Influence of Chronic Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice Supplementation on the Endurance Performance of Active Winter Triathletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

References

• USA Triathlon, 2021 United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee. Winter Triathlon. Colorado Springs (Colorado) : Managing Director, Marketing and USOPC Productions, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, One Olympic Plaza. 2019; Aug 1 [accessed 2021 Oct 3]. https://www.teamusa.org/USATriathlon/About/Multisport/Disciplines/Winter-Triathlon
   Google Scholar
• Nieman DC, Laupheimer MW, Ranchordas MK, Burke LM, Stear SJ, Castell LA. A-Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance-Part 33. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(8):618–20. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranchordas MK, Blomstrand E, Calder PC, Burke LM, Stear SJ, Castell LA. A-z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance-part 23. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(10):830–1. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SJ, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, Benjamin N, Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(1):135–48. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansley KE, Winyard PG, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A, Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Gilchrist M, Benjamin N, Jones AM, et al. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of walking and running: a placebo-controlled study. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(3):591–600. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wylie LJ, Kelly J, Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Skiba PF, Winyard PG, Jeukendrup AE, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115(3):325–36. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00372.2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez R, Cuenca E, Maté-Muñoz J, García-Fernández P, Serra-Paya N, Estevan M, Herreros P, Garnacho-Castaño M. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes. A systematic review. Nutrients. 2017;9(1):43. doi:10.3390/nu9010043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermak NM, Gibala MJ, van Loon LJ. Nitrate supplementation’s improvement of 10-km time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(1):64–71. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.1.64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoon MW, Johnson NA, Chapman PG, Burke LM. The effect of nitrate supplementation on exercise performance in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013;23(5):522–32. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hezel MP, Weitzberg E. The oral microbiome and nitric oxide homoeostasis. Oral Dis. 2015;21(1):7–16. doi:10.1111/odi.12157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhatalo A, Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Pavey TG, Wilkerson DP, Benjamin N, Winyard PG, Jones AM. Acute and chronic effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure and the physiological responses to moderate-intensity and incremental exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;299(4):R1121–31. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00206.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dejam A, Hunter CJ, Schechter AN, Gladwin MT. Emerging role of nitrite in human biology. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2004;32(3):423–9. doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sports Med. 2014;44(Suppl 1):S35–S45. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0149-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SJ, Winyard P, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, Tarr J, Benjamin N, Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(4):1144–55. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Borniquel S, Sahlin K, Ekblom B, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans. Cell Metab. 2011;13(2):149–59. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly J, Vanhatalo A, Wilkerson DP, Wylie LJ, Jones AM. Effects of nitrate on the power-duration relationship for severe-intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(9):1798–806. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828e885c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermak NM, Res P, Stinkens R, Lundberg JO, Gibala MJ, van Loon LJ. No improvement in endurance performance after a single dose of beetroot juice. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(6):470–8. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansley KE, Winyard PG, Bailey SJ, Vanhatalo ANNI, Wilkerson DP, Blackwell JR, Gilchrist MARK, Benjamin N, Jones AM. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves cycling time trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):1125–31. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821597b4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown GC, Cooper CE. Nanomolar concentrations of nitric oxide reversibly inhibit synaptosomal respiration by competing with oxygen at cytochrome oxidase. FEBS Lett. 1994;356(2-3):295–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)01290-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM, Carter H. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Med. 2000;29(6):373–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bescós RAÚL, Ferrer-Roca V, Galilea PA, Roig A, Drobnic F, Sureda A, Martorell M, Cordova A, Tur JA, Pons A, et al. Sodium nitrate supplementation does not enhance performance of endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(12):2400–9. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182687e5c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen PM, Nyberg M, Bangsbo J. Influence of nitrate supplementation on VO2 kinetics and endurance of elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(1):e21-31–e31. doi:10.1111/sms.12005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock O, Tjønna AE, James P, Wisløff U, Welde BOYE, Böhlke N, Smith ALAN, Stokes K, Cook C, Sandbakk Ø, et al. Dietary nitrate does not enhance running performance in elite cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(11):2213–9. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182640f48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkerson DP, Hayward GM, Bailey SJ, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, Jones AM. Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on 50 mile time trial performance in well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(12):4127–34. doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2397-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodal P, Ingjer F, Hermansen L. Capillary supply of skeletal muscle fibers in untrained and endurance-trained men. Am J Physiol. 1977;232(6):H705–12. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1977.232.6.H705.
   Google Scholar
• Boorsma RK, Whitfield J, Spriet LL. Beetroot juice supplementation does not improve performance of elite 1500-m runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(12):2326–34. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Ekblom B. Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise. Acta Physiol. 2007;191(1):59–66. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01713.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce RA, Blackmon JR, Jones JW, Strait G. Exercising testing in adult normal subjects and cardiac patients. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2004;9(3):291–303. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2004.93003.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barwood MJ, Butterworth J, Goodall S, House JR, Laws R, Nowicky A, Corbett J. The effects of direct current stimulation on exercise performance, pacing and perception in temperate and hot environments. Brain Stimul. 2016;9(6):842–9. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsalobre-Fernandez C, Romero-Moraleda B, Cupeiro R, Peinado AB, Butragueno J, Benito PJ. The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy, rating of perceived exertion and running mechanics in elite distance runners: a double-blinded, randomized study. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200517. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Castro TF, Manoel FA, Figueiredo DH, Figueiredo DH, Machado FA. Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on 10-km performance in recreational runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019;44(1):90–4. doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbaniak GC, Plous S. Research Randomizer (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. 2013. Retrieved on June 22, 2013, from http://www.randomizer.org
   Google Scholar
• Govoni M, Jansson EA, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO. The increase in plasma nitrite after a dietary nitrate load is markedly attenuated by an antibacterial mouthwash. Nitric Oxide. 2008;19(4):333–7. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2008.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb AJ, Patel N, Loukogeorgakis S, Okorie M, Aboud Z, Misra S, Rashid R, Miall P, Deanfield J, Benjamin N, et al. Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite. Hypertension. 2008;51(3):784–90. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedano S, Marín PJ, Cuadrado G, Redondo JC. Concurrent training in elite male runners: the influence of strength versus muscular endurance training on performance outcomes. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(9):2433–43. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318280cc26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoliga JM. What is running economy? A clinician’s guide to key concepts, applications and myths. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(10):831–2. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beattie K, Kenny IC, Lyons M, Carson BP. The effect of strength training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2014;44(6):845–65. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0157-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes KR, Kilding AE. Strategies to improve running economy. Sports Med. 2015;45(1):37–56. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0246-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM, Doust JH. A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor running. J Sports Sci. 1996;14(4):321–7. doi:10.1080/02640419608727717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masson G, Lamarche B. Many non-elite multisport endurance athletes do not meet sports nutrition recommendations for carbohydrates. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(7):728–34. doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuillan JA, Dulson DK, Laursen PB, Kilding AE. Dietary nitrate fails to improve 1 and 4 km cycling performance in highly trained cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017;27(3):255–63. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyakayiru J, Jonvik K, Trommelen J, Pinckaers P, Senden J, van Loon L, Verdijk L. Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):314. doi:10.3390/nu9030314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson C, Wylie LJ, Fulford J, Kelly J, Black MI, McDonagh STJ, Jeukendrup AE, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Dietary nitrate improves sprint performance and cognitive function during prolonged intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(9):1825–34. doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3166-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson C, Vanhatalo A, Jell H, Fulford J, Carter J, Nyman L, Bailey SJ, Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation improves sprint and high-intensity intermittent running performance. Nitric Oxide. 2016;61:55–61. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.10.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlak-Chaouch M, Boissière J, Munyaneza D, Gamelin F-X, Cuvelier G, Berthoin S, Aucouturier J. Beetroot juice does not enhance supramaximal intermittent exercise performance in elite endurance athletes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2019;38(8):729–38. doi:10.1080/07315724.2019.1601601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Elías VE, Courel-Ibáñez J, Pérez-López A, Jodra P, Moreno-Pérez V, Coso JD, López-Samanes Á. Acute beetroot juice supplementation does not improve match-play activity in professional tennis players. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020:1–8. doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1835585.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes KR, Kilding AE. Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports Med Open. 2015;1(1):8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Gladwin MT. The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008;7(2):156–67. doi:10.1038/nrd2466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamim CJR, S Júnior FW, de Figueirêdo MLS, Benjamim CJR, Cavalcante TCF, da Silva AAM, Monteiro LRL, Santana MDR, Garner DM, Valenti VE, et al. Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.) extract acutely improves heart rate variability recovery following strength exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial-pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;40(4):307–16. doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1774441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker MA, Bailey TG, McIlvenna L, Allen JD, Green DJ, Askew CD. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves flow mediated dilatation of the superficial femoral artery in healthy older males. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):954. doi:10.3390/nu11050954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns SP. Lactic acid and exercise performance: culprit or friend? Sports Med. 2006;36(4):279–91. doi:10.2165/00007256-200636040-00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton CD, Hopkins WG. Variation in performance of elite cyclists from race to race. European Journal of Sport Science. 2006;6(1):25–31. doi:10.1080/17461390500422796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Ekblom B. Dietary nitrate reduces maximal oxygen consumption while maintaining work performance in maximal exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;48(2):342–7. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley L, Achten J, Martin JC, Jeukendrup AE. No differences in cycling efficiency between world-class and recreational cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 2004;25(5):374–9. doi:10.1055/s-2004-815848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bescós R, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A. The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance. Sports Med. 2012;42(2):99–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlov AV, Staniek K, Nohl H. Nitrite reductase activity is a novel function of mammalian mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 1999;454(1–2):127–30. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00788-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokkedal-Lausch T, Franch J, Poulsen MK, Thomsen LP, Weitzberg E, Kamavuako EN, Karbing DS, Larsen RG. Chronic high-dose beetroot juice supplementation improves time trial performance of well-trained cyclists in normoxia and hypoxia. Nitric Oxide. 2019;85:44–52. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2019.01.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández A, Schiffer TA, Ivarsson N, Cheng AJ, Bruton JD, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Westerblad H. Dietary nitrate increases tetanic [Ca2+]i and contractile force in mouse fast-twitch muscle. J Physiol. 2012;590(15):3575–83. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson SK, Hirai DM, Copp SW, Holdsworth CT, Allen JD, Jones AM, Musch TI, Poole DC. Impact of dietary nitrate supplementation via beetroot juice on exercising muscle vascular control in rats. J Physiol. 2013;591(2):547–57. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.243121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currell K, Jeukendrup AE. Validity, reliability and sensitivity of measures of sporting performance. Sports Med. 2008;38:297–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar