Gender and Age Differences in Social Skills Among Children with ADHD: Peer Problems and Prosocial Behavior

References

• American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bagwell, C. L., Molina, B. S. G., Kashdan, T. B., Pelham, W. E., & Hoza, B. (2006). Anxiety and mood disorders in adolescents with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 14, 178–187. doi:10.1177/10634266060140030501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S. P., McBurnett, K., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2013). Negative social preference in relation to internalizing symptoms among children with ADHD predominantly inattentive type: Girls fare worse than boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 784–795. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.828298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Braaten, E., Doyle, A., Spencer, T., … Johnson, M. A. (2002). Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 36–42. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blachman, D. R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Patterns of friendship among girls with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 625–640. doi:10.1023/A:1020815814973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners, C. K., & MHS Staff (2000). Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT-II). Version 5 for Windows. Technical Guide and Software Manual. Canada: MHS.
   Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., Jitendra, A. K., Tresco, K. E., & Junod, R. E. (2006). Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: are there gender differences in school functioning. School Psychology Review, 35, 292–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD rating scale – IV. [Database] checklists, norms and clinical interpretation. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers, S., Gillberg, C., & Wing, L. (1999). A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in school age children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 129–141. doi:10.1023/A:1023040610384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins, I. J., Malone, S., Keyes, M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2011). The impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on preadolescent adjustment may be greater for girls than for boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 532–545. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.581621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erhardt, D., & Hinshaw, S. P. (1994). Initial sociometric impressions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison boys: predictions from social behaviors and from nonbehavioral variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 833–842. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.4.833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, D. M., & Gerdes, A. C. (2015). A review of peer relationships and friendships in youth with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19, 844–855. doi:10.1177/1087054713501552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997). Gender differences in ADHD: A meta-analysis and critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 574–1045. doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-0001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1337–1345. doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, R., Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Monuteaux, M., Mick, E., DuPRE, E., … Goring, J. (2001). Social impairment in girls with ADHD: Patterns, gender comparison and correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 704–710. doi:10.1097/00004583-200106000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudmundsson, E., & Olafsdottir, H. (2003). WPPSI-R: Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence – revised edition in Icelandic. Reykjavik: Namsmatsstofnun.
   Google Scholar
• Hannesdottir, D. K., Ingvarsdottir, E., & Bjornsson, A. S. (2017). The OutSMARTers program for children with ADHD: A pilot study of effects of social skills, self regulation and executive function training. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21, 353–364. doi:10.1177/1087054713520617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay, D. F., Payne, A., & Chadwick, A. (2001). Peer relations in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 45–108. doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00308.x
   Google Scholar
• Hoza, B. (2007). Peer functioning in children with ADHD. Ambulatory Pediatrics: The Official Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association, 7, 101106. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm024
   Google Scholar
• Hoza, B., Mrug, S., Gerdes, A. C., Hinshaw, S., & Bukowski, W. K. (2005). What aspects of peer relationships are impaired in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 73, 1086–1098.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., … Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-aged children – Present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahey, B. B., Hartung, C. H., Loney, J., Pelham, W. E., Chronis, A. M., & Lee, S. S. (2007). Are there sex differences in the predictive validity of DSM-IV ADHD among younger children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36, 113–126. doi:10.1080/15374410701274066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, R. W. (2001). How U.S. children and adolescents spend time: What it does (and doesn’t) tell us about their development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 160–164. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maedgen, J. W., & Carlson, C. L. (2000). Social functioning and emotional regulation in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 30–42. doi:10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikami, A. Y., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2003). Buffers of peer rejection among girls with and without ADHD: The role of popularity with adults and goal-directed solitary play. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 381–397. doi:10.1023/A:1023839517978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikami, A. Y., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2006). Resilient adolescent adjustment among girls: buffers of childhood peer rejection and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 823–839. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9062-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikami, A. Y., Griggs, M. S., Lerner, M. D., Emeh, C. C., Reuland, M. M., Jack, A., & Anthony, M. R. (2013). A randomized trial of a classroom intervention to increase peers' social inclusion of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 100–112. doi:10.1037/a0029654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2010). The influence of sex on the course and psychiatric correlates of ADHD from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 233–241. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02152.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrug, S., Molina, B. S. G., Hoza, B., Gerdes, A. C., Hinshaw, S. P., Hechtman, L., & Arnold, L. E., (2012). Peer rejection and friendships in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Contributions to long-term outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4. 1013–1026. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9610-2
   Google Scholar
• Namsmatsstofnun (2006). WISC-IV (An Icelandic translation and standardization of the WISC-IV: The Psychological Corporation. Reykjavík.
   Google Scholar
• Ohan, J. L., & Johnston, C. (2007). What is the social impact of ADHD in girls? A multimethod assessment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 239–250. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9076-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk, G., Silva de Lima, M., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and meta regression analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 942–948. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge, J. J. (2010). Gender differences in Attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33, 357–373. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman, L. J. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 466–485. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarphedinsson, G., & Magnusson, P. (2008). Spurningar um styrk og vanda [Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire]. Reykjavík, Iceland: BUGL.
   Google Scholar
• Skogli, E. W., Teicher, M. H., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Øie, M. (2013). ADHD in girls and boys–gender differences in co-existing symptoms and executive function measures. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 298. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. H., Barkley, R. A., & Shapiro, C. J. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Assessment of childhood disorders (4th ed., pp. 53–131). New York: Guildford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, L. L., Otten, R., Engels, R., Vermulst, A., & Janssens, J. (2010). Psychometric properties of the parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for 4-12 year olds: A review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13, 254–274. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0071-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, S. (2013). The “Rapid” cognitive-behavioral therapy program fyrir inattentive children: Preliminary findings. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17, 519–526. doi:10.1177/1087054711428074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar