1,864
Views
37
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

The Effects of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fish Oils and Multivitamins on Cognitive and Cardiovascular Function: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

, PhD, , DPsyc.c, , BSc, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD & , PhD show all

REFERENCES

  • Radimer K, Bindewald B, Hughes J, Ervin B, Swanson C, Picciano MF: Dietary supplement use by US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000. Am J Epidemiol 160:339–349, 2004.
  • Morgan TK, Williamson M, Pirotta M, Stewart K, Myers SP, Barnes J: A national census of medicines use: a 24-hour snapshot of Australians aged 50 years and older. Med J Aust 196:50–53, 2012.
  • Stangl GI, Kirchgessner M: Different degrees of moderate iron deficiency modulate lipid metabolism of rats. Lipids 33:889–895, 1998.
  • Bertrandt J, Klos A, Debski B: Content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in serum and liver of rats fed restricted diets supplemented with vitamins B2, B6 and folic acid. BioFactors (Oxford, England) 22:189–192, 2004.
  • Durand P, Prost M, Blache D: Pro-thrombotic effects of a folic acid deficient diet in rat platelets and macrophages related to elevated homocysteine and decreased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis 121:231–243, 1996.
  • Yurko-Mauro K, McCarthy D, Rom D, Nelson EB, Ryan AS, Blackwell A, Salem N Jr, Stedman M: Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement 6:456–464, 2010.
  • Van De Rest O, Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Van Staveren WA, Dullemeijer C, OldeRikkert MGM, Beekman ATF, De Groot CPGM: Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 71:430–438, 2008.
  • Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B: Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 88:523–533, 1993.
  • Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders ART, Kok FJ: Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens 20:1493–1499, 2002.
  • Pase MP, Grima NA, Sarris J: Do long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduce arterial stiffness? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 106:974–980, 2011.
  • Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C: Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1318–1327, 2010.
  • Pase MP: Modifiable vascular markers for cognitive decline and dementia: the importance of arterial aging and hemodynamic factors. J Alzheimers Dis 32:653–663, 2012.
  • Pase MP, Pipingas A, Kras M, Nolidin K, Gibbs AL, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB, Stough C: Healthy middle-aged individuals are vulnerable to cognitive deficits as a result of increased arterial stiffness. J Hypertens 28:1724–1729, 2010.
  • Sinn N, Howe PRC: Mental health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids may be mediated by improvements in cerebral vascular function. Biosci Hypotheses 1:103–108, 2008.
  • Mazereeuw G, Lanctôt KL, Chau SA, Swardfager W, Herrmann N: Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 33:1482.e1417-1482.e1429, 2012.
  • Sydenham E, Dangour AD, Lim WS: Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (6), Article CD005379, 2012.
  • Kalmijn S, Van Boxtel MPJ, Ocké M, Verschuren WMM, Kromhout D, Launer LJ: Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age. Neurology 62:275–280, 2004.
  • Nurk E, Drevon CA, Refsum H, Solvoll K, Vollset SE, Nygård O, Nygaard HA, Engedal K, Tell GS, Smith AD: Cognitive performance among the elderly and dietary fish intake: the Hordaland Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 86:1470–1478, 2007.
  • Tully AM, Roche HM, Doyle R, Fallon C, Bruce I, Lawlor B, Coakley D, Gibney MJ: Low serum cholesteryl ester-docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Br J Nutr 89:483–489, 2003.
  • Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, Bettger WJ, Fisher RH: Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids 35:1305–1312, 2000.
  • Grima NA, Pase MP, MacPherson H, Pipingas A: The effects of multivitamins on cognitive performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 29:561–569, 2012.
  • Pase MP, Grima NA, Sarris J: The effects of dietary and nutrient interventions on arterial stiffness: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 93:446–454, 2011.
  • Czernichow S, Blacher J, Hercberg S: Antioxidant vitamins and blood pressure. Curr Hyperten Rep 6:27–30, 2004.
  • Pipingas A, Harris E, Tournier E, King R, Kras M, Stough CK: Assessing the efficacy of nutraceutical interventions on cognitive functioning in the elderly. Curr Top Nutraceutical Res 8:79–87, 2010.
  • Pipingas A, Silberstein RB, Vitetta L, Van Rooy C, Harris EV, Young JM, Frampton CM, Sali A, Nastasi J: Improved cognitive performance after dietary supplementation with a Pinus radiata bark extract formulation. Phytother Res 22:1168–1174, 2008.
  • Pase M, Stough C, Grima NA, Harris E, Macpherson H, Scholey A, Pipingas A: Blood pressure and cognitive function: the role of central aortic and brachial pressures. Psychol Sci 24:2173–2181, 2013.
  • Nichols WW, O’Rourke MF, Vlachopoulos C: “McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries. Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles.” London: Hodder Arnold, 2011.
  • McEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, Qasem A, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR: Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity—the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1753–1760, 2005.
  • Harris E, MacPherson H, Vitetta L, Kirk J, Sali A, Pipingas A: Effects of a multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition and blood biomarkers in older men: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Hum Psychopharmacol 27:370–377, 2012.
  • MacPherson H, Ellis KA, Sali A, Pipingas A: Memory improvements in elderly women following 16 weeks treatment with a combined multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement—a randomized controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 220:351–365, 2012.
  • McGrew KS: The Cattell-Horn Carroll theory of cognitive abilities: past, present and future. In Flanagan DP, Harrison PL (eds): “Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, Tests and Issues.” 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 136–181, 2005.
  • McGrew KS: CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research. Intelligence 37:1–10, 2009.
  • Pase MP, Stough C: Describing a taxonomy of cognitive processes for clinical trials assessing cognition. Am J Clin Nutr 98:509–510, 2013.
  • Chen CH, Nevo E, Fetics B, Pak PH, Yin FCP, Maughan WL, Kass DA: Estimation of Central aortic pressure waveform by mathematical transformation of radial tonometry pressure: validation of generalized transfer function. Circulation 95:1827–1836, 1997.
  • Mitchell GF, Van Buchem MA, Sigurdsson S, Gotal JD, Jonsdottir MK, Kjartansson O, Garcia M, Aspelund T, Harris TB, Gudnason V, Launer LJ: Arterial stiffness, pressure and flow pulsatility and brain structure and function: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility–Reykjavik Study. Brain 134:3398–3407, 2011.
  • Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, Pannier B, Vlachopoulos C, Wilkinson I, Struijker-Boudier H: Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 27:2588–2605, 2006.
  • Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, O’Rourke MF, Safar ME, Baou K, Stefanadis C: Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 31:1865–1871, 2010.
  • Benetos A, Thomas F, Joly L, Blacher J, Pannier B, Labat C, Salvi P, Smulyan H, Safar ME: Pulse pressure amplification. A mechanical biomarker of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1032–1037, 2010.
  • Stonehouse W, Conlon C, Podd J, Hill S, Minihane A, Haskell C, Kennedy D: DHA supplementation improved both memory and reaction time in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 97:1134–1143, 2013.
  • Harris WS, Pottala JV, Varvel SA, Borowski JJ, Ward JN, McConnell JP: Erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids increase and linoleic acid decreases with age: observations from 160,000 patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 88:257–263, 2013.
  • Johnson EJ, McDonald K, Caldarella SM, Chung HY, Troen AM, Snodderly DM: Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women. Nutr Neurosci 11:75–83, 2008.
  • Dangour AD, Allen E, Elbourne D, Fasey N, Fletcher AE, Hardy P, Holder GE, Knight R, Letley L, Richards M, Uauy R: Effect of 2-y n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function in older people: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 91:1725–1732, 2010.
  • Heude B, Ducimetière P, Berr C: Cognitive decline and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes—the EVA Study. Am J Clin Nutr 77:803–808, 2003.
  • Received September 12, 2013; revision accepted January 3, 2014.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.