References
- Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA A Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21551.
- Zhang X, Albanes D, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Flood A, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci EL, Goldbohm RA, Jaceldo-Siegl K, et al. Risk of colon cancer and coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened soft drink intake: pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(11):771–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djq107.
- Howarth NC, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. The association of glycemic load and carbohydrate intake with colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(4):1074–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.4.1074.
- Zhang XM, Chan CC, Stamp D, Minkin S, Archer MC, Bruce WR. Initiation and promotion of colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats by 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde in thermolyzed sucrose. Carcinogenesis. 1993;14(4):773–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/14.4.773.
- Bostick RM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Steinmetz KA, McKenzie DR, Gapstur SM, Folsom AR. Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1994;5(1):38–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01830725.
- Tasevska N, Jiao L, Cross AJ, Kipnis V, Subar AF, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Potischman N. Sugars in diet and risk of cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Int J Cancer. 2012;130(1):159–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25990.
- Um CY, Prizment A, Hong C-P, Lazovich D, Bostick RM. Associations of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy product intakes with colorectal cancer risk among older women: The Iowa Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer. 2019;71(5):739–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1539188.
- Stamp D, Zhang XM, Medline A, Bruce WR, Archer MC. Sucrose enhancement of the early steps of colon carcinogenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis. 1993;14(4):777–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/14.4.777.
- Bidoli E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Barra S, La Vecchia C. Food consumption and cancer of the colon and rectum in north-eastern Italy. Int J Cancer. 1992;50(2):223–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910500211.
- De Stefani E, Mendilaharsu M, Deneo-Pellegrini H. Sucrose as a risk factor for cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in Uruguay. Int J Cancer. 1998;75(1):40–4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980105)75:1 < 40::aid-ijc7 > 3.0.co;2-1.
- La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A, D'Avanzo B, Gallotti L, Gentile A, Franceschi S. A case-control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer in northern Italy. Int J Cancer. 1988;41(4):492–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910410404.
- Franceschi S, Favero A, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Conti E, Montella M, Giacosa A, Nanni O, Decarli A. Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer in Italy. Int J Cancer. 1997;72(1):56–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970703)72:1 < 56::aid-ijc8 > 3.0.co;2-3.
- Benito E, Obrador A, Stiggelbout A, Bosch FX, Mulet M, Muñoz N, Kaldor J. A population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in Majorca. I. Dietary factors. Int J Cancer. 1990;45(1):69–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910450114.
- Hu J, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Mery L. Nutrients and risk of colon cancer. Cancers (Basel)). 2010;2(1):51–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2010051.
- Chen Z, Wang PP, Woodrow J, Zhu Y, Roebothan B, Mclaughlin JR, Parfrey PS. Dietary patterns and colorectal cancer: results from a Canadian population-based study. Nutr J. 2015;14:8 doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-14-8.
- Bahrami A, Houshyari M, Jafari S, Rafiei P, Mazandaranian M, Hekmatdoost A, Sadeghi A, Hejazi E. Dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma: a case control study in Iran. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2019;12(3):217–25.
- Higginbotham S, Zhang Z-F, Lee I-M, Cook NR, Giovannucci E, Buring JE, Liu S, Women's Health Study Dietary glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(3):229–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djh020.
- Michaud DS, Fuchs CS, Liu S, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E. Dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate, sugar, and colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(1):138–47.
- Terry PD, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. Glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of colorectal cancer in women: a prospective cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(12):914–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/95.12.914.
- Folsom AR, Kaye SA, Potter JD, Prineas RJ. Association of incident carcinoma of the endometrium with body weight and fat distribution in older women: early findings of the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Res. 1989;49(23):6828–31.
- Munger RG, Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Kaye SA, Sellers TA. Dietary assessment of older Iowa women with a food frequency questionnaire: nutrient intake, reproducibility, and comparison with 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136(2):192–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116485.
- Kushi LH, Kaye SA, Folsom AR, Soler JT, Prineas RJ. Accuracy and reliability of self-measurement of body girths. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128(4):740–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115027.
- Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(4 Suppl):1220S–8S. discussion 9S-31S. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1220S.
- Slattery ML, Benson J, Berry TD, Duncan D, Edwards SL, Caan BJ, Potter JD. Dietary sugar and colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(9):677–85.
- Wirth MD, Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hébert JR. The dietary inflammatory index is associated with colorectal cancer in the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(11):1819–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451500104X.
- Byrd DA, Judd SE, Flanders WD, Hartman TJ, Fedirko V, Agurs-Collins T, Bostick RM. Associations of novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores with incident colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2020;4(3):pkaa009. pkaa. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkaa009.
- Cheng E, Um CY, Prizment AE, Lazovich D, Bostick RM. Evolutionary-concordance lifestyle and diet and Mediterranean diet pattern scores and risk of incident colorectal cancer in Iowa women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018;27(10):1195–202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-17-1184.
- Shim J-S, Oh K, Kim HC. Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014009 e. doi:https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014009.