551
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

How Are You Sleeping? Why Nutrition Professionals Should Ask Their Patients About Sleep Habits

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 263-273 | Received 22 Oct 2021, Accepted 31 Dec 2021, Published online: 23 Feb 2022

References

  • Shapiro CM, Devins GM, Hussain MR . ABC of sleep disorders. Sleep problems in patients with medical illness. BMJ. 1993;306(6891):1532–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6891.1532.
  • Tubbs AS, Dollish HK, Fernandez F, Grandner MA. Chapter 1—the basics of sleep physiology and behavior. In: Grandner MA, editor. Sleep health. [Internet]. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2019. p. 3–10 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128153734000010.
  • Cirelli C, Tononi G. Is sleep essential? PLoS Biol. 2008;6(8):e216. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216.
  • Malhotra R, Avidan A. Sleep stages and scoring technique. In: Sudhansu Chokroverty and Robert J. Thomas, editors. Atlas of Sleep Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders Elsevier Inc.; 2014. p. 77–99.
  • Colten HR, Altevogt BM, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research. Sleep physiology. In: Harvey R. Colten and Bruce M. Altevogt, editors. Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: an Unmet Public Health Problem. National Academies Press (US); 2006 [cited 2020 Sep 2]. pp. 33–54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19956/.
  • Vertes RP . Memory consolidation in sleep; dream or reality. Neuron. 2004;44(1):135–48. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.034.
  • Liu Y, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Cunningham TJ, Lu H, Croft JB. Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults—United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(6):137–41. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6506a1.
  • Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, Hazen N, Herman J, Katz ES, Kheirandish-Gozal L, et al . National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40–3. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010.
  • Peuhkuri K, Sihvola N, Korpela R. Diet promotes sleep duration and quality. Nutr Res. 2012;32(5):309–19. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.009.
  • Krystal AD, Edinger JD. Measuring sleep quality. Sleep Med. 2008;9:S10–S17. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(08)70011-X.
  • Unruh ML, Redline S, An M-W, Buysse DJ, Nieto FJ, Yeh J-L, Newman AB. Subjective and objective sleep quality and aging in the Sleep Heart Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(7):1218–27. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01755.x.
  • Kaplan RF, Wang Y, Loparo KA, Kelly MR, Bootzin RR . Performance evaluation of an automated single-channel sleep-wake detection algorithm. Nat Sci Sleep. 2014;6:113–22. doi:10.2147/NSS.S71159.
  • Szczygiel EJ, Cho S, Tucker RM. Characterization of the relationships between sleep duration, quality, architecture, and chemosensory function in nonobese females. Chem Senses. 2018;43(4):223–8. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjy012.
  • Leeder J, Glaister M, Pizzoferro K, Dawson J, Pedlar C. Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(6):541–5. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.660188.
  • Marino M, Li Y, Rueschman MN, Winkelman JW, Ellenbogen JM, Solet JM, Dulin H, Berkman LF, Buxton OM. Measuring sleep: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of wrist actigraphy compared to polysomnography. Sleep. 2013;36(11):1747–55. doi:10.5665/sleep.3142.
  • Ohayon M, Wickwire EM, Hirshkowitz M, Albert SM, Avidan A, Daly FJ, Dauvilliers Y, Ferri R, Fung C, Gozal D, et al . National Sleep Foundation’s sleep quality recommendations: first report. Sleep Health. 2017;3(1):6–19. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.006.
  • Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A . Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(1):144–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079.
  • Wolkove N, Elkholy O, Baltzan M, Palayew M. Sleep and aging: 1. Sleep disorders commonly found in older people. CMAJ. 2007;176(9):1299–304. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060792.
  • Smagula SF, Stone KL, Fabio A, Cauley JA. Risk factors for sleep disturbances in older adults: evidence from prospective studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;25:21–30. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.003.
  • Veehof LJG, Stewart RE, Meyboom-de Jong B, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM. Adverse drug reactions and polypharmacy in the elderly in general practice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;55(7):533–6. doi:10.1007/s002280050669.
