Effectiveness of Filial Therapy on Preschool Children’s Internalization and Externalization Symptoms with an Insecure Attachment Style During Coronavirus Disease 19 in Tehran District 10

References

• Abbasi, N., Dehghani, A., Ghamrani, A., & Abedi, M. R. (2023). Investigating the effect of mentalization-based therapy (MBT) and filial therapy on interactions of student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Parent and teacher-child interactions. Pajouhan Scientific Journal, 21(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.61186/psj.21.1.22
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T., & Rescorla, L. (2000). Child behavior checklist for ages 1 1/2–5. Reporter, 10, 20.
   Google Scholar
• Achterberg, M., Dobbelaar, S., Boer, O. D., & Crone, E. A. (2021). Perceived stress as mediator for longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on wellbeing of parents and children. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 2971. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81720-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adili, S., Mirzaie, R. R., & Abedi, A. (2019). The effectiveness of filial therapy on the quality of parent-child interactions and health-related quality of life in children with behavioral/emotional problems.
   Google Scholar
• Adili, S., Rayisi, Z., & Ghasemi, N. (2022). The effectiveness of online intervention of fillial therapy on preschool children’s eating behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 19(45), 54–42.
   Google Scholar
• Aghayi, E., & Bayat, M. (2014). The effectiveness of parental play therapy in reducing the symptoms of externalizing disorders in children. Evolutionary Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 11(43), 280–285.
   Google Scholar
• Badovinac, S. D., Pillai Riddell, R., Deneault, A.-A., Martin, J., Bureau, J.-F., & O’Neill, M. C. (2021). Associations between early childhood parent–child attachment and internalizing/externalizing symptoms: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Marriage & Family Review, 57(7), 573–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2021.1879984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahrami, A., Fatehizade, M., Abedi, A., & Dayarian, M. M. (2023). Comparison of the effectiveness of filial therapy and package of parent-child interaction consultations on psychological well-being of preschool children. Applied Family Therapy Journal, 4(3), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.aftj.4.3.3
   Google Scholar
• Biringen, Z., Brown, D., Donaldson, L., Green, S., Krcmarik, S., & Lovas, G. (2000). Adult attachment interview: Linkages with dimensions of emotional availability for mothers and their pre-kindergarteners. Attachment & Human Development, 2(2), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730050085554
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Haynes, O. M., & Painter, K. M. (2007). Maternal sensitivity and child responsiveness: Associations with social context, maternal characteristics, and child characteristics in a multivariate analysis. Infancy, 12(2), 189–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00240.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1984). Attachment and loss, 2: Separation: Anxiety and ager. Vol. 2: Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books (pp. 451–451).
   Google Scholar
• Broek, E. M., De Meyer, R., van der Rijken, R., Zijlmans, J., van Oers, H. A., Luijten, M., Alrouh, H., Popma, A., Bartels, M., & Vermeiren, R. R. (2023). Changes in internalizing and externalizing problems in Dutch children and adolescents receiving youth care before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv, 2023.2012. 2011.23299052.
   Google Scholar
• Buechel, C., Nehring, I., Seifert, C., Eber, S., Behrends, U., Mall, V., & Friedmann, A. (2022). A cross-sectional investigation of psychosocial stress factors in German families with children aged 0–3 years during the COVID-19 pandemic: Initial results of the CoronabaBY study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00464-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (1999). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. Rough Guides.
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical application. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, D. W. (1985). The Chinese version of the General Health Questionnaire: Does language make a difference. Psychological Medicine, 15(1), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700021012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, L., & Jianling, M. (2019). Adult attachment style, emotion regulation, and social networking sites addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau, I., & Baggerly, J. (2024). Online child–parent relationship therapy in Hong Kong during COVID-19: Results of a pilot study. International Journal of Play Therapy, 33(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/pla0000210
   Google Scholar
• Chi, T. C., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Mother–child relationships of children with ADHD: The role of maternal depressive symptoms and depression-related distortions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(4), 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015770025043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, G., Lanier, P., & Wong, P. Y. J. (2022). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence, 37(5), 801–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulombe, B., Cho, B., & Yates, T. (2023). Are the kids alright?: The impact of the pandemic on children and their families. Demeter Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.2667620
   Google Scholar
• Danesh, F., Mohammadi, M., Naziri, G., & Fath, N. (2023). Investigating the effectiveness of modifying the parent-child interaction pattern based on filial play therapy on internet addiction, sleep quality, and self-efficacy in 9–12-year-old children. Addiction & Health, 15(4), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1398
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Miranda, D. M., da Silva Athanasio, B., Oliveira, A. C. S., & Simoes-e-Silva, A. C. (2020). How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wolff, M. S., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta‐analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68(4), 571–591. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deans, C. L. (2018). Maternal sensitivity, its relationship with child outcomes, and interventions that address it: A systematic literature review. Early Child Development and Care, 190(2), 252–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1465415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delavar, A. (2021). Theoretical and practical foundations of research in humanities and social sciences. Rosh Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Heybati, K., Lohit, S., Abbas, U., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Huang, E., Zuo, Q. K., Moskalyk, M., Ramaraju, H. B., & Heybati, S. (2023). Prevalence of mental health symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A meta‐analysis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1520(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, F., He, L., Francis, M. R., Forshaw, M., Woolfall, K., Lv, Q., Shi, L., & Hou, Z. (2021). Associations between parent–child relationship, and children’s externalizing and internalizing symptoms, and lifestyle behaviors in China during the COVID-19 epidemic. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 23375. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02672-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duprey, E. B., Oshri, A., & Liu, S. (2020). Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to adolescent suicide-related behaviors: The internalizing and externalizing comorbidity hypothesis. Development and Psychopathology, 32(3), 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi, E., Mirzaie, H., Borujeni, M. S., Zahed, G., Baghban, A. A., & Mirzakhani, N. (2019). The effect of filial therapy on depressive symptoms of children with cancer and their mother’s depression, anxiety, and stress: A randomized controlled trial. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 20(10), 2935–2941. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.2935
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinberg, M. E., A Mogle, J., Lee, J. K., Tornello, S. L., Hostetler, M. L., Cifelli, J. A., Bai, S., & Hotez, E. (2022). Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on parent, child, and family functioning. Family Process, 61(1), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feniger-Schaal, R., & Joels, T. (2018). Attachment quality of children with ID and its link to maternal sensitivity and structuring. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 76, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, K., Tieskens, J. M., Luijten, M. A. J., Zijlmans, J., van Oers, H. A., de Groot, R., van der Doelen, D., van Ewijk, H., Klip, H., van der Lans, R. M., De Meyer, R., van der Mheen, M., van Muilekom, M. M., Hyun Ruisch, I., Teela, L., van den Berg, G., Bruining, H., van der Rijken, R., Buitelaar, J., … Popma, A. (2023). Internalizing problems before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in independent samples of Dutch children and adolescents with and without pre-existing mental health problems. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(10), 1873–1883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-01991-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes-Balderrama, J., Turnbull-Plaza, B., Ojeda-García, A., Parra-Cardona, J. R., Cruz del Castillo, C., Díaz-Loving, R., & Von Mohr, M. (2022). Insecure attachment to parents as a contributor to internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in Mexican preadolescents. Trends in Psychology, 31(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-021-00125-8
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. P., & Williams, P. (1998). The user’s guide to the general health questionnaire. NFER-Nelson: Windsor
   Google Scholar
• Goni, M. D., Naing, N. N., Hasan, H., Wan-Arfah, N., Deris, Z. Z., Arifin, W. N., Hussin, T. M. A. R., Abdulrahman, A. S., Baaba, A. A., & Arshad, M. R. (2020). Development and validation of knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire for prevention of respiratory tract infections among Malaysian Hajj pilgrims. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8269-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulde, M., Köhler-Dauner, F., Mayer, I., Ziegenhain, U., Fegert, J. M., & Buchheim, A. (2022). Negative effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: The interlinking of maternal attachment representation, coping strategies, parental behavior, and the child’s mental health. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 10, 939538. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.939538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, N., Chaudhary, R., Gupta, M., Ikehara, L.-H., Zubiar, F., & Madabushi, J. S. (2023). Play therapy as effective options for school-age children with emotional and behavioral problems: A case series. Cureus, 15(6), e40093. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, L. J., & Ungerer, J. A. (2002). Maternal employment and infant-mother attachment security at 12 months postpartum. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 758–773. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassanvandi, S., Mohammadi, M. T., & Shahyad, S. (2022). Predicting the severity of COVID-19 anxiety based on sleep quality and mental health in health care workers. Novelty in Clinical Medicine, 1(4), 184–191.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, J. F., Lenard, N., & Brendle, J. (2016). Utilizing filial therapy with deployed military families. International Journal of Play Therapy, 25(4), 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/pla0000032
   Google Scholar
• Imran, N., Zeshan, M., & Pervaiz, Z. (2020). Mental health considerations for children & adolescents in COVID-19 pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(S4), S67–S72. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2759
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarvers, I., Ecker, A., Schleicher, D., Brunner, R., & Kandsperger, S. (2023). Impact of preschool attendance, parental stress, and parental mental health on internalizing and externalizing problems during COVID-19 lockdown measures in preschool children. PLOS One, 18(2), e0281627. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., Liu, J., Fang, S. F., Jiao, F. Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. The Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264–266. e261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo, Y. S., & Lee, W. K. (2022). Impact of COVID-19-related stress on preschool children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors: The indirect effect of mother’s depression and parenting behavior. Child Indicators Research, 15(6), 2093–2113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-022-09946-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2012). Methods of the video-feedback programs to promote positive parenting alone, with sensitive discipline, and with representational attachment discussions. In Promoting positive parenting (pp. 11–22). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Karami, J., & Zabet, M. (2015). Efficacy of child-parent relationship therapy in reducing anxiety syndrome in preschool children. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 2(3), 39–47.
