2,974
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

The Addition of Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and Isomaltulose to Whey Protein Improves Recovery from Highly Demanding Resistance Exercise

, PhD (FACN) , , MA, , MA, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , MA , MHA, , MS, , MS, , MS, , MS, , MS, , MS, , MS, , PhD , RD & , PhD show all
Pages 91-99 | Received 09 Apr 2014, Accepted 20 Jun 2014, Published online: 11 Mar 2015

REFERENCES

  • American College of Sports Medicine: Position stand on progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:687–708, 2009.
  • Bergeron MF, Nindl BC, Deuster PA, Baumgartner N, Kane SF, Kraemer WJ, Sexauer LR, Thompson WR, O'Connor FG: Consortium for Health and Military Performance and American College of Sports Medicine consensus paper on extreme conditioning programs in military personnel. Curr Sports Med Rep 10:383–389, 2011.
  • Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, Fry A, Gleeson M, Nieman D, Raglin J, Rietjens G, Steinacker J, Urhausen: Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45:186–205, 2013.
  • Coffey VG, Hawley JA: The molecular bases of training adaptation. Sports Med 37:737–763, 2007.
  • Biolo G, Maggi SP, Williams BD, Tipton KD, Wolfe RR: Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 268(Pt 1):E514–E520, 1995.
  • Volek JS, Volk BM, Gomez AL, Kunces LJ, Kupchak BR, Freidenreich DJ, Vinci DM, Downs MF, Smith JC, Carson J, Brown A, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS: Whey protein supplementation during resistance training augments lean body mass. J Am Coll Nutr 32:122–135, 2013.
  • Blomstrand E, Eliasson J, Karlsson HK, Kohnke R: Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise. J Nutr 136(uppl):269S–273S, 2006.
  • De Bandt JP, Cynober L: Therapeutic use of branched-chain amino acids in burn, trauma, and sepsis. J Nutr 136(uppl):308S–313S, 2006.
  • Block KP, Buse MG: Glucocorticoid regulation of muscle branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22:316–324, 1990.
  • Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimaraes-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH Jr: HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids 40:1015–1025, 2011.
  • Nissen SL, Abumrad N: Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). J Nutr Biochem 8:300–311, 1997.
  • Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ: Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81(Suppl):S52–S69, 2002.
  • Banfi G, Colombini A, Lombardi G, Lubkowska A: Metabolic markers in sports medicine. Adv Clin Chem 56:1–54, 2012.
  • Nissen S, Sharp R, Ray M, Rathmacher JA, Rice D, Fuller JC Jr, Connelly AS, Abumrad N: Effect of leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 81:2095–2104, 1996.
  • Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Joy JM, Andersen JC, Wilson SM, Stout JR, Duncan N, Fuller JC, Baier SM, Naimo MA, Rathmacher J: The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Appl Physiol 114:1217–1227, 2014.
  • Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Joy JM, Walters JA, Baier SM, Fuller JC Jr, Stout JR, Norton LE, Sikorski EM, Wilson SM, Duncan NM, Zanchi NE, Rathmacher J: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid reduces markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and improves recovery in resistance-trained men. Br J Nutr 110:538–544, 2013.
  • Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Hill DS, Phillips BE, Crossland H, Williams J, Loughna P, Churchward-Venne TA, Breen L, Phillips SM, Etheridge T, Rathmacher JA, Smith K, Szewczyk NJ, Atherton PJ: Effects of leucine and its metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. J Physiol 591(Pt 11):2911–2923, 2013.
  • Townsend JR, Fragala MS, Jajtner AR, Gonzalez AM, Wells AJ, Mangine GT, Robinson EH 4th, McCormack WP, Beyer KS, Pruna GJ, Boone CH, Scanlon TM, Bohner JD, Stout JR, Hoffman JR: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)-free acid attenuates circulating TNF-alpha and TNFR1 expression postresistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 115:1173–1182, 2013.
  • Paulsen G, Mikkelsen UR, Raastad T, Peake JM: Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: what role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise? Exerc Immunol Rev 18:42–97, 2012.
  • Keller C, Steensberg A, Pilegaard H, Osada T, Saltin B, Pedersen BK, Neufer PD: Transcriptional activation of the IL-6 gene in human contracting skeletal muscle: influence of muscle glycogen content. FASEB J 15:2748–2750, 2001.
  • Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Walberg-Rankin J, Shute M, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Carson JA, Brown A, Lee WJ, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS: Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3-h run. J Appl Physiol (1985) 94:1917–1925, 2003.
  • Nieman DC, Davis JM, Brown VA, Henson DA, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Downs MF, Smith JC, Carson J, Brown A, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS: Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on immune changes after 2 h of intensive resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 96:1292–1298, 2004.
  • Smith LL, Anwar A, Fragen M, Rananto C, Johnson R, Holbert D: Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules associated with high-intensity eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 82:61–67, 2000.
  • Pedersen BK, Akerstrom TC, Nielsen AR, Fischer CP: Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 103:1093–1098, 2007.
  • Flakoll P, Sharp R, Baier S, Levenhagen D, Carr C, Nissen S: Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women. Nutrition 20:445–451, 2004.
  • Gallagher PM, Carrithers JA, Godard MP, Schulze KE, Trappe SW: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, part I: effects on strength and fat free mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:2109–2115, 2000.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.