  • Grandner MA. Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26(2):155–76. doi:10.3109/09540261.2014.911148.
  • Grandner MA, Hale L, Moore M, Patel NP. Mortality associated with short sleep duration: the evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(3):191–203. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.07.006.
  • Global Burden of Disease 2015 Obesity Collaborator. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:13–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614362.
  • Sullivan PW, Morrato EH, Ghushchyan V, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. Obesity, inactivity, and the prevalence of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular comorbidities in the U.S., 2000–2002. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(7):1599–603. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.7.1599.
  • Jia H, Lubetkin EI. The impact of obesity on health-related quality-of-life in the general adult US population. J Public Health. 2005;27(2):156–64. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdi025.
  • Wu Y, Zhai L, Zhang D. Sleep duration and obesity among adults: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep Med. 2014;15(12):1456–62. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.018.
  • Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala N-B, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, Miller MA. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep. 2008;31(5):619–26. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.5.619.
  • Knutson KL. Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity? Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24(3):361–71. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22219.
  • Beccuti G, Pannain S. Sleep and obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(4):402–12. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109.
  • Chaput J-P, Tremblay A. Adequate sleep to improve the treatment of obesity. CMAJ. 2012;184(18):1975–6. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120876.
  • Taheri S. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(11):881–4. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.093013.
  • Chaput J-P. Sleep patterns, diet quality and energy balance. Physiol Behav. 2014;134:86–91. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.006.
  • Shechter A, Rising R, Albu JB, St-Onge M-P. Experimental sleep curtailment causes wake-dependent increases in 24-h energy expenditure as measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(6):1433–9. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.069427.
  • Markwald RR, Melanson EL, Smith MR, Higgins J, Perreault L, Eckel RH, Wright KP. Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013:110. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216951110.
  • Yang C-L, Schnepp J, Tucker RM. Increased hunger, food cravings, food reward, and portion size selection after sleep curtailment in women without obesity. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):663. doi:10.3390/nu11030663.
  • Rossi MA, Stuber GD. Overlapping brain circuits for homeostatic and hedonic feeding. Cell Metab. 2018;27(1):42–56. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.021.
  • Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Cauter EV. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(11):846. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008.
  • St-Onge M-P, Wolfe S, Sy M, Shechter A, Hirsch J. Sleep restriction increases the neuronal response to unhealthy food in normal-weight individuals. Int J Obes. 2014;38(3):411–6. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.114.
  • Chaput J-P, St-Onge M-P. Increased food intake by insufficient sleep in humans: are we jumping the gun on the hormonal explanation? Front Endocrinol. 2014;5:116. doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00116.
  • Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet Lond Engl. 1999;354(9188):1435–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8.
  • Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK. Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes. 2010;59(9):2126–33. doi:10.2337/db09-0699.
  • Donga E, van Dijk M, van Dijk JG, Biermasz NR, Lammers G-J, van Kralingen KW, Corssmit EPM, Romijn JA. A single night of partial sleep deprivation induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6):2963–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2430.
  • Leproult R, Deliens G, Gilson M, Peigneux P. Beneficial impact of sleep extension on fasting insulin sensitivity in adults with habitual sleep restriction. Sleep. 2015;38(5):707–15. doi:10.5665/sleep.4660.
  • Broussard JL, Ehrmann DA, Van Cauter E, Tasali E, Brady MJ. Impaired insulin signaling in human adipocytes after experimental sleep restriction: a randomized, crossover study. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(8):549–57. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-8-201210160-00005.
  • Tasali E, Leproult R, Ehrmann DA, Van Cauter E. Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(3):1044–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706446105.
  • Stamatakis KA, Punjabi NM. Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects. Chest. 2010;137(1):95–101. doi:10.1378/chest.09-0791.
  • Knutson KL, Ryden AM, Mander BA, Cauter EV. Role of sleep duration and quality in the risk and severity of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(16):1768–74. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.16.1768.
  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193–213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4.
  • Chasens ER, Korytkowski M, Sereika SM, Burke LE. Effect of poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness on factors associated with diabetes self-management. Diabetes Educ. 2013;39(1):74–82. doi:10.1177/0145721712467683.
  • Zhu B-Q, Li X-M, Wang D, Yu X-F. Sleep quality and its impact on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Nurs Sci. 2014;1(3):260–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2014.05.020.
  • Surani S, Brito V, Surani A, Ghamande S. Effect of diabetes mellitus on sleep quality. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(6):868–73. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.868.
  • Ogilvie RP, Patel SR. The epidemiology of sleep and diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(10):82. doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1055-8.
  • Brondel L, Romer MA, Nougues PM, Touyarou P, Davenne D. Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(6):1550–9. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28523.
  • Spaeth AM, Dinges DF, Goel N. Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults. Sleep. 2013;36(7):981–90. doi:10.5665/sleep.2792.
  • Szczygiel EJ, Cho S, Snyder MK, Tucker RM. Associations between chemosensory function, sweet taste preference, and the previous night’s sleep in non-obese males. Food Qual Prefer. 2019;75:105–12. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.02.018.
  • Tobaldini E, Costantino G, Solbiati M, Cogliati C, Kara T, Nobili L, Montano N. Sleep, sleep deprivation, autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74(Pt B):321–9. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.004.
  • Dewan NA, Nieto FJ, Somers VK. Intermittent hypoxemia and OSA: implications for comorbidities. Chest. 2015;147(1):266–74. doi:10.1378/chest.14-0500.
  • Gottlieb DJ, Redline S, Nieto FJ, Baldwin CM, Newman AB, Resnick HE, Punjabi NM. Association of usual sleep duration with hypertension: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep. 2006;29(8):1009–14. doi:10.1093/sleep/29.8.1009.
  • Leproult R, Copinschi G, Buxton O, Van CE. Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening. Sleep. 1997;20:865–70. doi:10.1093/sleep/20.10.865.
  • Seravalle G, Mancia G, Grassi G. Sympathetic nervous system, sleep, and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(9):74. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0874-y.
  • Mancia G, Grassi G. The autonomic nervous system and hypertension. Circ Res. 2014;114(11):1804–14. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302524.
  • Malliani A, Montano N. Emerging excitatory role of cardiovascular sympathetic afferents in pathophysiological conditions. Hypertension. 2002;39(1):63–8. doi:10.1161/hy0102.099200.
  • Tobaldini E, Fiorelli EM, Solbiati M, Costantino G, Nobili L, Montano N. Short sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: from pathophysiology to clinical evidence. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(4):213–24. doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0109-6.
  • Collen J, Lettieri C, Wickwire E, Holley A. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease, a story of confounders!. Sleep Breath. 2020;24(4):1299–15. doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01945-w.
  • Gharibeh T, Mehra R. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: natural history, diagnosis, and emerging treatment options. Nat Sci Sleep. 2010;2:233–55.
  • Reutrakul S, Mokhlesi B. Obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes: a state of the art review. Chest. 2017;152(5):1070–86. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.05.009.
  • Thompson CL, Larkin EK, Patel S, Berger NA, Redline S, Li L. Short duration of sleep increases risk of colorectal adenoma. Cancer. 2011;117(4):841–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.25507.
  • Gu F, Xiao Q, Chu LW, Yu K, Matthews CE, Hsing AW, Caporaso NE. Sleep duration and cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and Health Study Cohort. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0161561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161561.
  • Chen Y, Tan F, Wei L, Li X, Lyu Z, Feng X, Wen Y, Guo L, He J, Dai M, et al . Sleep duration and the risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis including dose-response relationship. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):1149. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-5025-y.
  • Wetterberg L, Halberg F, Tarquini B, Cagnoni M, Haus E, Griffith K, Kawasaki T, Wallach LA, Ueno M, Uezo K, et al. Circadian variation in urinary melatonin in clinically healthy women in Japan and the United States of America. Experientia. 1979;35(3):416–9. doi:10.1007/BF01964386.
  • Wetterberg L, Halberg F, Halberg E, Haus E, Kawasaki T, Ueno M, Uezono K, Cornelissen G, Matsuoka M, Omae T. Circadian characteristics of urinary melatonin from clinically healthy young women at different civilization disease risks. Acta Med Scand. 1986;220(1):71–81. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1986.tb02732.x.
  • Budhrani PH, Lengacher CA, Kip KE, Tofthagen C, Jim H. Minority breast cancer survivors: the association between race/ethnicity, objective sleep disturbances, and physical and psychological symptoms. Nurs Res Pract. 2014;2014:858403. doi:10.1155/2014/858403.
  • Blask DE. Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(4):257–64. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.07.007.
  • Grandner MA, Patel NP, Gehrman PR, Perlis ML, Pack AI. Problems associated with short sleep: bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(4):239–47. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.08.001.
  • Bollinger T, Bollinger A, Oster H, Solbach W. Sleep, immunity, and circadian clocks: a mechanistic model. Gerontology. 2010;56(6):574–80. doi:10.1159/000281827.
  • Patel SR, Zhu X, Storfer-Isser A, Mehra R, Jenny NS, Tracy R, Redline S. Sleep duration and biomarkers of inflammation. Sleep. 2009;32(2):200–4. doi:10.1093/sleep/32.2.200.
  • Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Gut clock: implication of circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;62:139–50.
  • Khawaja O, Petrone AB, Aleem S, Manzoor K, Gaziano JM, Djousse L . Sleep duration and risk of lung cancer in the physicians’ health study. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2014;17(9):649–55. doi:10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.09.02.
  • Stone CR, Haig TR, Fiest KM, McNeil J, Brenner DR, Friedenreich CM. The association between sleep duration and cancer-specific mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2019;30(5):501–25. doi:10.1007/s10552-019-01156-4.
  • Wilder-Smith A, Mustafa FB, Earnest A, Gen L, MacAry PA. Impact of partial sleep deprivation on immune markers. Sleep Med. 2013;14(10):1031–4. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.07.001.
  • Prather AA, Marsland AL, Hall M, Neumann SA, Muldoon MF, Manuck SB. Normative variation in self-reported sleep quality and sleep debt is associated with stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Biol Psychol. 2009;82(1):12–7. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.04.008.
  • Seruga B, Zhang H, Bernstein LJ, Tannock IF. Cytokines and their relationship to the symptoms and outcome of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8(11):887–99. doi:10.1038/nrc2507.
  • Song C, Zhang R, Wang C, Fu R, Song W, Dou K, Wang S. Sleep quality and risk of cancer: findings from the English longitudinal study of aging. Sleep. 2021;44(3):zsaa192. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa192.
  • Soucise A, Vaughn C, Thompson CL, Millen AE, Freudenheim JL, Wactawski-Wende J, Phipps AI, Hale L, Qi L, Ochs-Balcom HM. Sleep quality, duration, and breast cancer aggressiveness. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017;164(1):169–78. doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4245-1.
  • Sigurdardottir LG, Valdimarsdottir UA, Mucci LA, Fall K, Rider JR, Schernhammer E, Czeisler CA, Launer L, Harris T, Stampfer MJ, et al. Sleep disruption among older men and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(5):872–9. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-1227-T.
  • Gottfried T, Kamer I, Salant I, Urban D, Lawrence YR, Onn A, Bar J. Self-reported sleep quality as prognostic for survival in lung cancer patients. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:313–21. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S234523.
  • Liu L, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep disturbances in cancer. Psychiatr Ann. 2008;38(9):627–34. doi:10.3928/00485713-20080901-01.
  • Strollo SE, Fallon EA, Gapstur SM, Smith TG. Cancer-related problems, sleep quality, and sleep disturbance among long-term cancer survivors at 9-years post diagnosis. Sleep Med. 2020;65:177–85. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.10.008.
  • Orzeł-Gryglewska J. Consequences of sleep deprivation. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2010;23(1):95–114. doi:10.2478/v10001-010-0004-9.
  • Sassin JF, Parker DC, Mace JW, Gotlin RW, Johnson LC, Rossman LG . Human growth hormone release: relation to slow-wave sleep and sleep-walking cycles. Science. 1969;165(3892):513–5. doi:10.1126/science.165.3892.513.
  • Evans JC, French DG. Sleep and healing in intensive care settings. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 1995;14(4):189–99. doi:10.1097/00003465-199507000-00005.
  • Chen L, Ma W, Covassin N, Chen D, Zha P, Wang C, Gao Y, Tang W, Lei F, Tang X, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing and wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(5):909–916. doi:10.5664/jcsm.9088.
  • Mostaghimi L, Obermeyer WH, Ballamudi B, Martinez–Gonzalez D, Benca RM. Effects of sleep deprivation on wound healing. J Sleep Res. 2005;14(3):213–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00455.x.
  • Åkerstedt T, Kecklund G, Axelsson J. Impaired sleep after bedtime stress and worries. Biol Psychol. 2007;76(3):170–3. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.010.
  • Hall MH, Casement MD, Troxel WM, Matthews KA, Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Krafty RT, Buysse DJ. Chronic stress is prospectively associated with sleep in midlife women: the SWAN Sleep Study. Sleep. 2015;38(10):1645–54. doi:10.5665/sleep.5066.
  • Alcántara C, Patel SR, Carnethon M, Castañeda SF, Isasi CR, Davis S, Ramos AR, Arredondo E, Redline S, Zee PC, et al. Stress and sleep: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study. SSM Popul Health. 2017;3:713–21. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.004.
  • Yang B, Wang Y, Cui F, Huang T, Sheng P, Shi T, Huang C, Lan Y, Huang Y-N. Association between insomnia and job stress: a meta-analysis. Sleep Breath. 2018;22(4):1221–31. doi:10.1007/s11325-018-1682-y.
  • Lester BK, Burch NR, Dossett RC . Nocturnal EEG-GSR profiles: the influence of presleep states. Psychophysiology. 1967;3(3):238–48. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02701.x.
  • Torsvall L, Åkerstedt T . Disturbed sleep while being on-call: an EEG study of ships’ engineers. Sleep. 1988;11(1):35–8. doi:10.1093/sleep/11.1.35.
  • Reid E. Factors affecting how patients sleep in the hospital environment. Br J Nurs. 2001;10(14):912–5. doi:10.12968/bjon.2001.10.14.5278.
  • Bartick MC, Thai X, Schmidt T, Altaye A, Solet JM. Decrease in as-needed sedative use by limiting nighttime sleep disruptions from hospital staff. J Hosp Med off Publ Soc Hosp Med. 2010;5:E20–4.
  • Dolan R, Huh J, Tiwari N, Sproat T, Camilleri-Brennan J. A prospective analysis of sleep deprivation and disturbance in surgical patients. Ann Med Surg. 2016;6:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2015.12.046.
  • Březinová V. Sleep cycle content and sleep cycle duration. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1974;36:275–82. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(74)90169-2.
  • Levine B, Roehrs T, Stepanski E, Zorick F, Roth T. Fragmenting sleep diminishes its recuperative value. Sleep. 1987;10(6):590–9. doi: 10.1093/sleep/10.6.590.
  • Miller MA, Renn BN, Chu F, Torrence N. Sleepless in the hospital: a systematic review of non-pharmacological sleep interventions. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2019;59:58–66. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.05.006.
  • Tamrat R, Huynh-Le M-P, Goyal M. Non-pharmacologic interventions to improve the sleep of hospitalized patients: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(5):788–95. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2640-9.
  • Moline ML, Broch L, Zak R, Gross V. Sleep in women across the life cycle from adulthood through menopause. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(2):155–77. doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0228.
  • Elek SM, Hudson DB, Fleck MO . Expectant parents’ experience with fatigue and sleep during pregnancy. Birth. 1997;24(1):49–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.1997.00049.pp.x.
  • Hedman C, Pohjasvaara T, Tolonen U, Suhonen-Malm AS, Myllylä VV. Effects of pregnancy on mothers’ sleep. Sleep Med. 2002;3(1):37–42. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(01)00130-7.
  • Mindell JA, Jacobson BJ. Sleep disturbances during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2000;29(6):590–7. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2000.tb02072.x.
  • Hertz G, Fast A, Feinsilver SH, Albertario CL, Schulman H, Fein AM. Sleep in normal late pregnancy. Sleep. 1992;15(3):246–51. doi:10.1093/sleep/15.3.246.
  • Lee KA, Gay CL. Sleep in late pregnancy predicts length of labor and type of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(6):2041–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.05.086.
  • Lee KA, Zaffke ME, McEnany G. Parity and sleep patterns during and after pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(1):14–8. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00486-x.
  • Micheli K, Komninos I, Bagkeris E, Roumeliotaki T, Koutis A, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Sleep patterns in late pregnancy and risk of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. Epidemiology. 2011;22(5):738–44. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31822546fd.
  • Loy SL, Cheung YB, Cai S, Colega MT, Godfrey KM, Chong Y-S, Shek LP-C, Tan KH, Chong MF-F, Yap F, et al. Maternal night-time eating and sleep duration in relation to length of gestation and preterm birth. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl. 2020;39(6):1935–42. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.018.
  • Goyal D, Gay CL, Lee KA. Patterns of sleep disruption and depressive symptoms in new mothers. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2007;21(2):123–9. doi:10.1097/01.JPN.0000270629.58746.96.
  • Wolfson AR, Crowley SJ, Anwer U, Bassett JL. Changes in sleep patterns and depressive symptoms in first-time mothers: last trimester to 1-year postpartum. Behav Sleep Med. 2003;1(1):54–67. doi:10.1207/S15402010BSM0101_6.
  • Arntzen KJ, Kjøllesdal AM, Halgunset J, Vatten L, Austgulen R. TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and soluble TNF receptors in relation to chorioamnionitis and premature labor. J Perinat Med. 1998;26(1):17–26. doi:10.1515/jpme.1998.26.1.17.
  • Hillier SL, Witkin SS, Krohn MA, Watts DH, Kiviat NB, Eschenbach DA. The relationship of amniotic fluid cytokines and preterm delivery, amniotic fluid infection, histologic chorioamnionitis, and chorioamnion infection. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:941–8.
  • Corwin EJ, Pajer K. The psychoneuroimmunology of postpartum depression. J Womens Health. 2008;17(9):1529–34. doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0725.
  • Kulmatycki KM, Jamali F. Drug disease interactions: role of inflammatory mediators in depression and variability in antidepressant drug response. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2006;9:292–306.
  • Hyman C. UCSF study finds inadequate sleep in late pregnancy may influence length of labor and type of delive | UC San Francisco [Internet]. University of California San Francisco; 2004. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2004/12/97669/ucsf-study-finds-inadequate-sleep-late-pregnancy-may-influence-length-labor-and.
  • Chang JJ, Pien GW, Duntley SP, Macones GA. Sleep deprivation during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes: is there a relationship? Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(2):107–14. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.001.
  • Li R, Zhang J, Zhou R, Liu J, Dai Z, Liu D, Wang Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Zeng G. Sleep disturbances during pregnancy are associated with cesarean delivery and preterm birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(6):733–8. doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1183637.
  • Ahmed AH, Hui S, Crodian J, Plaut K, Haas D, Zhang L, Casey T. Relationship between sleep quality, depression symptoms, and blood glucose in pregnant women. West J Nurs Res. 2019;41(9):1222–40. doi:10.1177/0193945918809714.
  • Tsai S-Y, Lee P-L, Lin J-W, Lee C-N. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between sleep and health-related quality of life in pregnant women: a prospective observational study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;56:45–53. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.01.001.
  • Wang L, Jin F. Association between maternal sleep duration and quality, and the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):125 doi:10.1186/s12884-020-2814-5.
  • Zhu B, Shi C, Park CG, Reutrakul S . Sleep quality and gestational diabetes in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2020;67:47–55. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.1246.
  • Horne JA, Baulk SD. Awareness of sleepiness when driving. Psychophysiology. 2004;41(1):161–5. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8986.2003.00130.x.
  • Dahlgren A, Kecklund G, Åkerstedt T. Overtime work and its effects on sleep, sleepiness, cortisol and blood pressure in an experimental field study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32(4):318–27. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1016.
  • Rossa KR, Smith SS, Allan AC, Sullivan KA. The effects of sleep restriction on executive inhibitory control and affect in young adults. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(2):287–92. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.034.
  • Kecklund G, Akerstedt T. Sleepiness in long distance truck driving: an ambulatory EEG study of night driving. Ergonomics. 1993;36(9):1007–17. doi:10.1080/00140139308967973.
  • Åkerstedt T, Anund A, Axelsson J, Kecklund G. Subjective sleepiness is a sensitive indicator of insufficient sleep and impaired waking function. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(3):242–54. doi:10.1111/jsr.12158.
  • Wong KKH, Marshall NS, Grunstein RR, Dodd MJ, Rogers NL. Comparing the neurocognitive effects of 40 h sustained wakefulness in patients with untreated OSA and healthy controls. J Sleep Res. 2008;17(3):322–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00665.x.
  • Malheiros LEA, da Costa BGG, Lopes MVV, Chaput J-P, Silva KS. Association between physical activity, screen time activities, diet patterns and daytime sleepiness in a sample of Brazilian adolescents. Sleep Med. 2021;78:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.004.
  • Buysse DJ, Hall ML, Strollo PJ, Kamarck TW, Owens J, Lee L, Reis SE, Matthews KA. Relationships between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and clinical/polysomnographic measures in a community sample. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;04(06):563–71. doi:10.5664/jcsm.27351.
  • Guo S, Sun W, Liu C, Wu S. Structural validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Chinese undergraduate students. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1126. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01126.
  • Beaudreau SA, Spira AP, Stewart A, Kezirian EJ, Lui L-Y, Ensrud K, Redline S, Ancoli-Israel S, Stone KL, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in older black and white women. Sleep Med. 2012;13(1):36–42. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.04.005.
  • Marques D, Gomes AA, Meiavia A, Salgueiro A, Ribeiro CC, Dischler J. Reliability and initial validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, European Portuguese version: a preliminary study in a sample of higher education students. Sleep Med. 2013;14:e140. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.11.316.
  • Chiu N-Y, Hsu W-Y. Chapter 62—sleep disturbances in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) patients. In: Preedy VR, editor. Neuropathol drug addict subst misuse. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; 2016. p. 608–15 [cited 2021 Aug 29]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128006344000627.
  • Buysse DJ. Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter? Sleep. 2014;37(1):9–17. doi:10.5665/sleep.3298.
  • Ravyts SG, Dzierzewski JM, Perez E, Donovan EK, Dautovich ND. Sleep health as measured by RU SATED: a psychometric evaluation. Behav Sleep Med. 2021;19(1):48–56. doi:10.1080/15402002.2019.1701474.
  • Irish LA, Kline CE, Gunn HE, Buysse DJ, Hall MH. The role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health: a review of empirical evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;22:23–36. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.001.
  • Yang C-M, Lin S-C, Hsu S-C, Cheng C-P. Maladaptive sleep hygiene practices in good sleepers and patients with insomnia. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(1):147–55. doi:10.1177/1359105309346342.
  • Mastin DF, Bryson J, Corwyn R. Assessment of sleep hygiene using the Sleep Hygiene Index. J Behav Med. 2006;29(3):223–7. doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9047-6.
  • Chung F, Abdullah HR, Liao P. STOP-Bang Questionnaire: a practical approach to screen for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2016;149(3):631–8. doi:10.1378/chest.15-0903.
  • Bonsignore MR, Saaresranta T, Riha RL. Sex differences in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir Rev. 2019;28(154):190030. doi:10.1183/16000617.0030-2019.
  • Friedrich A, Schlarb AA . Let’s talk about sleep: a systematic review of psychological interventions to improve sleep in college students. J Sleep Res. 2018;27(1):4–22. doi:10.1111/jsr.12568.
  • Hershner S, O’Brien LM. The impact of a randomized sleep education intervention for college students. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(03):337–47. doi:10.5664/jcsm.6974.
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I). Sleep Foundation [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 5]. Available from: https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia.
  • Mitchell MD, Gehrman P, Perlis M, Umscheid CA. Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2012;13:40. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-13-40.
  • Bowen L. Assessing the effectiveness of online cognitive behavioral therapy in adults with chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lynchburg J Med Sci. 2020;33(12):1. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000723140.42348.76.
  • de Bruin EJ, Bögels SM, Oort FJ, Meijer AM. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial with internet therapy, group therapy and a waiting list condition. Sleep. 2015;38(12):1913–1926. doi:10.5665/sleep.5240.
  • Miller CB, Espie CA, Epstein DR, Friedman L, Morin CM, Pigeon WR, Spielman AJ, Kyle SD. The evidence base of sleep restriction therapy for treating insomnia disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(5):415–424. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.01.006.
  • Turner RM, Ascher LM. A within-subject analysis of stimulus control therapy with severe sleep-onset insomnia. Behav Res Ther. 1979;17(2):107–112. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(79)90018-4.
  • Tucker RM, Contreras DA, Carlson BR, Carter A, Drake CL. Sleep Education for Elders Program (SLEEP): promising pilot results of a virtual, health educator-led, community-delivered sleep behavior change intervention. NSS. 2021;13:625–633. doi:10.2147/NSS.S304035.
  • Chen P-H, Kuo H-Y, Chueh K-H. Sleep hygiene education: efficacy on sleep quality in working women. J Nurs Res. 2010;18(4):283–289. doi:10.1097/JNR.0b013e3181fbe3fd.
  • Chung K-F, Lee C-T, Yeung W-F, Chan M-S, Chung EW-Y, Lin W-L. Sleep hygiene education as a treatment of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2018;35(4):365–375. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmx122.
  • Suni E, Vyas N. What is sleep hygiene? [Internet]. Sleep Foundation. 2021 [cited 2021 Feb 24]. Available from: https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene.
  • Hwang E, Shin S. The effects of aromatherapy on sleep improvement: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(2):61–68. doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0113.
  • Lam T-H, Chung K-F, Yeung W-F, Yu BY-M, Yung K-P, Ng TH-Y. Hypnotherapy for insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23(5):719–732. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2015.07.011.
  • Shallcross AJ, Visvanathan PD, Sperber SH, Duberstein ZT. Waking up to the problem of sleep: can mindfulness help? A review of theory and evidence for the effects of mindfulness for sleep. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;28:37–41. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.10.005.
  • Lau WKW, Leung M-K, Wing Y-K, Lee TMC. Potential mechanisms of mindfulness in improving sleep and distress. Mindfulness. 2018;9(2):547–555. doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0796-9.
  • Lever JR, Murphy AP, Duffield R, Fullagar HHK. A combined sleep hygiene and mindfulness intervention to improve sleep and well-being during high-performance youth tennis tournaments. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021;16(2):250–258. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-1008.
  • Wong MY, Ree MJ, Lee CW. Enhancing CBT for chronic insomnia: a randomised clinical trial of additive components of mindfulness or cognitive therapy. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2016;23(5):377–385. doi:10.1002/cpp.1980.
  • Hur M-H, Hong JH, Yeo S. Effects of aromatherapy on stress, fructosamine, fatigue, and sleep quality in prediabetic middle-aged women: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Integr Med. 2019;31:100978. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2019.100978.
  • Hammond DC. Handbook of hypnotic suggestions and metaphors. New York: W. W. Norton & Company; 1990.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.