References
- Cabrera C, Artacho R, Giménez R. Beneficial effects of green tea—a review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(2):79–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719518.
- Pękal A, Dróżdż P, Biesaga M, Pyrzynska K. Evaluation of the antioxidant properties of fruit and flavoured black teas. Eur J Nutr. 2011;50(8):681–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0179-2.
- Weinberg BA, Bealer BK. The world of caffeine: the science and culture of the world’s most popular drug. New York (NY): Routledge, CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Gr.);2001. p. 28.
- Koch W. Theaflavins, Thearubigins, and Theasinensins. In: Xiao J, Sarker S, Asakawa Y, editors. Handbook of dietary phytochemicals. Singapore: Springer; 2020. p.1–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1745-3_20-1
- Chaturvedula VSP, Prakash I. The aroma, taste, color and bioactive constituents of tea. J Med Plants Res. 2011;5(11):2110–24.
- Reyes CM, Cornelis MC. Caffeine in the diet: country-level consumption and guidelines. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1772. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111772.
- Wu CD, Wei GX. Tea as a functional food for oral health. Nutr. 2002;18(5):443–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00763-3.
- Li S, Lo C-Y, Pan M-H, Lai C-S, Ho C-T. Black tea: chemical analysis and stability. Food Funct. 2013;4(1):10–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C2FO30093A.
- Yi T, Zhu L, Peng W-L, He X-C, Chen H-L, Li J, Yu T, Liang Z-T, Zhao Z-Z, Chen H-B. Comparison of ten major constituents in seven types of processed tea using HPLC-DAD-MS followed by principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2015;62(1):194–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.01.003.
- Rana A, Kumar S. Chemistry, pharmacology and therapeutic delivery of major tea constituents. In: Saneja A, Panda A, Lichtfouse E, editors. Sustainable agriculture reviews. Vol. 43. Cham (Switzerland): Springer; 2020. p. 113–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41838-0_4
- Zhang XB, Dai CL, You YY, He LZ, Chen TF. Tea regimen, a comprehensive assessment of antioxidant and antitumor activities of tea extract produced by Tie Guanyin hybridization. RSC Adv. 2018;8(21):11305–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA00151K.
- Isemura M. Catechin in human health and disease. Molecules. 2019;24(3):528. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030528.
- Zhang L, Ho C-T, Zhou J, Santos SJ, Armstrong L, Granato D. Chemistry and biological activities of processed Camellia sinensis teas: a comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2019;18(5):1474–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12479.
- Senanayake SPJN. Green tea extract: chemistry, antioxidant properties and food applications—a review. J Funct Foods. 2013;5(4):1529–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.08.011
- Li F, Wang Y, Li D, Chen Y. Perspectives on the recent developments with green tea polyphenols in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2018;24:1–18.
- Ide K, Matsuoka N, Yamada H, Furushima D, Kawakami K. Effects of tea catechins on Alzheimer’s disease: recent updates and perspectives. Molecules. 2018;23(9):2357. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092357.
- Khan N, Mukhtar H. Tea and health: studies in humans. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(34):6141–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319340008.
- Mathivha PL, Msagati TAM, Thibane VS, Mudau FN. Phytochemical analysis of herbal teas and their potential health, and food safety benefits: a review. In: Sen S, Chakraborty R, editors. Herbal medicine in India. Singapore: Springer; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7248-3_20
- Heiss ML, Heiss RJ. A brief history of tea. In: The story of tea: a cultural history and drinking guide. New York (NY): Random House, Ten Speed Press (an imprint of the Crown Publishing Gr.); 2007. p. 4–31.
- Lu H, Zhang J, Yang Y, Yang X, Xu B, Yang W, Tong T, Jin S, Shen C, Rao H, et al. Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep. 2016;6:18955. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18955.
- Benn JA. Tea in China: a religious and cultural history. USA: University of Hawai‘i Press; 2015. p. 38–43.
- Mair VH, Hoh E. The true history of tea. London (UK): Thames & Hudson; 2009. p. 39–41.
- Martin LC. Tea: the drink that changed the world. Tokyo, Japan and Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing; 2007. p. 133.
- Mondal TK. Tea. In: Pua EC, Davey M, editors. Transgenic crops V. biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Vol. 60. Berlin (Germany): Springer; 2007. p. 519. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49161-3_22
- Greyling A, Ras RT, Zock PL, Lorenz M, Hopman MT, Thijssen DHJ, Draijer R. The effect of black tea on blood pressure: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e103247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103247.
- Yang J, Mao Q-X, Xu H-X, Ma X, Zeng C-Y. Tea consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e005632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005632.
- Zhao Y, Asimi S, Wu K, Zheng J, Li D. Black tea consumption and serum cholesterol concentration: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(4):612–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.003.
- Takemoto M, Takemoto H. Synthesis of theaflavins and their functions. Molecules. 2018;23(4):918. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040918.
- Forester SC, Lambert JD. The role of antioxidant versus pro-oxidant effects of green tea polyphenols in cancer prevention. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(6):844–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000641.
- Yu J, Song P, Perry R, Penfold C, Cooper AR. The effectiveness of green tea or green tea extract on insulin resistance and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(4):251–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.251.
- Guo Y, Zhi F, Chen P, Zhao K, Xiang H, Mao Q, Wang X, Zhang X. Green tea and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96(13):e6426. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006426.
- Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, Jamshidi A, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H. Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(6):1299–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0720-1.
- Prasanth MI, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C, Tencomnao T. A review of the role of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in antiphotoaging, stress resistance, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):474. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020474.
- Lee LS, Kim SH, Kim YB, Kim YC. Quantitative analysis of major constituents in green tea with different plucking periods and their antioxidant activity. Molecules. 2014;19(7):9173–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079173.
- Eisenstein M. Tea’s value as a cancer therapy is steeped in uncertainty. Nature. 2019;566(7742):S6–S7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00397-2.
- Sae-Tan S. Systematic review: hypolipidemic activity of oolong tea polymerized polyphenols. J Health Res. 2016;30(6):451–9.
- Hosoda K, Wang M-F, Liao M-L, Chuang C-K, Iha M, Clevidence B, Yamamoto S. Antihyperglycemic effect of oolong tea in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(6):1714–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.6.1714.
- Zhe G, Zhang X, Chen K, Zhang Y, Yang C. Content variation of theanine and gallic acid in pu-er tea. Acta Bot Yunnanica. 2005;27(5):572–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1360/biodiv.050022
- Qin JH, Li N, Tu PF, Ma ZZ, Zhang L. Change in tea polyphenol and purine alkaloid composition during solid-state fungal fermentation of postfermented tea. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(5):1213–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204844g.
- Chu S-l, Fu H, Yang J-x, Liu G-x, Dou P, Zhang L, Tu P-f, Wang X-m. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of Pu’er tea (普洱茶) extract on the regulation of metabolic syndrome. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17(7):492–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-011-0781-4.
- Jensen G, Beaman J, He Y, Guo J, Sun H. Reduction of body fat and improved lipid profile associated with daily consumption of a Puer tea extract in a hyperlipidemic population: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:367–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S94881
- Unachukwu UJ, Ahmed S, Kavalier A, Lyles JT, Kennelly EJ. White and green teas (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis): variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. J Food Sci. 2010;75(6):C541–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01705.x.
- Chen Q, Zhu Y, Dai W, Lv H, Mu B, Li P, Tan J, Ni D, Lin Z. Aroma formation and dynamic changes during white tea processing. Food Chem. 2019;274:915–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.072.
- Qi D, Miao A, Cao J, Wang W, Chen W, Pang S, He X, Ma C. Study on the effects of rapid aging technology on the aroma quality of white tea using GC-MS combined with chemometrics: in comparison with natural aged and fresh white tea. Food Chem. 2018;265:189–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.080.
- Hajibolan R. Environmental and nutritional requirements for tea cultivation. Folia Hort. 2017;29(2):199–220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2017-0019
- Yamamoto T, Juneja LR, Chu D-C, Kim M. Chemistry and applications of green tea. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Gr.); 1997. p. 1–5.
- Wei C, Yang H, Wang S, Zhao J, Liu C, Gao L, Xia E, Lu Y, Tai Y, She G, et al. Draft genome sequence of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis provides insights into the evolution of the tea genome and tea quality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(18):E4151–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719622115.
- Xia E-H, Zhang H-B, Sheng J, Li K, Zhang Q-J, Kim C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu T, Li W, et al. The tea tree genome provides insights into tea flavor and independent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2017;10(6):866–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2017.04.002.
- Lee L-S, Kim Y-C, Park J-D, Kim Y-B, Kim S-H. Changes in major polyphenolic compounds of tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves during the production of black tea. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2016;25(6):1523–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0236-y.
- Ye Y, Yan J, Cui J, Mao S, Li M, Liao X, Tong H. Dynamic changes in amino acids, catechins, caffeine and gallic acid in green tea during withering. J Food Compost Anal. 2018;66:98–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.008.
- Tanaka T, Mine C, Watarumi S, Fujioka T, Mihashi K, Zhang Y-J, Kouno I. Accumulation of epigallocatechin quinone dimers during tea fermentation and formation of theasinensins. J Nat Prod. 2002;65(11):1582–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/np020245k.
- Balentine DA, Wiseman SA, Bouwens LCM. The chemistry of tea flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1997;37(8):693–704. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399709527797.
- Robertson A. The chemistry and biochemisty of black tea production: the non-volatiles. In: Wilson KC, Clifford MN, editors. Tea cultivation to consumption. London (UK): Chapman and Hall; 1992. p. 553–601.
- Guo XY, Song CK, Ho CT, Wan XC. Contribution of L-theanine to the formation of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, a key roasted peanutty flavor in oolong tea during manufacturing processes. Food Chem. 2018;263:18–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.117.
- Fiori J, Pasquini B, Caprini C, Orlandini S, Furlanetto S, Gotti R. Chiral analysis of theanine and catechin in characterization of green tea by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2018;1562:115–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.063.
- Mao A, Su H, Fang S, Chen X, Ning J, Ho C, Wan X. Effects of roasting treatment on non-volatile compounds and taste of green tea. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2018;53(11):2586–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13853.
- Mizukami Y, Sawai Y, Yamaguchi Y. Changes in the concentrations of acrylamide, selected odorants, and catechins caused by roasting of green tea. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(6):2154–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0731806.
- Sasaki T, Koshi E, Take H, Michihata T, Maruya M, Enomoto T. Characterisation of odorants in roasted stem tea using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis. Food Chem. 2017;220:177–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.208.
- Fan F-Y, Shi M, Nie Y, Zhao Y, Ye J-H, Liang Y-R. Differential behaviors of tea catechins under thermal processing: formation of non-enzymatic oligomers. Food Chem. 2016;196:347–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.056.
- Meng Q, Li S, Huang J, Wei C-C, Wan X, Sang S, Ho C-T. Importance of the nucleophilic property of tea polyphenols. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;67(19):5379–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05917.
- Teshome K. Effect of tea processing methods on biochemical composition and sensory quality of black tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze): a review. J Hortic For. 2019;11(6):84–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.5897/JHF2019.0588
- Abdel-Rahman A, Anyangwe N, Carlacci L, Casper S, Danam RP, Enongene E, Erives G, Fabricant D, Gudi R, Hilmas CJ, et al. The safety and regulation of natural products used as foods and food ingredients. Toxicol Sci. 2011;123(2):333–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr198.
- Zaveri NT. Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Life Sci. 2006;78(18):2073–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.006.
- Yilmaz Y. Novel uses of catechins in foods. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2006;17(2):64–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.10.005.
- Tong T, Liu Y-J, Kang J, Zhang C-M, Kang S-G. Antioxidant activity and main chemical components of a novel fermented tea. Molecules. 2019;24(16):2917. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162917.
- Kaneko S, Kumazawa K, Masuda H, Henze A, Hofmann T. Molecular and sensory studies on the umami taste of Japanese green tea. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(7):2688–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0525232.
- Clifford MN, Stoupi S, Kuhnert N. Profiling and characterization by LC-MSn of the galloylquinic acids of green tea, tara tannin, and tannic acid. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(8):2797–807. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf063533l.
- Rothwell JA, Madrid-Gambin F, Garcia-Aloy M, Andres-Lacueva C, Logue C, Gallagher AM, Mack C, Kulling SE, Gao Q, Praticò G, et al. Biomarkers of intake for coffee, tea, and sweetened beverages. Genes Nutr. 2018;13:15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12263-018-0607-5.
- Liao Y, Fu X, Zhou H, Rao W, Zeng L, Yang Z. Visualized analysis of within-tissue spatial distribution of specialized metabolites in tea (Camellia sinensis) using desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2019;292:204–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.055.
- Casanova E, Salvadó J, Crescenti A, Gibert-Ramos A. Epigallocatechin gallate modulates muscle homeostasis in type 2 diabetes and obesity by targeting energetic and redox pathways: a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):532. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030532.
- Vargo MA, Voss OH, Poustka F, Cardounel AJ, Grotewold E, Doseff AI. Apigenin-induced-apoptosis is mediated by the activation of PKCdelta and caspases in leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006;72(6):681–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.010.
- Balasubramanian S, Zhu L, Eckert RL. Apigenin inhibition of involucrin gene expression is associated with a specific reduction in phosphorylation of protein kinase Cdelta Tyr311. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(47):36162–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M605368200.
- Horinaka M, Yoshida T, Shiraishi T, Nakata S, Wakada M, Sakai T. The dietary flavonoid apigenin sensitizes malignant tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(4):945–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0431.
- Wang Y, Ho C-T. Polyphenolic chemistry of tea and coffee: a century of progress. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(18):8109–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf804025c.
- Obanda M, Owuor PO. Impact of shoot maturity on cholrophyll content, composition of volatile flavour compounds and plain black tea chemical quality parameters of clonal leaf. J Sci Food Agric. 1995;69(4):529–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740690418.
- Berkowitz JE, Coggon P, Sanderson GW. Formation of epitheaflavic acid and its transformation to thearubigins during tea fermentation. Phytochem. 1971;10(10):2271–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89866-0.
- Weerawatanakorn M, Hung W-L, Pan M-H, Li S, Li D, Wan X, Ho C-T. Chemistry and health beneficial effects of oolong tea and theasinensins. Food Sci Hum Well. 2015;4(4):133–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2015.10.002.
- Monobe M, Nomura S, Ema K, Matsunaga A, Nesumi A, Yoshida K, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Horie H. Quercetin glycosides-rich tea cultivars (Camellia sinensis L.) in Japan. Food Sci Technol Res. 2015;21(3):333–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.21.333.
- Adhikary R, Mandal V. L-theanine: a potential multifaceted natural bioactive amide as health supplement. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(9):842–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.08.005.
- Kakuda T. Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction. Pharmacol Res. 2011;64(2):162–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.010.
- Kakuda T. Neuroprotective effects of the green tea components theanine and catechins. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002;25(12):1513–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.1513.
- Kakuda T, Nozawa A, Sugimoto A, Niino H. Inhibition by theanine of binding of [3H]AMPA, [3H]kainate, and [3H]MDL 105,519 to glutamate receptors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002;66(12):2683–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.66.2683.
- Wakabayashi C, Numakawa T, Ninomiya M, Chiba S, Kunugi H. Behavioral and molecular evidence for psychotropic effects in L-theanine. Psychopharmacology. 2012;219(4):1099–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2440-z.
- Narukawa M, Toda Y, Nakagita T, Hayashi Y, Misaka T. L-theanine elicits umami taste via the T1R1 + T1R3 umami taste receptor. Amino Acids. 2014;46(6):1583–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1713-3.
- Nonaka GI, Sakai R, Nishioka I. Hydrolysable tannins and proanthocyanidins from green tea. Phytochem. 1984;23(8):1753–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83484-6.
- Scoparo CT, de Souza LM, Dartora N, Sassaki GL, Gorin PA, Iacomini M. Analysis of Camellia sinensis green and black teas via ultra high performance liquid chromatography assisted by liquid-liquid partition and two-dimensional liquid chromatography (size exclusion × reversed phase) ). J Chromatogr A. 2012;1222:29–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.038.
- Echeverri D, Montes FR, Cabrera M, Galán A, Prieto A. Caffeine’s vascular mechanisms of action. Int J Vasc Med. 2010;2010:834060. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/834060.
- Patel BS, Rahman MM, Rumzhum NN, Oliver BG, Verrills NM, Ammit AJ. Theophylline represses IL-8 secretion from airway smooth muscle cells independently of phosphodiesterase inhibition. Novel role as a protein phosphatase 2A activator. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016;54(6):792–801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2015-0308OC.
- Huang HC, Yen H, Lu JY, Chang TM, Hii CH. Theophylline enhances melanogenesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells through the activation of the MEK 1/2, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;137:111165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111165.
- Guth H, Grosch W. Identification of potent odourants in static headspace samples of green and black tea powders on the basis of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Flavour Fragr J. 1993;8(4):173–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730080402.
- Kumazawa K, Masuda H. Identification of potent odorants in different green tea varieties using flavor dilution technique. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(20):5660–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020498j.
- Guo W, Sakata K, Watanabe N, Nakajima R, Yagi A, Ina K, Luo S. Geranyl 6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated as an aroma precursor from tea leaves for oolong tea. Phytochemistry. 1993;33(6):1373–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85093-7.
- Hara Y, Luo SJ, Wickremashinghe RL, Yamanishi T. Botany (of tea). Food Rev Int. 1995;11:371–4.
- Zhu JCai, Chen F, Wang L, Niu YWei, Yu D, Shu C, Chen H, Wang HLin, Xiao Z. Comparison of aroma-active volatiles in oolong tea infusions using GC-Olfactometry, GC-FPD, and GC-MS. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63(34):7499–510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02358.
- Lv H-P, Zhong Q-S, Lin Z, Wang L, Tan J-F, Guo L. Aroma characterisation of Pu-erh tea using headspace-solid phase microextraction combined with GC/MS and GC-olfactometry. Food Chem. 2012;130(4):1074–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.135.
- Ibrahim SM, El-Denshary ES, Abdallah DM. Geraniol, alone and in combination with pioglitazone, ameliorates fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats via the modulation of both inflammatory and oxidative stress status. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117516. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117516.
- Nogueira Neto JD, de Almeida AAC, da Silva Oliveira J, Dos Santos PS, de Sousa DP, de Freitas RM. Antioxidant effects of nerolidol in mice hippocampus after open field test. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(9):1861–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-013-1092-2.
- Harbowy ME, Balentine DA, Davies AP, Cai Y. Tea chemistry. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 1997;16(5):415–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689709701956.
- Shu WS, Zhang ZQ, Lan CY, Wong MH. Fluoride and aluminium concentrations of tea plants and tea products from Sichuan Province, PR China. Chemosphere. 2003;52(9):1475–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00485-5.
- Fung KF, Zhang ZQ, Wong JWC, Wong MH. Aluminium and fluoride concentrations of three tea varieties growing at Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Environ Geochem Health. 2003;25:219–32.
- Chen H, Zhang M, Xie B. Components and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide conjugate from green tea. Food Chem. 2005;90(1-2):17–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.001.
- Wang Y, Mao F, Wei X. Characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from leaves, flowers and seeds of green tea. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;88(1):146–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.083.
- Adak M, Gabar MA. Green tea as a functional food for better health: a brief review. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2011;2(2):645–64.
- Mestas J, Ley K. Monocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the development of atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovas Med. 2008;18(6):228–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2008.11.004.
- Higashi Y, Noma K, Yoshizumi M, Kihara Y. Endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Circ J. 2009;73(3):411–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-08-1102.
- Pan M-H, Lai C-S, Wang H, Lo C-Y, Ho C-T, Li S. Black tea in chemo-prevention of cancer and other human diseases. Food Sci Hum Well. 2013;2(1):12–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2013.03.004.
- Bahorun T, Luximon-Ramma A, Neergheen-Bhujun VS. The effect of black tea on risk factors of cardiovascular disease in a normal population. Prev Med. 2012;54(Suppl. 1):98–102.
- Khan N, Monagas M, Andres-Lacueva C, Casas R, Urpí-Sardà M, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Estruch R. Regular consumption of cocoa powder with milk increases HDL cholesterol and reduces oxidized LDL levels in subjects at high- risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovas Dis. 2012;22(12):1046–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.02.001.
- Ikeda A, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Miura T, Sawada N, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study Group. Plasma tea catechins and risk of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged Japanese subjects: the JPHC study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:90–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.001.
- Mangels DR, Mohler ER. Catechins as potential mediators of cardiovascular health. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37(5):757–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.309048.
- Nantz MP, Rowe CA, Bukowski JF, Percival SS. Standardized capsule of Camellia sinensis lowers cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition. 2009;25(2):147–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.018.
- Khan G, Haque SE, Anwer T, Ahsan MN, Safhi MM, Alam MF. Cardioprotective effect of green tea extract on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Acta Pol Pharm. 2014;71(5):861–8.
- Saeed NM, El-Naga RN, El-Bakly WM, Abdel-Rahman HM, Salah ElDin RA, El-Demerdash E. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate pretreatment attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: a mechanistic study. Biochem Pharmacol. 2015;95(3):145–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.006.
- Leung LK, Su Y, Chen R, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants. J Nutr. 2001;131(9):2248–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.9.2248.
- Loke WM, Proudfoot JM, Hodgson JM, McKinley AJ, Hime N, Magat M, Stocker R, Croft KD. Specific dietary polyphenols attenuate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice by alleviating inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(4):749–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.199687.
- Ma H, Huang X, Li Q, Guan Y, Yuan F, Zhang Y. ATP-dependent potassium channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pores play roles in the cardioprotection of theaflavin in young rat. J Physiol Sci. 2011;61(4):337–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-011-0148-9.
- Peng X, Zhou R, Wang B, Yu X, Yang X, Liu K, Mi M. Effect of green tea consumption on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2015;4(1):6251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06251.
- Yin J-Y, Duan S-Y, Liu F-C, Yao Q-K, Tu S, Xu Y, Pan C-W. Blood pressure is associated with tea consumption: a cross-sectional study in a rural, elderly population of Jiangsu China. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(10):1151–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0829-4.
- Grassi D, Draijer R, Desideri G, Mulder T, Ferri C. Black tea lowers blood pressure and wave reflections in fasted and postprandial conditions in hypertensive patients: a randomised study. Nutrients. 2015;7(2):1037–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7021037.
- Kurita I, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Tachibana H, Kamei M. Antihypertensive effect of Benifuuki tea containing O-methylated EGCG. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(3):1903–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf904335g.
- San Cheang W, Yuen Ngai C, Yen Tam Y, Yu Tian X, Tak Wong W, Zhang Y, Wai Lau C, Chen ZY, Bian Z-X, Huang Y, et al. Black tea protects against hypertension-associated endothelial dysfunction through alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10340.
- Tazzeo T, Bates G, Roman HN, Lauzon A-M, Khasnis MD, Eto M, Janssen LJ. Caffeine relaxes smooth muscle through actin depolymerization. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012;303(4):L334–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00103.2012.
- Martínez-Pinilla E, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Franco R. The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption. Front Pharmacol. 2015;6:30. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00030
- Duffy SJ, Keaney Jr JF, Holbrook M, Gokce N, Swerdloff PL, Frei B, Vita JA. Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2001;104(2):151–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.104.2.151.
- Luczaj W, Zapora E, Szczepanski M, et al. Polyphenols action against oxidative stress formation in endothelial cells. Acta Pol Pharm. 2009;66:617–24.
- Lorenz M, Urban J, Engelhardt U, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V. Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation: new insights into tea ingredients involved. Basic Res Cardiol. 2009;104(1):100–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-008-0759-3.
- Lambert JD, Hong J, Yang GY, Liao J, Yang CS. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by polyphenols: evidence from laboratory investigations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1 Suppl):284S–91s. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.284S.
- Chung JY, Huang C, Meng X, Dong Z, Yang CS. Inhibition of activator protein 1 activity and cell growth by purified green tea and black tea polyphenols in H-ras-transformed cells: structure-activity relationship and mechanisms involved. Cancer Res. 1999;59(18):4610–7.
- de Mejia EG, Ramirez-Mares MV, Puangpraphant S. Bioactive components of tea: cancer, inflammation and behavior. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23(6):721–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.013.
- Bag A, Bag N. Tea polyphenols and prevention of epigenetic aberrations in cancer. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2018;9(1):2–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_46_17.
- Fujiki H, Watanabe T, Sueoka E, Rawangkan A, Suganuma M. Cancer prevention with green tea and its principal constituent, EGCG: from early investigations to current focus on human cancer stem cells. Mol Cells. 2018;41(2):73–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2018.2227.
- Ni J, Guo X, Wang H, Zhou T, Wang X. Differences in the effects of EGCG on chromosomal stability and cell growth between normal and colon cancer cells. Molecules. 2018;23(4):788. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040788.
- Miyata Y, Shida Y, Hakariya T, Sakai H. Anti-cancer effects of green tea polyphenols against prostate cancer. Molecules. 2019;24(1):193. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010193.
- Yang CS. Cancer prevention by tea polyphenols. In: Pezzuto J, Vang O, editors. Natural products for cancer chemoprevention. Cham (Switzerland): Springer; 2020. p. 241–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39855-2_8
- Liu Q, Duan H, Luan J, Yagasaki K, Zhang G. Effects of theanine on growth of human lung cancer and leukemia cells as well as migration and invasion of human lung cancer cells. Cytotechnology. 2009;59(3):211–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-009-9223-y.
- Setiawan VW, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Lu QY, Li YL, Lu ML, Wang MR, Guo CH, Yu SZ, Kurtz RC, et al. Protective effect of green tea on the risks of chronic gastritis and stomach cancer. Int J Cancer. 2001;92(4):600–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1231.
- Rao DN, Ganesh B, Dinshaw KA, Mohandas KM. A case-control study of stomach cancer in Mumbai, India. Int J Cancer. 2002;99(5):727–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10339.
- Rakshit S, Jana S, Dassarma B, Sarkar B, Samanta S. Protective role of green tea extract against cold-restraint stress induced gastric ulcerogenesis in albino rats. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci. 2018;6(3):218–27.
- Dong H-W, Zhang S, Sun W-G, Liu Q, Ibla JC, Soriano SG, Han X-H, Liu L-X, Li M-S, Liu J-R. β-Ionone arrests cell cycle of gastric carcinoma cancer cells by a MAPK pathway. Arch Toxicol. 2013;87(10):1797–808. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-013-1041-5.
- Shrubsole MJ, Lu W, Chen Z, Shu XO, Zheng Y, Dai Q, Cai Q, Gu K, Ruan ZX, Gao Y-T, et al. Drinking green tea modestly reduces breast cancer risk. J Nutr. 2009;139(2):310–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.098699.
- Ogunleye AA, Xue F, Michels KB. Green tea consumption and breast cancer risk or recurrence: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;119(2):477–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-009-0415-0.
- Yiannakopoulou EC. Green tea catechins: proposed mechanisms of action in breast cancer focusing on the interplay between survival and apoptosis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2014;14(2):290–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/18715206113136660339.
- Vergote D, Cren-Olivé C, Chopin V, Toillon R-A, Rolando C, Hondermarck H, Bourhis XL. (−)-Epigallocatechin (EGC) of green tea induces apoptosis of human breast cancer cells but not of their normal counterparts. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;76(3):195–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020833410523.
- Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Sasazuki S, Miura T, Sawada N, Yamaji T, Shimazu T, Willett WC, Tsugane S. Plasma tea polyphenol levels and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Japanese women: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124(3):827–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-010-0916-x.
- Boggs DA, Palmer JR, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L. Tea and coffee intake in relation to risk of breast cancer in the Black Women’s Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(11):1941–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9622-6.
- Yang G, Zheng W, Xiang Y-B, Gao J, Li H-L, Zhang X, Gao Y-T, Shu X-O. Green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Men's Health Study. Carcinogenesis. 2011;32(11):1684–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgr186.
- di Leo N, Battaglini M, Berger L, Giannaccini M, Dente L, Hampel S, Vittorio O, Cirillo G, Raffa V. A catechin nanoformulation inhibits WM266 melanoma cell proliferation, migration and associated neo-angiogenesis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2017;114:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.024.
- Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y, Nagasawa K, Ohnishi N, Yokoyama T, Sonobe T. Membrane transport and antitumor activity of pirarubicin, and comparison with those of doxorubicin. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999;90(7):775–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00814.x.
- Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y. Theanine, a specific glutamate derivative in green tea, reduces the adverse reactions of doxorubicin by changing the glutathione level. Cancer Lett. 2004;212(2):177–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2004.03.040.
- Zhang G, Ye X, Ji D, Zhang H, Sun F, Shang C, Zhang Y, Wu E, Wang F, Wu F, et al. Inhibition of lung tumor growth by targeting EGFR/VEGFR-Akt/NF-κB pathways with novel theanine derivatives. Oncotarget. 2014;5(18):8528–43., doi:https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2336.
- Liu J, Sun Y, Zhang H, Ji D, Wu F, Tian H, Liu K, Zhang Y, Wu B, Zhang G. Theanine from tea and its semi-synthetic derivative TBrC suppress human cervical cancer growth and migration by inhibiting EGFR/Met-Akt/NF-κB signaling. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;791:297–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.007.
- Koňariková K, Ježovičová M, Keresteš J, Gbelcová H, Ďuračková Z, Žitňanová I. Anticancer effect of black tea extract in human cancer cell lines. Springerplus. 2015;4:127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0871-4.
- Lahiry L, Saha B, Chakraborty J, Bhattacharyya S, Chattopadhyay S, Banerjee S, Choudhuri T, Mandal D, Bhattacharyya A, Sa G, et al. Contribution of p53-mediated Bax transactivation in theaflavin-induced mammary epithelial carcinoma cell apoptosis. Apoptosis. 2008;13(6):771–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-008-0213-x.
- Kundu T, Dey S, Roy M, Siddiqi M, Bhattacharya RK. Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells by black tea and its polyphenol theaflavin. Cancer Lett. 2005;230(1):111–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.035.
- Gosslau A, En Jao DL, Huang M-T, Ho C-T, Evans D, Rawson NE, Chen KY. Effects of the black tea polyphenol theaflavin-2 on apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in vitro and in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(2):198–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000165.
- Liang YC, Chen YC, Lin YL, Lin-Shiau SY, Ho CT, Lin JK. Suppression of extracellular signals and cell proliferation by the black tea polyphenol, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate. Carcinogenesis. 1999;20(4):733–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/20.4.733.
- Weerawatanakorn M, Lee Y-L, Tsai C-Y, Lai CS, Wan X, Ho CT, Li S, Pan MH. Protective effect of theaflavin-enriched black tea extracts against dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Food Funct. 2015;6(6):1832–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00126a.
- Hung WL, Yang G, Wang YC, Chiou YS, Tung YC, Yang MJ, Wang BN, Ho CT, Wang Y, Pan MH. Protective effects of theasinensin A against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Food Funct. 2017;8(9):3276–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00700k.
- Pan MH, Liang YC, Lin-Shiau SY, Zhu NQ, Ho CT, Lin JK. Induction of apoptosis by the oolong tea polyphenol theasinensin A through cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in human U937 cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(12):6337–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000777b.
- Gao Y, Rankin GO, Tu Y, Chen YC. Inhibitory effects of the four main theaflavin derivatives found in black tea on ovarian cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2016;36(2):643–51.
- Gao Y, Yin J, Tu Y, Chen YC. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate suppresses human ovarian carcinoma ovcar-3 cells by regulating the checkpoint kinase 2 and p27 kip1 pathways. Molecules. 2019;24(4):673. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040673.
- Way T-D, Lee H-H, Kao M-C, Lin J-K. Black tea polyphenol theaflavins inhibit aromatase activity and attenuate tamoxifen resistance in HER2/neu-transfected human breast cancer cells through tyrosine kinase suppression. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40(14):2165–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2004.06.018.
- Sun S, Pan S, Miao A, Ling C, Pang S, Tang J, Chen D, Zhao C. Active extracts of black tea (Camellia Sinensis) induce apoptosis of PC-3 prostate cancer cells via mitochondrial dysfunction. Oncol Rep. 2013;30(2):763–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2504.
- Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, Castagnetti G, Peracchia G, Corti A. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Cancer Res. 2006;66(2):1234–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1145.
- Shin CM, Lee DH, Seo AY, Lee HJ, Kim SB, Son W-C, Kim YK, Lee SJ, Park S-H, Kim N, et al. Green tea extracts for the prevention of metachronous colorectal polyps among patients who underwent endoscopic removal of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(2):452–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.01.014.
- Thomas F, Patel S, Holly JMP, Persad R, Bahl A, Perks CM. Dihydrotestosterone sensitises LNCaP cells to death induced by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) or an IGF-I receptor inhibitor. Prostate. 2009;69(2):219–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.20873.
- Chung LY, Cheung TC, Kong SK, Fung KP, Choy YM, Chan ZY, Kwok TT. Induction of apoptosis by green tea catechins in human prostate cancer DU145 cells. Life Sci. 2001;68(10):1207–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(00)01020-1.
- Gupta S, Ahmad N, Nieminen AL, Mukhtar H. Growth inhibition, cell-cycle dysregulation, and induction of apoptosis by green tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000;164(1):82–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1999.8885.
- Stuart EC, Scandlyn MJ, Rosengren RJ. Role of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer. Life Sci. 2006;79(25):2329–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.036.
- Lee Y-H, Kwak J, Choi H-K, Choi K-C, Kim S, Lee J, Jun W, Park H-J, Yoon H-G. EGCG suppresses prostate cancer cell growth modulating acetylation of androgen receptor by anti-histone acetyltransferase transferase activity. Int J Mol Med. 2012;30(1):69–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2012.966.
- Liao S, Umekita Y, Guo J, Kokontis JM, Hiipakka RA. Growth inhibition and regression of human prostate and breast tumors in athymic mice by tea epigallocatechin gallate. Cancer Lett. 1995;96(2):239–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(95)03948-V.
- Siddiqui IA, Zaman N, Aziz MH, Reagan-Shaw SR, Sarfaraz S, Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Raisuddin S, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of CWR22Rnu1 tumor growth and PSA secretion in athymic nude mice by green and black teas. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(4):833–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgi323.
- Agarwal R. Cell signaling and regulators of cell cycles of human prostate cancer prevention by dietary agents. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;60(8):1051–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00385-3.
- Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Afaq F, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Modulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-pathways by tea polyphenols in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem. 2004;91(2):232–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.10737.
- Hastak K, Gupta S, Ahmad N, Agarwal MK, Agarwal ML, Mukhtar H. Role of p53 and NF-kappaB in epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells. Oncogene. 2003;22(31):4851–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206708.
- Adhami VM, Malik A, Zaman N, Sarfaraz S, Siddiqui IA, Syed DN, Afaq F, Pasha FS, Saleem M, Mukhtar H. Combined inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on the growth of human prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(5):1611–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2269.
- Gupta S, Hussain T, Mukhtar H. Molecular pathway for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003;410(1):177–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00668-9.
- Vayalil PK, Katiyar SK. Treatment of epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 via inhibition of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-jun and NF-kappaB in human prostate carcinoma DU-145 cells. Prostate. 2004;59(1):33–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.10352.
- Nguyen MM, Ahmann FR, Nagle RB, Hsu C-H, Tangrea JA, Parnes HL, Sokoloff MH, Gretzer MB, Chow H-HS. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polyphenon E in prostate cancer patients before prostatectomy: evaluation of potential chemopreventive activities. Cancer Prev Res. 2012;5(2):290–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0306.
- Siddiqui IA, Shukla Y, Adhami VM, Sarfaraz S, Asim M, Hafeez BB, Mukhtar H. Suppression of NFκB and its regulated gene products by oral administration of green tea polyphenols in an autochthonous mouse prostate cancer model. Pharm Res. 2008;25(9):2135–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9553-z.
- Khurana N, Sikka SC. Targeting crosstalk between Nrf-2, NF-κB and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Cancers. 2018;10(10):352. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10100352.
- Staal J, Beyaert R. Inflammation and NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications. Cells. 2018;7(9):122. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7090122.
- Mukherjee S, Siddiqui MA, Dayal S, Ayoub YZ, Malathi K. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines induced by Toll-like receptor 9 agonists in prostate cancer cells. J Inflamm Res. 2014;7:89–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S61365.
- Chen JJ, Ye ZQ, Koo MW. Growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest effects of epigallocatechin gallate in the NBT-II bladder tumour cell line. BJU Int. 2004;93(7):1082–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04785.x.
- Coyle CH, Philips BJ, Morrisroe SN, Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N. Antioxidant effects of green tea and its polyphenols on bladder cells. Life Sci. 2008;83(1-2):12–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2008.04.010.
- Qin J, Xie L-P, Zheng X-Y, Wang Y-B, Bai Y, Shen H-F, Li L-C, Dahiya R. A component of green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, promotes apoptosis in T24 human bladder cancer cells via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and Bcl-2 family proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;354(4):852–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.003.
- Luo KW, Wei C, Lung WY, Wei XY, et al. EGCG inhibited bladder cancer SW780 cell proliferation and migration both in vitro and in vivo via down-regulation of NF-κB and MMP-9. J Nutr Biochem. 2017;41:56–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.12.004.
- Roomi MW, Ivanov V, Kalinovsky T, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M. Antitumor effect of ascorbic acid, lysine, proline, arginine, and green tea extract on bladder cancer cell line T-24. Int J Urol. 2006;13(4):415–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01309.x.
- Zhu J, Zhang L, Jin X, Han X, Sun C, Yan J. beta-Ionone-induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma (U2os) cells occurs via a p53-dependent signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep. 2010;37(6):2653–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-009-9793-y.
- Abd-Elbaset M, Mansour AM, Ahmed OM, Abo-Youssef AM. The potential chemotherapeutic effect of β-ionone and/or sorafenib against hepatocellular carcinoma via its antioxidant effect, PPAR-γ, FOXO-1, Ki-67, Bax, and Bcl-2 signaling pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020;393(9):1611–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-020-01863-9.
- Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(6):1040–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.6.1040.
- Venables MC, Hulston CJ, Cox HR, Jeukendrup AE. Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):778–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.3.778.
- He HF. Research progress on theaflavins: efficacy, formation, and preparation. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1344521. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1344521.
- Rothenberg DO, Zhou C, Zhang L. A review on the weight-loss effects of oxidized tea polyphenols. Molecules. 2018;23(5):1176. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051176.
- Pan S, Deng X, Sun S, Lai X, Sun L, Li Q, Xiang L, Zhang L, Huang Y. Black tea affects obesity by reducing nutrient intake and activating AMP-activated protein kinase in mice. Mol Biol Rep. 2018;45(5):689–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4205-9.
- Kobayashi M, Ichitani M, Suzuki Y, Unno T, Sugawara T, Yamahira T, Kato M, Takihara T, Sagesaka Y, Kakuda T, et al. Black-tea polyphenols suppress postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia by suppressing lymphatic transport of dietary fat in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(15):7131–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900855v.
- Pastoriza S, Mesías M, Cabrera C, Rufián-Henares JA. Healthy properties of green and white teas: an update. Food Funct. 2017;8(8):2650–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00611j.
- Kudo N, Arai Y, Suhara Y, Ishii T, Nakayama T, Osakabe N. A single oral administration of theaflavins increases energy expenditure and the expression of metabolic genes. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0137809. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137809.
- Farkas O, Jakus J, Heberger K. Quantitative structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoid compounds. Molecules. 2004;9(12):1079–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/91201079.
- Bernatoniene J, Kopustinskiene DM. The role of catechins in cellular responses to oxidative stress. Molecules. 2018;23(4):965. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040965.
- Basu A, Betts NM, Mulugeta A, Tong C, Newman E, Lyons TJ. Green tea supplementation increases glutathione and plasma antioxidant capacity in adults with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res. 2013;33(3):180–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.12.010.
- Yang Z, Jie G, Dong F, Xu Y, Watanabe N, Tu Y. Radical-scavenging abilities and antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters in H2O2-mediated oxidative damage system in the HPF-1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008;22(5):1250–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2008.04.007.
- Fatima M, Rizvi SI. Antioxidative effect of black tea theaflavin on erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress. Natl Acad Sci Lett. 2015;38(1):25–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-014-0285-9.
- Weber P. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR, Martin CR, editors. Handbook of behavior, food and nutrition. Vol. 15. Springer Science; 2004. p. 20–2.
- Nagao T, Meguro S, Hase T, Otsuka K, Komikado M, Tokimitsu I, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto K. A catechin-rich beverage improves obesity and blood glucosecontrol in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(2):310–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.505.