   Google Scholar
• Kauhanen, L., Wan Mohd Yunus, W. M. A., Lempinen, L., Peltonen, K., Gyllenberg, D., Mishina, K., Gilbert, S., Bastola, K., Brown, J. S., & Sourander, A. (2023). A systematic review of the mental health changes of children and young people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(6), 995–1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02060-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khasti, F., & Arizi, H. (2011). Standardization of three versions of child, parent and teacher of child behavior inventory in Isfahan city. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 17(1).
   Google Scholar
• Kiafar, M. S., Aminyazdi, S. A., & Karshki, H. (2014). The effectiveness of family-based play therapy on the improvement of mother-child interaction and decreasing aggression in preschool Mashhad city. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 4(2), 4–18.
   Google Scholar
• Kisely, S., Abajobir, A. A., Mills, R., Strathearn, L., Clavarino, A., & Najman, J. M. (2018). Child maltreatment and mental health problems in adulthood: birth cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 213(6), 698–703. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler‐Dauner, F., Ziegenhain, U., Kipping, M., Mayer, I., Fegert, J. M., & Buchheim, A. (2023). Parenting during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Insecure or unresolved attachment representation is a risk factor for harmful parenting behavior. Family Relations, 72(5), 2297–2317. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landreth, G. B. S. (2006). Child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT): A 23 session filial therapy model. Bruner Routhedge Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. (2017). The effects of filial therapy on families of children with cancer: Mother’s family function and parenting stress and children’s behavior problems. Journal of Symbols & Sandplay Therapy, 8(2), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.12964/jsst.170006
   Google Scholar
• Levante, A., Martis, C., Bianco, F., Castelli, I., Petrocchi, S., & Lecciso, F. (2023). Internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic mixed studies review. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1182309. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1182309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti, F., Spinelli, M., Moscardino, U., Ponzetti, S., Garito, M. C., Dellagiulia, A., Aureli, T., Fasolo, M., & Pluess, M. (2023). The interplay between parenting and environmental sensitivity in the prediction of children’s externalizing and internalizing behaviors during COVID-19. Development and Psychopathology, 35(3), 1390–1403. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421001309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J. J., Bao, Y., Huang, X., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 347–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopez-Serrano, J., Díaz-Bóveda, R., González-Vallespí, L., Santamarina-Pérez, P., Bretones-Rodríguez, A., Calvo, R., & Lera-Miguel, S. (2023). Psychological impact during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with previous mental health disorders. Spanish Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2021.04.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marszał, M., & Jańczak, A. (2018). Emotion dysregulation, mentalization and romantic attachment in the nonclinical adolescent female sample. Current Psychology, 37(4), 894–904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9573-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaheri, M. A., Rounaghi, S., & Delavar, A. (2013). Construction, validation and standardization of attachment scale in middle childhood. Behavioral Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2010). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Minaei, A. (2006). Adaptation and standardization of Child Behavior Checklist, youth self-report, and teacher’s report forms. Exceptional Children, 6(1), 529–558.
   Google Scholar
• Moradpour, M., Hajiarbabi, F., & Badiei, Z. (2022). The effectiveness of filial therapy on the primary maladaptive schema of children with cancer (single subject design). Journal of Modern Psychology, 2(4), 45–55.
   Google Scholar
• Mousavi, P., & Nouri Moghadam, S. (2015). Attachment and developmental outcomes: The role of mental representations in predicting internalizing and externalizing problems in preschool children. Psychologists Iranian: Psychology, 12(47), 251–263.
   Google Scholar
• Mousavi, P., Mazaheri, M., Pakdaman, S., & Heydari, M. (2013). The effectiveness of attachment based theraplay on maternal sensitivity and child negative representations of self and mother. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(38), 149–160.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, K. J., Schaefer, C. E., & Braverman, L. D. (2015). Handbook of play therapy. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Öztekin, G. G., & Gençdoğan, B. (2023). A play therapy model focusing on parent training: Child-parent relationship therapy. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 15(2), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1116140
   Google Scholar
• Panchal, U., Salazar de Pablo, G., Franco, M., Moreno, C., Parellada, M., Arango, C., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: Systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(7), 1151–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01856-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, C., & Sperry, L. L. (2020). Children and the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S73–S75. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiser, S. J., Power, H. A., & Wright, K. D. (2021). Examining the relationships between childhood abuse history, attachment, and health anxiety. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(7), 1085–1095. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105319869804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaeianzadeh, Z., & Yazdanfar, F. (2024). Effectiveness of theraplay and filial therapy on aggression in preschool boys. Current Psychology, 43(19), 17602–17613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05743-w
   Google Scholar
• Sarmad, Z., Bazargan, A., & Hijazi, A. (2016). Research methods in behavioral sciences. Aghah Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Satoorian, S., Tahmassian, K., & Ahmadi, M. R. (2017). The role of parenting dimensions and child-parent relationship in children’s internalized and externalized behavioral problems. Journal of Family Research, 12(4), 683–705.
   Google Scholar
• Shahali, A., HajHosseini, M., & Jahromi, R. G. (2023). COVID-19 and parent-child interactions: Children’s educational opportunities and parental challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(2), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.220033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment theory and research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirzadi, P., Amini Shirazi, N., & Asgharpour Lashkami, Z. (2020). Relationship between corona anxiety in mothers and parent-child interaction and children’s aggression during quarantine days. Journal of Family Research, 16(2), 139–154.
   Google Scholar
• Simbar, S., Hosseinkhanzadeh, A. A., & Abolghasemi, A. (2019). Hope for the future, attachment relationships, and emotional-behavioral problems in child labor. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 6(3), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.29252/jcmh.6.3.6
   Google Scholar
• Sonkin, D., Ferreira, R. J., Hamel, J., Buttell, F., & Frias, M. T. (2019). Associations between attachment insecurities and psychological violence in a sample of court-mandated batterers. Violence and Victims, 34(6), 910–929. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-17-00086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ştefan, C. A., & Avram, J. (2017). Investigating direct and indirect effects of attachment on internalizing and externalizing problems through emotion regulation in a cross-sectional study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2311–2323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0723-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. A. (2008). Early attachment and later development. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 348–366). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Topham, G. L., Wampler, K. S., Titus, G., & Rolling, E. (2011). Predicting parent and child outcomes of a filial therapy program. International Journal of Play Therapy, 20(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023261
   Google Scholar
• VanFleet, R. (2011). Filial therapy: What every play therapist should know (part three). Play Therapy: Magazine of the British Association of Play Therapists, 67, 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Vismara, L., Lucarelli, L., & Sechi, C. (2022). Attachment style and mental health during the later stages of COVID‐19 pandemic: The mediation role of loneliness and COVID-19 anxiety. BMC Psychology, 10(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00767-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whittenburg, P. N., Stern, J. A., Brett, B. E., Straske, M. D., & Cassidy, J. (2023). Maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems: Attachment security as a protective factor. Development and Psychopathology, 35(2), 678–688. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421001802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winfield, A., Sugar, C., & Fenesi, B. (2023). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of families dealing with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLOS One, 18(3), e0283227. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisen-Vincent, G., & Bokoch, R. (2023). Effectiveness of the PlayStrong Neuro-Filial Parenting Program: A program evaluation of an online pilot during COVID-19. International Journal of Play Therapy, 32(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/pla0000186
   Google Scholar
• Xia, C., Jin, X., Garalleh, H. A., Garaleh, M., Wu, Y., Hill, J. M., & Pugazhendhi, A. (2023). Optimistic and possible contribution of nanomaterial on biomedical applications: A review. Environmental Research, 218, 114921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdanipour, M., Ashori, M., & Abedi, A. (2021). Filial therapy: Goals, features and application. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi, 9(10), 135–142.
   Google Scholar
• Zadafshar, S., Ahmadian, Z., & Abedi, A. (2022). Effectiveness of filial therapy training on anxiety of coronavirus in children: Validation of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Child Form (CVF-C). Journal of Family Research, 17(4), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.52547/JFR.17.4.573
   Google Scholar