Vitamin B-12 Status Is Not Associated with Plasma Homocysteine in Parents and Their Preschool Children: Lacto-Ovo, Lacto, and Ovo Vegetarians and Omnivores

REFERENCES

• KeyTJThorogoodMApplebyPNBurrML: Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up. Br Med J 313: 775– 779, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RajaramSSabatéJ: Health benefits of vegetarian diet. Nutr 16: 531– 533, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MangelsARMessinaVMelinaV: Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitions of Canada: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc 103: 748– 765, 2003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LeitzmannC: Vegetarian diets: what are the advantages? Forum Nutr 57: 147– 156, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• SebekowaKKrajcovicova-KudlackovaMBlazicekPParrakVSchinzelRHeidlandA: Functional hyperhomocysteinemia in healthy vegetarians: no association with advanced glycation end products, markers of protein oxidation, or lipid peroxidation, after correction with vitamin B-12. Clin Chem 49: 983– 986, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• KeyTJApplebyPNRosellMS: Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets. Proc Nutr Soc 65: 35– 41, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BissoliLDi FrancescoVBallarinAMandragonaRTrespidiRBroccoGCarusoBBoselloOZamboniM: Effect of vegetarian diet on homocysteine levels. Ann Nutr Metab 46: 73– 79, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HerbertV: Staging vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) status in vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 59: 1213S– 1222S, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuangYCChangSJChiuYTChangHHChengCH: The status of plasma homocysteine and related B-vitamins in healthy young vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Eur J Nutr 42: 84– 90, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HungCJHuangPCLuSCLiYHHuangHBLinBFChangSJChouHF: Plasma homocysteine levels in Taiwanese vegetarians are higher than those of omnivores. J Nutr 132: 152– 158, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• WaldmannAKoschizkeJWLeitzmannCHahnA: German vegan study: diet, life-style factors, and cardiovascular risk profile. Ann Nutr Metab 49: 366– 372, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• RefsumHUelandPM: Recent data are not in conflict with homocysteine as a cardiovascular risk factor. Curr Opin Lipidol 9: 533– 539, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der GriendRBiesmaDHbangaJD: Hyperhomocysteinemia as a cardiovascular risk factor: an update. Neth J Med 56: 119– 130, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BousheyCJBeresfordSAAOmennGSMotulskyAG: A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: probable benefits of increasing folic acid intake. JAMA 274: 1049– 1057, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArakiASakoY: Determination of free and total homocysteine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 422: 43– 52, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EikelboomJWLonnEGenestJJrHankeyGYusufS: Homocyst(e)ine and cardiovascular disease: a critical review of the epidemiologic evidence. Ann Intern Med 131: 363– 375, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HerrmannWSchorrHPurschwitzKRassoulFRichterV: Total homocysteine, vitamin B-12, and total antioxidant status in vegetarians. Clin Chem 47: 1094– 1101, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DwyerJT: Health aspects of vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr 48: 712– 738, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KarabudakEKiziltanGCigerimN: A comparison of some of the cardiovascular risk factors in vegetarian and omnivorous Turkish females. J Hum Nutr Diet 21: 13– 22, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Krajcovicova-KudlackovaMBlazicekPKopcovaJBederovaABabinskaK: Homocysteine levels in vegetarians versus omnivores. Ann Nutr Metab 44: 135– 138, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MajchrzakDSingerIMannerMRustPGenserDWagnerKHElmadfaI: B-vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine in Austrian omnivores vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab 50: 485– 491, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• WaldmannAKoschizkeJWLeitzmannCHahnA: Homocysteine and cobalamin status in German vegans. Public Health Nutr 7: 467– 472, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De LaetCWautrechtJCBrasseurDDramaixMBoeynaemsJMDecuyperJKahnA: Plasma homocysteine concentrations in a Belgian school-age population. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 968– 972, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreenlundKJSrinivasanSRXuJHDalferesEMyersLRickoffABerensonGS: Plasma homocysteine distribution and its association with parental history artery disease in black and white children: the Bogalusa Heart study. Circulation 99: 2144– 2149, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmbroszkiewiczJKlemarczykWChełchowskaMGajewskaJLaskowska-KlitaT: Serum homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12 and total antioxidant status in vegetarian children. Adv Med Sci 51: 265– 268, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• ReddyN: Reference ranges for total homocysteine in children. Clin Chim Acta 262: 153– 155, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VilasecaMAMoyanoDFerrerIArtuchR: Total homocysteine in pediatric patients. Clin Chem 43: 690– 692, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeBJLinPTLiawYPChangSJChengCHHuangYC: Homocysteine and risk of coronary artery disease: folate is the important determinant of plasma homocysteine concentration. Nutrition 19: 577– 583, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StampferMJMalinowMRWillettWCNewcomerLMUpsonBUllmannDTishlerPVHennekensCH: A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 268: 877– 881, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LarssonCLJohanssonGK: Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 100– 106, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DwyerJTDietzWHJrAndrewsEMSuskindRM: Nutritional status of vegetarian children. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 204– 216, 1982.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ThaneCWBatesCJ: Dietary intakes and nutrient status of vegetarian preschool children from a British national survey. J Hum Nutr Dietet 13: 149– 162, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• NakamotoKWatanabeSKudoHTanakaA: Nutritional characteristics of middle-aged Japanese vegetarians. J Atheroscler Thromb 15: 122– 129, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• WaldmannAKoschizkeJWLeitzmannCHahnA: Dietary intakes and lifestyle factors of a vegan population in Germany: results from the German vegan study. Eur J Clin Nutr 57: 947– 955, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeblancJCHYoonHKombadjianAVergerP: Nutritional intakes of vegetarian populations in France. Eur J Clin Nutr 54: 443– 449, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaumaALTorronenRHanninenOMykkanenH: Vitamin B-12 status of long-term adherents of a strict uncooked vegan diet (“living food diet”) is compromised. J Nutr 125: 2511– 2515, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HerrmannWGeiselJ: Vegetarian lifestyle and monitoring of vitamin B12 status. Clin Chem Acta 326: 47– 59, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorishitaR: The concentration and metabolism of vitamin B-12 and folate in liver and the changes in liver disease. Kan Tan Sui (Japan) 18: 551– 559, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• SuzukiH: Serum vitamin B-12 levels in young vegans who eat brown rice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 41: 587– 594, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Krajcovicova-KudlackovaMBlazicekPBabinskaKKopcovaJKlvanovaJBederovaAMagalovaT: Traditional and alternative nutrition levels of homocysteine and lipid parameters in adults. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 60: 657– 664, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElshorbagyAKOulhajAKonstantinovaSNurkEUelandPMTellGSNygardOVollsetSERefsumH: Plasma creatinine as a determinant of plasma total homocysteine concentrations in the Hordaland Homocysteine Study: use of statistical modeling to determine reference limits. Clin Biochem 40: 1209– 1218, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HultbergBAnderssonASternerG: Plasma homocysteine in renal failure. Clin Nephrol 40: 230– 235, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NerbassFBDraibeSAFeitenSFChiarelloPGVannucchiHCuppariL: Homocysteine and its determinants in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients. J Am Diet Assoc 106: 267– 270, 2006.
   Google Scholar