- Odegaard AO, Pereira MA, Koh W-P, Arakawa K, Lee H-P, Yu MC. Coffee, tea, and incident type 2 diabetes: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(4):979–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.4.979.
- Hayashino Y, Fukuhara S, Okamura T, Tanaka T, Ueshima H, for the HIPOP-OHP Research Group. High oolong tea consumption predicts future risk of diabetes among Japanese male workers: a prospective cohort study. Diabetic Med. 2011;28(7):805–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03239.x.
- Matsui T, Tanaka T, Tamura S, Toshima A, Tamaya K, Miyata Y, Tanaka K, Matsumoto K. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory profile of catechins and theaflavins. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(1):99–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0627672.
- Ramalingam S, Ramasamy SM, Vasu G, Gopalarishnan R. Antihyperglycemic potential of back tea extract attenuates tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes by modulating carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2020;35(3):322–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-019-00831-2.
- Franco R, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Martínez-Pinilla E. Health benefits of methylxanthines in cacao and chocolate. Nutrients. 2013;5(10):4159–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5104159.
- Chen JF, Chern Y. Impacts of methylxanthines and adenosine receptors on neurodegeneration: human and experimental studies. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2011;200:267–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_10
- Baggott MJ, Childs E, Hart AB, de Bruin E, Palmer AA, Wilkinson JE, de Wit H. Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2013;228(1):109–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0.
- Maia L, de Mendonça A. Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer’s disease? Eur J Neurol. 2002;9(4):377–82. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00421.x doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00421.x.
- Costa J, Lunet N, Santos C, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A. Caffeine exposure and the risk of Parkinson’sdisease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20(s1):S221–S38. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-091525.
- Nobre AC, Rao A, Owen GN. L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(Suppl 1):167–8.
- Williams JL, Everett JM, D'Cunha NM, Sergi D, Georgousopoulou EN, Keegan RJ, McKune AJ, Mellor DD, Anstice N, Naumovski N. The effects of green tea amino acid l-theanine consumption on the ability to manage stress and anxiety levels: a systematic review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2020;75(1):12–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-019-00771-5.
- Yamada T, Terashima T, Kawano S, Furuno R, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Yokogoshi H. Theanine, gamma-glutamylethylamide, a unique amino acid in tea leaves, modulates neurotransmitter concentrations in the brain striatum interstitium in conscious rats. Amino Acids. 2009;36(1):21–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-007-0020-7.
- Di X, Yan J, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Shi Z, Chang Y, Zhao B. L-theanine protects the APP (Swedish mutation) transgenic SH-SY5Y cell against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity via inhibition of the NMDA receptor pathway. Neuroscience. 2010;168(3):778–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.019.
- Thangarajan S, Deivasigamani A, Natarajan SS, Krishnan P, Mohanan SK. Neuroprotective activity of L-theanine on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat striatum. Int J Neurosci. 2014;124(9):673–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2013.872642.
- Jo M-R, Park M-H, Choi D-Y, Yuk D-Y, Lee Y-M, Lee J-M, Jeong J-H, Oh K-W, Lee M-S, Han S-B, et al. Neuroprotective effect of L-theanine on Ab-induced neurotoxicity through anti-oxidative mechanisms in SK-N-SH and SK-N-MC cells. Biomol Ther. 2011;19(3):288–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.3.288.
- Sumathi T, Shobana C, Thangarajeswari M, Usha R. Protective effect of L-theanine against aluminium induced neurotoxicity in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat brain—histopathological, and biochemical approach. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2015;38(1):22–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2014.900068.
- Tamano H, Fukura K, Suzuki M, Sakamoto K, Yokogoshi H, Takeda A. Preventive effect of theanine intake on stress-induced impairments of hippocamapal long-term potentiation and recognition memory. Brain Res Bull. 2013;95:1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.02.005.
- Takeda A, Tamano H, Suzuki M, Sakamoto K, Oku N, Yokogoshi H. Unique induction of CA1 LTP components after intake of theanine, an amino acid in tea leaves and its effect on stress response. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2012;32(1):41–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-011-9732-z.
- Li Y, Shi J, Sun X, Li Y, Duan Y, Yao H. Theaflavic acid from black tea protects PC12 cells against ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis induced by OGD/R via activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. J Nat Med. 2020;74(1):238–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01333-4.
- Lin C-L, Chen T-F, Chiu M-J, Way T-D, Lin J-K. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) suppresses beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity through inhibiting c-Abl/FE65 nuclear translocation and GSK3 beta activation. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30(1):81–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.012.
- Wei JCC, Huang HC, Chen WJ, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates amyloid β-induced inflammation and neurotoxicity in EOC 13.31 microglia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;770:16–24.
- Cascella M, Bimonte S, Muzio MR, et al. The efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (green tea) in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: an overview of pre-clinical studies and translational perspectives in clinical practice. Infect Agent Cancer. 2017;12:36.
- Qi G, Mi Y, Fan R, Zhao B, Ren B, Liu X. Tea polyphenols ameliorates neural redox imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction via mechanisms linking the key circadian regular Bmal1. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017; 110:189–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.031.
- Javed H, Azimullah S, Abul Khair SB, Ojha S, Haque ME. Neuroprotective effect of nerolidol against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by rotenone. BMC Neurosci. 2016;17(1):58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-016-0293-4.
- Gomes FMS, da Cunha XJ, dos Santos JFS, de Matos YMLS, Tintino SR, de Freitas TS, Coutinho HDM. Evaluation of antibacterial and modifying action of catechin antibiotics in resistant strains. Microb Pathog. 2018;115:175–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.058.
- Ajiboye TO, Aliyu M, Isiaka I, Haliru FZ, Ibitoye OB, Uwazie JN, Muritala HF, Bello SA, Yusuf II, Mohammed AO. Contribution of reactive oxygen species to (+)-catechin-mediated bacterial lethality . Chem Biol Interact. 2016;258:276–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.09.010.
- You HL, Huang CC, Chen CJ, Chang CC, Liao PL, Huang ST. Anti-pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus potential of catechin and gallic acid. J Chin Med Assoc. 2018;81(5):458–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2017.11.007.
- Boyanova L, Ilieva J, Gergova G, Vladimirov B, Nikolov R, Mitov I. Honey and green/black tea consumption may reduce the risk of Helicobacter pylori infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;82(1):85–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.001.
- Naveed M, BiBi J, Kamboh AA, Suheryani I, Kakar I, Fazlani SA, FangFang X, Kalhoro SA, Yunjuan L, Kakar MU, et al. Pharmacological values and therapeutic properties of black tea (Camellia sinensis): a comprehensive overview. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;100:521–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.048.
- Diaz-Gomez R, Lopez-Solis R, Obreque-Slier E, Toledo-Araya H. Comparative antibacterial effect of gallic acid and catechin against Helicobacter pylori. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2013;54(2):331–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.07.012.
- Pan Z, Zhou Y, Luo X, Ruan Y, Zhou L, Wang Q, Yan YJ, Liu Q, Chen J. Against NF-κB/thymic stromal lymphopoietin signaling pathway, catechin alleviates the inflammation in allergic rhinitis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;61:241–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.011.
- Marinovic MP, Morandi AC, Otton R. Green Tea catechins alone or in combination alter functional parameters of human neutrophils via suppressing the activation of TLR-4/NFκB p65 signal pathway. Toxicol In Vitro. 2015;29(7):1766–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.014.
- Horrigan LA, Kelly JP, Connor TJ. Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther. 2006;111(3):877–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.02.002.
- Noh MK, Jung M, Kim SH, Lee SR, Park KH, Kim DH, Kim HH, Park YG. Assessment of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in the gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis. Exp Ther Med. 2013;6(3):847–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1222.
- Zhou J, Windsor LJ. Porphyromonas gingivalis affects host collagen degradation by affecting expression, activation, and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases. J Periodont Res. 2006;41(1):47–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00835.x.
- Kong L, Qi X, Huang S, Chen S, Wu Y, Zhao L. Theaflavins inhibit pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and MMPs production in P. gingivalis-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60(1):12–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.019.
- Hegarty VM, May HM, Khaw KT. Tea drinking and bone mineral density in older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(4):1003–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.4.1003.
- Logar DB, Komadina R, Prezelj J, Ostanek B, Trost Z, Marc J. Expression of bone resorption genes in osteoarthritis and in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2007;25(4):219–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-007-0753-0.
- Oka Y, Iwai S, Amano H, Irie Y, Yatomi K, Ryu K, Yamada S, Inagaki K, Oguchi K. Tea polyphenols inhibit rat osteoclast formation and differentiation. J Pharmacol Sci. 2012;118(1):55–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.11082FP.
- Nishikawa K, Iwamoto Y, Kobayashi Y, Katsuoka F, Kawaguchi S-i, Tsujita T, Nakamura T, Kato S, Yamamoto M, Takayanagi H, et al. DNA methyltransferase 3a regulates osteoclast differentiation by coupling to an S-adenosylmethionine-producing metabolic pathway. Nat Med. 2015;21(3):281–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3774.
- Chen S-T, Kang L, Wang C-Z, Huang P-J, Huang H-T, Lin S-Y, Chou S-H, Lu C-C, Shen P-C, Lin Y-S, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate decreases osteoclastogenesis via modulation of RANKL and osteoprotegrin. Molecules. 2019;24(1):156. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010156.
- Suganuma M, Saha A, Fujiki H. New cancer treatment strategy using combination of green tea catechins and anticancer drugs. Cancer Sci. 2011;102(2):317–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01805.x.
- Fujiki H, Sueoka E, Watanabe T, Suganuma M. Primary cancer prevention by green tea, and tertiary cancer prevention by the combination of green tea catechins and anticancer compounds. J Cancer Prev. 2015;20(1):1–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.15430/JCP.2015.20.1.1.
- Chen L, Ye H-L, Zhang G, Yao W-M, Chen X-Z, Zhang F-C, Liang G. Autophagy inhibition contributes to the synergistic interaction between EGCG and doxorubicin to kill the hepatoma Hep3B cells. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85771. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085771.
- Esmaeili MA. Combination of siRNA-directed gene silencing with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reverses drug resistance in human breast cancer cells. J Chem Biol. 2016;9(1):41–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12154-015-0144-2.
- Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Nagamine M, Umegaki K, Sonobe T. Efficacy of theanine is connected with theanine metabolism by any enzyme, not only drug metabolizing enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006;44(2):286–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.07.010.
- Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y. Theanine and glutamate transporter inhibitors enhance the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003;1653(2):47–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-419X(03)00031-3.
- Liu S, Huang H. Assessments of antioxidant effect of black tea extract and its rationals by erythrocyte haemolysis assay, plasma oxidation assay and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay. J Funct Foods. 2015;18:1095–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.023.
- Zhou H, Li H-M, Du Y-M, Yan R-A, Ou S-Y, Chen T-F, Wang Y, Zhou L-X, Fu L. C-geranylated flavanones from YingDe black tea and their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. Food Chem. 2017;235:227–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.034.
- Zhen Y-s. Tea: bioactivity and therapeutic potential. London (UK): Taylor & Francis (CRC Press); 2002.
- Khan N, Mukhtar H. Tea polyphenols for health promotion. Life Sci. 2007;81(7):519–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2007.06.011.
- Alshatwi AA, Periasamy VS, Athinarayanan J, Elango R. Synergistic anticancer activity of dietary tea polyphenols and bleomycin hydrochloride in human cervicalcancer cell: caspase-dependent and independent apoptotic pathways. Chem Biol Interact. 2016;247:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.01.012.
- Periasamy VS, Alshatwi AA. Tea polyphenols modulate antioxidant redox system on cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species generation in a human breast cancer cell. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;112(6):374–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12035.
- Zhou Y, Tang J, Du Y, Ding J, Liu JY. The green tea polyphenol EGCG potentiates the antiproliferative activity of sunitinib in human cancer cells. Tumour Biol. 2016;37(7):8555–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-4719-x.
- Chisholm K, Bray BJ, Rosengren RJ. Tamoxifen and epigallocatechin gallate are synergistically cytotoxic to MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs. 2004;15(9):889–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00001813-200410000-00010.
- Mazumder ME, Beale P, Chan C, Yu JQ, Huq F. Epigallocatechin gallate acts synergistically in combination with cisplatin and designed trans-palladiums in ovarian cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2012;32(11):4851–60.
- Pan H, Li J, Rankin GO, Rojanasakul Y, Tu Y, Chen YC. Synergistic effect of black tea polyphenol, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate with cisplatin against cisplatin resistant human ovarian cancer cells. J Funct Foods. 2018;46:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.037.
- Suganuma M, Kurusu M, Suzuki K, Tasaki E, Fujiki H. Green tea polyphenol stimulates cancer preventive effects of celecoxib in human lung cancer cells by upregulation of GADD153 gene. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(1):33–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21809.
- Yang X-W, Wang X-L, Cao L-Q, Jiang X-F, Peng H-P, Lin S-M, Xue P, Chen D. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced cell growth inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatol Res. 2012;42(5):494–501. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034X.2011.00947.x.
- Liang G, Tang A, Lin X, et al. Green tea catechins augment the antitumor activity of doxorubicin in an in vivo mouse model for chemoresistant liver cancer. Int J Oncol. 2010;7(1):111–23.
- Mirkov S, Komoroski BJ, Ramírez J, Graber AY, Ratain MJ, Strom SC, Innocenti F. Effects of green tea compounds on irinotecan metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007;35(2):228–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.106.012047.
- Stearns ME, Wang M. Synergistic Effects of the green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate and taxane in eradication of malignant human prostate tumors. Transl Oncol. 2011;4(3):147–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1593/tlo.10286.