Reevaluating the Diagnostic Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome in the Taiwanese Population

REFERENCES

• ReavenGM: Banting lecture: role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37: 1595– 1607, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzoRAFerranniniE: Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14: 173– 194, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LindsayRSHowardBV: Cardiovascular risk associated with the metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep 4: 63– 68, 2004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KohKKHanSHQuonMJ: Inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome: insights from therapeutic interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 46: 1978– 1985, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FerranniniEHaffnerSMMitchellBDSternMP: Hyperinsulinaemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 34: 416– 422, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaffnerSMValdezRAHazudaHPMitchellBDMoralesPASternMP: Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 41: 715– 722, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EckelRHGrundySMZimmetPZ: The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 365: 1415– 1428, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) , final report. Circulation 106: 3143– 3421, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285: 2486– 2497, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GenuthSAlbertiKGBennettPBuseJDefronzoRKahnRKitzmillerJKnowlerWCLebovitzHLernmarkANathanDPalmerJRizzaRSaudekCShawJSteffesMSternMTuomilehtoJZimmetP: Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26: 3160– 3167, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrundySMCleemanJIDanielsSRDonatoKAEckelRHFranklinBAGordonDJKraussRMSavagePJSmithSCJrSpertusJACostaF: Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112: 2735– 2752, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AppelSJJonesEDKennedy-MaloneL: Central obesity and the metabolic syndrome: implications for primary care providers. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 16: 335– 342, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• YildirimBSabirNKaleliB: Relation of intra-abdominal fat distribution to metabolic disorders in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 79: 1358– 1364, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeanMEHanTSMorrisonCE: Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. BMJ 311: 158– 161, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeurenbergPYapMvan StaverenWA: Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22: 1164– 1171, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GallagherDHeymsfieldSBHeoMJebbSAMurgatroydPRSakamotoY: Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 72: 694– 701, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Expert Consultation: Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 363: 157– 163, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KahnHSValdezR: Metabolic risks identified by the combination of enlarged waist and elevated triglycerol concentration. Am J Clin Nutr 78: 928– 934, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlbertiKGEckelRHGrundySMZimmetPZCleemanJIDonatoKAFruchartJCJamesWPLoriaCMSmithSCJr International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity: Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120: 1640– 1645, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaprioSHymanLDMcCarthySLangeRBronsonMTamborlaneWV: Fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescent girls: importance of the intraabdominal fat depot. Am J Clin Nutr 64: 12– 17, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaprioS: Relationship between abdominal visceral fat and metabolic risk factors in obese adolescents. Am J Hum Biol 11: 259– 266, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• DanielsSRMorrisonJASprecherDLKhouryPKimballTR: Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Circulation 99: 541– 545, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HirschlerVArandaCCalcagno MdeLMaccaliniGJadzinskyM Can waist circumference identify children with the metabolic syndrome? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159: 740– 744, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorenoLAPinedaIRodriguezGFletaJSarríaABuenoM: Waist circumference for the screening of the metabolic syndrome in children. Acta Paediatr 91: 1307– 1312, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SavvaSCTornaritisMSavvaMEKouridesYPanagiASilikiotouNGeorgiouCKafatosA: Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio are better predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children than body mass index. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24: 1453– 1458, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HirschlerVMaccalliniGCalcagnoMArandaCJadzinskyM: Waist circumference identifies primary school children with metabolic syndrome abnormalities. Diabetes Technol Ther 9: 149– 157, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• RazakFAnandSVuksanVDavisBJacobsRTeoKKYusufS: Ethnic differences in the relationships between obesity and glucose-metabolic abnormalities: a cross-sectional population-based study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 29: 656– 667, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MolariusASeidellJCSansSTuomilehtoJKuulasmaaK: Varying sensitivity of waist action levels to identify subjects with overweight or obesity in 19 populations of the WHO MONICA Project. J Clin Epidemiol 52: 1213– 1224, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Expert Consultation: Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 363: 157– 163, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaraKMatsushitaYHorikoshiMYoshiikeNYokoyamaTTanakaHKadowakiT: A proposal for the cutoff point of waist circumference for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in the Japanese population. Diabetes Care 29: 1123– 1124, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• OkaRKobayashiJYagiKTaniiHMiyamotoSAsanoAHagishitaTMoriMMoriuchiTKobayashiMKatsudaSKawashiriMANoharaATakedaYMabuchiHYamagishiM: Reassessment of the cutoff values of waist circumference and visceral fat for identifying Japanese subjects at risk for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 79: 474– 481, 2008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Examination Committee of Criteria for “Obesity Disease” in Japan; Japan Society for the Study of Obesity: New criteria for “obesity disease” in Japan. Circ J 66: 987– 992, 2002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhouBF: Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults: study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci 15: 83– 96, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangFWuSSongYTangXMarshallRLiangMWuYQinXChenDHuY: Waist circumference, body mass index and waist to hip ratio for prediction of the metabolic syndrome in Chinese. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 28: 542– 547, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• KimHKKimCHParkJYLeeKU: Lower waist-circumference cutoff point for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in Koreans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 85: 35– 39, 2009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DelavariAForouzanfarMHAlikhaniSSharifianAKelishadiR: First nationwide study of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and optimal cutoff points of waist circumference in the Middle East: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Diabetes Care 32: 1092– 1097, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OhJYHongYSSungYABarrett-ConnorE: Prevalence and factor analysis of metabolic syndrome in an urban Korean population. Diabetes Care 27: 2027– 2032, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TanCEMaSWaiDChewSKTaiES: Can we apply the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel definition of the metabolic syndrome to Asians? Diabetes Care 27: 1182– 1186, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuDReynoldsKWuXChenJDuanXReynoldsRFWheltonPKHeJ: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and overweight among adults in China. Lancet 365: 1398– 1405, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FanJGZhuJLiXJChenLLuYSLiLDaiFLiFChenS: Fatty liver and the metabolic syndrome among Shanghai adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20: 1825– 1832, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoGTTangJS: Metabolic syndrome in the Hong Kong community: the United Christian Nethersole Community Health Service primary healthcare programme 2001–2002. Singapore Med J 48: 1111– 1116, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• GrundySMBrewerHBCleemanJICleemanJISmithSCJrLenfantC: Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 109: 433– 438, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CameronAJSicreeRAZimmetPZAlbertiKGTonkinAMBalkauBTuomilehtoJChitsonPShawJE: Cut-points for waist circumference in Europids and South Asians. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18: 2039– 2046, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar