Cultural Differences in Reactions to Tics and Tic Severity

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, G. A., Brooks, J., Buck, D., & Jacoby, A. (2000). The stigma of epilepsy: A European perspective. Epilepsia, 41(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01512.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Ezra, M., Anavi-Goffer, S., Arditi, E., Ron, P., Atia, R. P., Rate, Y., & Kaniasty, K. (2017). Revisiting stigma: Exposure to Tourette in an ordinary setting increases stigmatization. Psychiatry Research, 248, 95–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, M., & Boag, E. M. (2006). Teachers’ knowledge about epilepsy and attitudes toward students with epilepsy: Results of a national survey. Epilepsy & Behavior, 8(2), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capriotti, M. R., Piacentini, J. C., Himle, M. B., Ricketts, E. J., Espil, F. M., Lee, H. J., Turkel, J. E., & Woods, D. W. (2015). Assessing environmental consequences of ticcing in youth with chronic tic disorders: The tic accommodation and reactions scale. Children’s Health Care, 44(3), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2014.948164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, M., Guise, V., Välimäki, M., Botelho, M. A. R., Scott, A., Staniuliené, V., & Zanotti, R. (2010). Nurses’ attitudes to mental illness: A comparison of a sample of nurses from five European countries. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(3), 350–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, S., Himle, M. B., Tucker, B. T. P., Woods, D. W., & Piacentini, J. (2009). Initial psychometric properties of a brief parent-report instrument for assessing tic severity in children with chronic tic disorders. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 31(3), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317100903099100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conelea, C. A., & Woods, D. W. (2008). The influence of contextual factors on tic expression in Tourette’s syndrome: A review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65(5), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, D., Murphy, T., Gilmour, J., & Heyman, I. (2009). The quality of life of young people with Tourette syndrome. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35, 496–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00983.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debes, N., Hjalgrim, H., & Skov, L. (2010). The presence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder worsen psychosocial and educational problems in Tourette syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 25(2), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073809336215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich, S., Beck, M., Bujantugs, B., Kenzine, D., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2004). The relationship between public causal beliefs and social distance toward mentally ill people. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(5), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01363.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eapen, V., Moriarty, J., & Robertson, M. M. (1994). Stimulus induced behaviours in Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 57(7), 853–855. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.7.853
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eapen, V., & Robertson, M. M. (2008). Clinical correlates of Tourette’s disorder across cultures: A comparative study between the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 10(02), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.v10n0203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eaton, C. K., Jones, A. M., Gutierrez-Colina, A. M., Ivey, E. K., Carlson, O., Melville, L., Kardon, P., & Blount, R. L. (2017). The influence of environmental consequences and internalizing symptoms on children’s tic severity. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48(2), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0644-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. D., Fast, D. K., Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Robertson, M. M., & Sandor, P. (2000). An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: Selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42(7), 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162200000839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace, R., & Russell, C. (2005). Tourette’s syndrome and the school experience: A qualitative study of children’s and parents’ perspectives. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 29, 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1030011200025239
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, K. M., Nakane, Y., Christensen, H., Yoshioka, K., Jorm, A. F., & Nakane, H. (2006). Stigma in response to mental disorders: A comparison of Australia and Japan. BMC Psychiatry, 6(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-6-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himle, M. B., Capriotti, M. R., Hayes, L. P., Ramanujam, K., Scahill, L., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Wilhelm, S., Deckersbach, T., Peterson, A. L., Specht, M. W., Walkup, J. T., Chang, S., & Piacentini, J. (2014). Variables associated with tic exacerbation in children with chronic tic disorders. Behavior Modification, 38(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445514531016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himle, M. B., Woods, D. W., Conelea, C. A., Bauer, C. C., & Rice, K. A. (2007). Investigating the effects of tic suppression on premonitory urge ratings in children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2964–2976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, A., Gorry, J., Gamble, C., & Baker, G. A. (2004). Public knowledge, private grief: A study of public attitudes to epilepsy in the United Kingdom and implications for stigma. Epilepsia, 45(11), 1405–1415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.02904.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katona, C. (2013). Familiarity with and attitudes to Tourette’s syndrome in healthcare students: A pilot comparison with epilepsy. European Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.4321/s0213-61632013000200006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, T., Steeves, T., Day, L., Lowerison, M., Jette, N., & Pringsheim, T. (2012). Prevalence of tic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Neurology, 47(2), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft, J. T., Dalsgaard, S., Obel, C., Thomsen, P. H., Henriksen, T. B., & Scahill, L. (2012). Prevalence and clinical correlates of tic disorders in a community sample of school-age children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0223-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leckman, J. F., Zhang, H., Vitale, A., Lahnin, F., Lynch, K., Bondi, C., Kim, Y.-S., & Peterson, B. S. (1998). Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: The first two decades. Pediatrics, 102(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.1.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcks, B. A., Berlin, K. S., Woods, D. W., & Davies, W. H. (2007). Impact of Tourette Syndrome: A preliminary investigation of the effects of disclosure on peer perceptions and social functioning. Psychiatry, 70(1), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2007.70.1.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, C. A., Herrera Amighetti, L. D., Lowe, T. L., Van De Wetering, B. J. M., Freimer, N. B., & Reus, V. I. (2001). Cultural influences on diagnosis and perception of Tourette syndrome in Costa Rica. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 456–463. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200104000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, N., Kassam, A., Leese, M., Butler, G., & Thornicroft, G. (2009). Public attitudes towards people with mental illness in England and Scotland, 1994-2003. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(3), 278–284. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.052654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhof, G. (1995). Parkinson’s disease as a problem of shame in public appearance. Sociology of Health and Illness, 17(2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10933386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussey, C., Pistrang, N., & Murphy, T. (2014). Does it help to talk about tics? An evaluation of a classroom presentation about Tourette syndrome. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’hare, D., Eapen, V., Grove, R., Helmes, E., Mcbain, K., & Reece, J. (2017). Youth with Tourette syndrome: Parental perceptions and experiences in the Australian context. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hare, D., Eapen, V., Helmes, E., McBain, K., Reece, J., & Grove, R. (2015). Factors impacting the quality of peer relationships of youth with Tourette’s syndrome. BMC Psychology, 3(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-015-0090-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Hare, D., Helmes, E., Eapen, V., Grove, R., McBain, K., & Reece, J. (2016). The impact of tic severity, comorbidity, and peer attachment on quality of life outcomes and functioning in Tourette’s syndrome: Parental perspectives. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(4), 563–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0590-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hare, D., Helmes, E., Reece, J., Eapen, V., & McBain, K. (2016). The differential impact of Tourette’s syndrome and comorbid diagnosis on the quality of life and functioning of diagnosed children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 29(1), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olufs, E. L., Himle, M. B., & Bradley, A. R. (2013). The effect of generic versus personally delivered education and self-disclosure on the social acceptability of adults with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(4), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-012-9317-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer, L. E. (2005). Tic-related school problems: Impact on functioning, accommodations, and interventions. Behavior Modification, 29(6), 876–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445505279383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricketts, E. J., McGuire, J. F., Chang, S., Bose, D., Rasch, M. M., Woods, D. W., Specht, M. W., Walkup, J. T., Scahill, L., Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., & Piacentini, J. (2018). Benchmarking treatment response in Tourette’s disorder: A psychometric evaluation and signal detection analysis of the parent tic questionnaire. Behavior Therapy, 49(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Navarro, J., Cubo, E., & Almazán, J. (2014). The impact of Tourette’s syndrome in the school and the family: Perspectives from three stakeholder groups. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36(1), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-013-9193-9
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, M. M. (2008). The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Part 2: The epidemiological and prevalence studies. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65(5), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, M. M. (2015). A personal 35 year perspective on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidities, and coexistent psychopathologies. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 2(1), 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00132-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, M. M., Eapen, V., Singer, H. S., Martino, D., Scharf, J. M., Paschou, P., Roessner, V., Woods, D. W., Hariz, M., Mathews, C. A., Črnčec, R., & Leckman, J. F. (2017). Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1), 16097. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samar, S. M., Moyano, M. B., Braña-Berríos, M., Irazoqui, G., Matos, A., Kichic, R., Gellatly, R., Ibanez-Gomez, L., Zwilling, A. L., Petkova, E., & Coffey, B. J. (2013). Children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder in the USA versus Argentina: Behavioral differences may reflect cultural factors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(11), 701–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0406-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scahill, L., Erenberg, G., Berlin, C. M., Budman, C., Coffey, B. J., Jankovic, J., Kiessling, L., King, R. A., Kurlan, R., Lang, A., Mink, J., Murphy, T., Zinner, S., & Walkup, J. (2006). Contemporary assessment and pharmacotherapy of Tourette syndrome. NeuroRx, 3(2), 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurx.2006.01.009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scahill, L., Specht, M., & Page, C. (2014). The prevalence of tic disorders and clinical characteristics in children. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(4), 394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf, J. M., Miller, L. L., Mathews, C. A., & Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2012). Prevalence of Tourette syndrome and chronic tics in the population-based Avon longitudinal study of parents and children cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(2), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanovics, E., He, H., Ofori-Atta, A., Cavalcanti, M. T., Neto, H. R., Makanjuola, V., Ighodaro, A., Leddy, M., & Rosenheck, R. (2016). Cross-national analysis of beliefs and attitude toward mental illness among medical professionals from five countries. Psychiatric Quarterly, 87(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-015-9363-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadman, R., Tischler, V., & Jackson, G. M. (2013). “Everybody just thinks I’m weird”: A qualitative exploration of the psychosocial experiences of adolescents with Tourette syndrome. Child: Care, Health and Development, 39, 880–886. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, T. S., & Sterling, H. E. (1998). Brief functional analysis and treatment of a vocal tic. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(3), 471–474. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1998.31-471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, D. W. (2002). The effect of video-based peer education on the social acceptability of adults with Tourette’s Syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013563713146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, D. W., Koch, M., & Miltenberger, R. G. (2003). The impact of tic severity on the effects of peer education about Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 15(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021456321200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J. C., Chang, S. W., Deckersbach, T., Ginsburg, G. S., Peterson, A. L., Scahill, L. D., Walkup, J. T., & Wilhelm, S. (2008). Managing Tourette syndrome: A behavioral intervention for children and adults. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J., Himle, M. B., & Chang, S. (2005). Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS): Initial psychometric results and examination of the premonitory urge phenomenon in youths with tic disorders. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(6), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200512000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinner, S. H., Conelea, C. A., Glew, G. M., Woods, D. W., & Budman, C. L. (2012). Peer victimization in youth with Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 43(1), 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar