T: Effects of ergocalciferol supplementation on the concentration of vitamin D and its metabolites in human milk.J Nutr119 :1639– 1646,1989 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawrence RA: Shifting the vitamin D paradigm.Breastfeeding Med1 :57– 58,2006 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kull I, Bergström A, Melén E, Lilja G, van Hage M, Pershagen G, Wickman M: Early-life supplementation of vitamins A and D, in water-soluble form or in peanut oil, and allergic diseases during childhood.J Allergy Clin Immunol118 :1299– 1304,2006 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milner JD, Stein DM, McCarter R, Moon RY: Early infant multivitamin supplementation is associated with increased risk for food allergy and asthma.Pediatrics114 :27– 32,2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar