Enhanced Inhibition of Adipogenesis by Chrysin via Modification in Redox Balance, Lipogenesis, and Transcription Factors in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes in Comparison with Hesperidin

References

• Pietta P. Flavonoids as antioxidants. J Nat Prod. 2000;63(7):1035–42. doi:10.1021/np9904509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao LH, Jiang YM, Shi J, Tomás-Barberán FA, Datta N, Singanusong R, Chen SS. Flavonoids in food and their health benefits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2004;59(3):113–22. doi:10.1007/s11130-004-0049-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escriche I, Kadar M, Juan-Borrás M, Domenech E. Suitability of antioxidant capacity, flavonoids and phenolic acids for floral authentication of honey. Impact of industrial thermal treatment. Food Chem. 2014;142:135–43. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Zhan J, Liu X, Wang Y, Ji J, He Q. Dietary flavonoids intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):59–63. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Deng Z, Liu R, Loewen S, Tsao R. Bioaccessibility, in vitro antioxidant activities and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a purple tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Food Chem. 2014;159:353–60. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreca D, Bisignano C, Ginestra G, Bisignano G, Bellocco E, Leuzzi U, Gattuso G. Polymethoxylated, C- and O-glycosyl flavonoids in tangelo (Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi) juice and their influence on antioxidant properties. Food Chem. 2013;141(2):1481–8. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Plant-derived epigenetic modulators for cancer treatment and prevention. Biotechnol Adv. 2014;32(6):1123–32. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama S, Kukita T, Ishikawa E, Nakashima S, Masuda S, Kanda T, Akiyama H, Teshima R, Nakamura S. Apple polyphenols suppress antigen presentation of ovalbumin by THP-1-derived dendritic cells. Food Chem. 2013;138(2–3):757–61. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Bae Y, Kim S. Galangin attenuates mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;57:209–16. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Bartley GE, Arvik T, Lipson R, Nah S-Y, Seo K, Yokoyama W. Dietary Supplementation of Chardonnay Grape Seed Flour reduces plasma cholesterol concentration, hepatic steatosis, and abdominal fat content in high-fat diet-induced obese hamsters. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(8):1919–25. doi:10.1021/jf404832s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finer N. Medical consequences of obesity. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;43(2):88–93. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.003.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt FM, Weschenfelder J, Sander C, Minkwitz J, Faßhauer M, Stumvoll M. Inflammatory cytokines in general and central obesity and modulating effects of physical activity 2015;1–17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121971.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. WHO newsroom fact sheets: 2020. n.d. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (accessed 2021 April 30).
   Google Scholar
• Apovian CM. The obesity epidemic-understanding the disease and the treatment. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2):177–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1514957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karri S, Sharma S, Hatware K, Patil K. Natural anti-obesity agents and their therapeutic role in management of obesity: a future trend perspective. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;110:224–38. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack BU, Malherbe CJ, Mamushi M, Muller CJF, Joubert E, Louw J, Pheiffer C. Adipose tissue as a possible therapeutic target for polyphenols: a case for Cyclopia extracts as anti-obesity nutraceuticals. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;120:109439. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushtaq S, Abbasi BH, Uzair B, Abbasi R. Natural products as reservoirs of novel therapeutic agents. Excli J. 2018;17:420–51. doi:10.17179/excli2018-1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregoire FM, Smas CM, Sul HS. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol Rev. 1998;78(3):783–809. doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.3.783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JB, Spiegelman BM. ADD1/SREBP1 promotes adipocyte differentiation and gene expression linked to fatty acid metabolism. Genes Dev. 1996;10(9):1096–107. doi:10.1101/gad.10.9.1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefterova MI, Lazar MA. New developments in adipogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009;20(3):107–14. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2008.11.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JH, Yun JW. Chrysin induces brown fat-like phenotype and enhances lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrition. 2016;32(9):1002–10. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani R, Natesan V. Chrysin: sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action. Phytochemistry. 2018;145:187–96. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong H, Wang J, Ran Q, Lou G, Peng C, Gan Q, Hu J, Sun J, Yao R, Huang Q, et al. Hesperidin: a therapeutic agent for obesity. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:3855–66. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S227499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958;181(4617):1199–200. doi:10.1038/1811199a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(9–10):1231–7. doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM, Cross CE. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now?J Lab Clin Med. 1992;119(6):598–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindarajan R, Rastogi S, Vijayakumar M, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AKS, Mehrotra S, Pushpangadan P. Studies on the antioxidant activities of Desmodium gangeticum. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003;26(10):1424–7. doi:10.1248/bpb.26.1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green H, Kehinde O. Heritable changes leading to increased adipose conversion in 3T3 cells. Cell. 1976;7(1):105–13. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90260-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983;65(1–2):55–63. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King J. The dehydrogenases or oxidoreductases—lactate dehydrogenase. London: Van Nostrand Company Ltd; 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Zacarias JL, Castro-Munozledo F, Kuri-Harcuch W. Quantitation of adipose conversion and triglycerides by staining intracytoplasmic lipids with oil red O. Histochemistry. 1992;97(6):493–7. doi:10.1007/BF00316069.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, Nakayama O, Makishima M, Matsuda M, Shimomura I, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(12):1752–61. doi:10.1172/JCI21625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moron MS, Depierre JW, Mannervik B. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979;582(1):67–78. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1984;21(2):130–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha AK. Calorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem. 1972;47(2):389–94. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalpana KB, Srinivasan M, Menon VP. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of hesperidin and its protective effect on H2O2 induced oxidative damage on pBR322 DNA and RBC cellular membrane. Mol Cell Biochem. 2009;323(1–2):21–9. doi:10.1007/s11010-008-9960-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Q-Q, Otto TC, Lane MD. Mitotic clonal expansion: a synchronous process required for adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(1):44–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0137044100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes HHM, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genet. 1997;27(4):325–51. doi:10.1023/A:1025635913927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt MJ, Holmes AG, Pinnamaneni SK, Garnham AP, Steinberg GR, Kemp BE, Febbraio MA. Regulation of HSL serine phosphorylation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290(3):E500–8. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00361.2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MA, Kang K, Lee HJ, Kim M, Kim CY, Nho CW. Apigenin isolated from Daphne genkwa Siebold et Zucc. inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation through a modulation of mitotic clonal expansion. Life Sci. 2014;101(1–2):64–72. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim M-H, Park J-S, Seo M-S, Jung J-W, Lee Y-S, Kang K-S. Genistein and daidzein repress adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells via Wnt/β-catenin signalling or lipolysis. Cell Prolif. 2010;43(6):594–605. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00709.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J-Y, Della-Fera MA, Rayalam S, Ambati S, Hartzell DL, Park HJ, Baile CA. Enhanced inhibition of adipogenesis and induction of apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with combinations of resveratrol and quercetin. Life Sci. 2008;82(19–20):1032–9. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2008.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CL, Yen GC. Induction of cell apoptosis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes by flavonoids is associated with their antioxidant activity. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006;50(11):1072–9. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefterova MI, Zhang Y, Steger DJ, Schupp M, Schug J, Cristancho A, et al. PPAR and C/EBP factors orchestrate adipocyte biology via adjacent binding on a genome-wide scale. Genes. 2008;22(21):2941–52. doi:10.1101/gad.1709008.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen ED, Hsu C, Wang X, Sakai S, Freeman MW, Gonzalez FJ, et al. C/EBPa induces adipogenesis through PPARg: a unified pathway. Genes Dev. 2002;16(1):22–6. doi:10.1101/gad.948702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahagi N, Shimano H, Hasty AH, Amemiya-Kudo M, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Iizuka Y, Shionoiri F, Ohashi K, Osuga J, et al. A crucial role of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 in the regulation of lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(50):35840–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.50.35840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magaña MM, Lin SS, Dooley KA, Osborne TF. Sterol regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase promoter requires two interdependent binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins. J Lipid Res. 1997;38(8):1630–8. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37181-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Q, Jiang S, Jia W, Shen D, Qiu Y, Zhao Y, Xue B, Li C. Zoledronic acid, an FPPS inhibitor, ameliorates liver steatosis through inhibiting hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;814:169–77. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claycombe KJ, Jones BH, Standridge MK, Guo Y, Moustai MA, Chun JT, et al. Insulin increases fatty acid synthase gene ­transcription in human adipocytes. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(5):R1253–9.
   Google Scholar
• Harmon AW, Harp JB, Hill C, Carolina N, AW, Differential JBH. Differential effects of flavonoids on 3T3-L1 adipogenesis and lipolysis. Am J Physiol Physiol. 2001;280:807–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien P, Chen Y, Lu S, Sheu FUU. Dietary flavonoids suppress adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Food Drug Anal. 2005;13:168–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JP, Lee IS, Seo JJ, Jung M, Kim YH, Yim NH, Bae K. Vitexin, orientin and other flavonoids from Spirodela polyrhiza inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Phytother Res. 2010;24(10):1543–8. doi:10.1002/ptr.3186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigilanza P, Aquilano K, Baldelli S, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. Modulation of intracellular glutathione affects adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(8):2016–24. doi:10.1002/jcp.22542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(6):2169–80. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Lee YJ, Choi H, Ko EH, Kim JW. Reactive oxygen species facilitate adipocyte differentiation by accelerating mitotic clonal expansion. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(16):10601–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808742200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehn KL, Salmon AB, Hohnen-Behrens C, Turner N, Hoy AJ, Maghzal GJ, Stocker R, Van Remmen H, Kraegen EW, Cooney GJ, et al. Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(42):17787–92. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902380106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galinier A, Carrière A, Fernandez Y, Carpéné C, André M, Caspar-Bauguil S, Thouvenot J-P, Périquet B, Pénicaud L, Casteilla L, et al. Adipose tissue proadipogenic redox changes in obesity*. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(18):12682–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M506949200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraci FM. Vascular Protection: Superoxide Dismutase Isoforms in the Vessel Wall. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2004;24(8):1367–73. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000133604.20182.cf.
   Google Scholar
• Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J Nutr Biochem. 2002;13(10):572–84. doi:10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00208-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burda S, Oleszek W. Antioxidant and antiradical activities of flavonoids. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(6):2774–9. doi:10.1021/jf001413m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannala AS, Chan TS, Brien PJO, Rice-Evans CA. Flavonoid B-ring chemistry and antioxidant activity: fast reaction kinetics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;282(5):1161–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim G-S, Lee B-C, Cho HS, Lee JW, Kim J-H, Lee D-H, Kim J-H, Pyo H-B, Moon DC, Oh K-W, et al. Structure activity relationship of antioxidative property of flavonoids and inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinase activity in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblast. Arch Pharm Res. 2007;30(3):290–8. doi:10.1007/BF02977608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milczarek M, Stachowicz M, Sordon S, Popło J. Structure-antioxidant-antiproliferative activity relationships of natural C7 and C7-C8 hydroxylated flavones and flavanones. Antioxidants. 2019;8:1–12. doi:10.3390/antiox8070210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar