A Review of Tobacco, Alcohol, Adiposity, and Activity as Predictors of Cognitive Change

REFERENCES

• Access Economics . 2009 . Keeping dementia front of mind: Incidence and prevalence 2009–2050 , Sydney : Deloitte Access Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Albert , M. S. , Jones , K. , Savage , C. R. , Berkman , L. , Seeman , T. , Blazer , D. and Rowe , J. W . 1995 . Predictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging . Psychology and Aging , 10 ( 4 ) : 578 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzheimer's Association . 2010 . Alzheimer's disease facts and figures , Vol. 6 , Chicago : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Angevaren, M., Aufdemkampe, G., Verhaar, H. J. J., Aleman, A., & Vanhees, L. (2008). Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3). http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005381/frame.html (http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005381/frame.html)
   Google Scholar
• Anstey , K. J. and Christensen , H. 2000 . Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: A review . Gerontology , 46 ( 3 ) : 163 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstey , K. J. , Mack , H. A. and Cherbuin , N. 2009 . Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: Meta-analysis of prospective studies . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 17 ( 7 ) : 542 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstey , K. J. , von Sanden , C. , Salim , A. and O'Kearney , R. 2007 . Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies . American Journal of Epidemiology , 166 ( 4 ) : 367 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhru , A. and Erlinger , T. P. 2005 . Smoking cessation and cardiovascular disease risk factors: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey . PLoS Medicine , 2 ( 6 ) : e160
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , D. E. , Yaffe , K. , Satariano , W. A. and Tager , I. B. 2003 . A longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in healthy older adults . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 51 ( 4 ) : 459 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassuk , S. S. , Glass , T. A. and Berkman , L. F. 1999 . Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons . Annals of Internal Medicine , 131 ( 3 ) : 165 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beydoun , M. A. , Beydoun , H. A. and Wang , Y. 2008 . Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Obesity Reviews , 9 ( 3 ) : 204 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielak , A. A. M. , Hughes , T. F. , Small , B. J. and Dixon , R. A. 2007 . It's never too late to engage in lifestyle activities: Significant concurrent but not change relationships between lifestyle activities and cognitive speed . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 62B ( 6 ) : P331 – P339 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenthal , J. A. , Emery , C. F. , Madden , D. J. , Coleman , R. E. , Riddle , M. W. , Schniebolk , S. … and Higginbotham , M. B. 1991 . Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory function in men and women older than 60 years of age . American Journal of Cardiology , 67 ( 7 ) : 633 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , G. E. , Burr , R. , McCurry , S. M. , Rice , M. M. , Borenstein , A. R. , Karkull , W. A. and Larson , E. B. 2004 . Alcohol, gender, and cognitive performance: A Longitudinal study comparing older Japanese and non-Hispanic white Americans . Journal of Aging and Health , 16 ( 5 ) : 615 – 640 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , G. E. , Burr , R. L. , McCurry , S. M. , Rice , M. M. , Borenstein , A. R. and Larson , E. B. 2005 . Alcohol and cognitive performance: A longitudinal study of older Japanese Americans. The Kame Project . International Psychogeriatrics , 17 ( 4 ) : 653 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boynton , J. , Glanville , J. , McDaid , D. and Lefebvre , C. 1998 . Identifying systematic reviews in MEDLINE: developing an objective approach to search strategy design . Journal of Information Science , 24 ( 3 ) : 137 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubacher , D. , Monsch , A. U. and Stahelin , H. B. 2004 . Weight change and cognitive performance . International Journal of Obesity , 28 ( 9 ) : 1163 – 1167 . doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802721
   Google Scholar
• Carmelli , D. , Swan , G. E. , LaRue , A. and Eslinger , P. J. 1997 . Correlates of change in cognitive function in survivors from the Western Collaborative Group Study . Neuroepidemiology , 16 ( 6 ) : 285 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , W.-T. , Wang , P.-N. , Wang , S.-J. , Fuh , J.-L. , Lin , K.-N. and Liu , H.-C. 2003 . Smoking and cognitive performance in the community elderly: A longitudinal study . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 16 ( 1 ) : 18 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comijs , H. C. , Dik , M. G. , Deeg , D. J. H. and Jonker , C. 2004 . The Course of Cognitive Decline in Older Persons: Results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 17 ( 3 ) : 136 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross , C. , van der Vliet , A. and Eiserich , J. 1998 . Cigarette smokers and oxidant stress: a continuing mystery . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 67 ( 2 ) : 184 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl , A. , Hassing , L. B. , Fransson , E. , Berg , S. , Gatz , M. Reynolds , C. A. 2010 . Being overweight in mid-life is associated with lower cognitive ability and steeper cognitive decline in late life . Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences , 65 ( 1 ) : 57 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deary , I. J. , Pattie , A. , Taylor , M. D. , Whiteman , M. C. , Starr , J. M. and Whalley , L. J. 2003 . Smoking and cognitive change from age 11 to age 80 . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 74 ( 7 ) : 1006 – 1007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustman , R. E. , Emmerson , R. Y. , Ruhling , R. O. , Shearer , D. E. , Steinhaus , L. A. , Johnson , S. C. … and Shigeoka , J. W. 1990 . Age and fitness effects on EEG, ERPs, visual sensitivity, and cognition. ,
   Google Scholar
• Eady , A. M. , Wilczynski , N. L. and Haynes , R. B. 2008 . PsycINFO search strategies identified methodologically sound therapy studies and review articles for use by clinicians and researchers . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 61 ( 1 ) : 34 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espeland , M. A. , Coker , L. H. , Wallace , R. , Rapp , S. R. , Resnick , S. M. , Limacher , M. … and Messina , C. R. 2006 . Associations between alcohol intake and domain-specific cognitive functions in older women . Neuroepidemiology , 27 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. and McHugh , P. R. 1975 . Mini-mental state” : A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 ( 3 ) : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguli , M. , Vander Bilt , J. , Saxton , J. A. , Shen , C. and Dodge , H. H. 2005 . Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in late life: A longitudinal community study . Neurology , 65 ( 8 ) : 1210 – 1217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghisletta , P. , Bickel , J.-F. and Lovden , M. 2006 . Does Activity Engagement Protect Against Cognitive Decline in Old Age? Methodological and Analytical Considerations . Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 61B ( 5 ) : 253 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Golub , M. , Slotkin , T. , Tarantal , A. and Pinkerton , K. 2007 . Visual recognition memory and auditory brainstem response in infant rhesus monkeys exposed perinatally to environmental tobacco smoke . Brain Research , 1151 : 102 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafson , D. and Gustafson , D. 2008 . A life course of adiposity and dementia . European Journal of Pharmacology , 585 ( 1 ) : 163 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , C. , Jo , S. A. , Seo , J. A. , Kim , B. G. , Kim , N. H. , Jo , I. … and Park , K. W. 2009 . Adiposity parameters and cognitive function in the elderly: application of “Jolly Fat” hypothesis to cognition . Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics , 49 ( 2 ) : 133 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Hultsch , D. F. , Hertzog , C. , Small , B. J. and Dixon , R. A. 1999 . Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging? . Psychology and Aging , 14 ( 2 ) : 245 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jern , S. , Bergbrant , A. , Bjorntorp , P. and Hansson , L. 1992 . Relation of central hemodynamics to obesity and body fat distribution . Hypertension , 19 : 520 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaya , A. M. , Lindquist , K. , Harris , T. B. , Launer , L. , Rosano , C. , Satterfield , S. and Yaffe , K. 2009 . Total and regional adiposity and cognitive change in older adults: The health, Aging and Body Composition (ABC) Study . Archives of Neurology , 66 ( 3 ) : 329 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Launer , L. J. , Feskens , E. J. , Kalmijn , S. and Kromhout , D. 1996 . Smoking, drinking, and thinking. The Zutphen Elderly Study . American Journal of Epidemiology , 143 ( 3 ) : 219 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. , Back , J. H. , Kim , J. , Kim , S. H. , Na , D. L. , Cheong , H. K. … and Kim , Y. G. 2010 . Systematic review of health behavioral risks and cognitive health in older adults . International Psychogeriatrics , 22 ( 2 ) : 174 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibovici , D. , Ritchie , K. , Ledesert , B. and Touchon , J. 1999 . The effects of wine and tobacco consumption on cognitive performance in the elderly: a longitudinal study of relative risk . International Journal of Epidemiology , 28 ( 1 ) : 77 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroi , I. , Sheppard , J. M. and Lyketsos , C. G. 2002 . Cognitive function after 11.5 years of alcohol use: relation to alcohol use . American Journal of Epidemiology , 156 ( 8 ) : 747 – 752 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lövdén , M. , Ghisletta , P. and Lindenberger , U. 2005 . Social participation attenuates decline in perceptual speed in old and very old age . Psychology and Aging , 20 ( 3 ) : 423 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytle , M. E. , Vander Bilt , J. , Pandav , R. S. , Dodge , H. H. and Ganguli , M. 2004 . Exercise level and cognitive decline: the MoVIES project . Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders , 18 ( 2 ) : 57 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackinnon , A. , Christensen , H. , Hofer , S. M. , Korten , A. E. and Jorm , A. F. 2003 . Use it and still lose it? The association between activity and cognitive performance established using latent growth techniques in a community sample . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 10 ( 3 ) : 215 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell , I. , Xi , G. , Lindsay , J. and Tuokko , H. 2004 . Canadian Study of Health and Aging: Study Description and Patterns of Early Cognitive Decline . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 11 ( 2 ) : 149 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGue , M. and Christensen , K. 2007 . Social activity and healthy aging: A study of aging Danish twins . Twin Research and Human Genetics , 10 ( 2 ) : 255 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) . 2009 . Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol , Canberra : NHMRC .
   Google Scholar
• Newson , R. S. and Kemps , E. B. 2005 . General lifestyle activities as a predictor of current cognition and cognitive change in older Adults: A cross-sectional and longitudinal examination . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 60B ( 3 ) : P113 – P120 .
   Google Scholar
• Ngandu , T. , Helkala , E. L. , Soininen , H. , Winblad , B. , Tuomilehto , J. , Nissinen , A. and Kivipelto , M. 2007 . Alcohol drinking and cognitive functions: findings from the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) Study . Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 23 ( 3 ) : 140 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooyens , A. C. J. , van Gelder , B. M. and Verschuren , W. M. M. 2008 . Smoking and cognitive decline among middle-aged men and women: The Doetinchem Cohort Study . American Journal of Public Health , 98 ( 12 ) : 2244 – 2250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott , A. M. , Andersen , K. M. , Dewey , M. E. P. , Letenneur , L. P. , Brayne , C. M. , Copeland , J. R. M. M. … and for the E. I. R. G. 2004 . Effect of smoking on global cognitive function in nondemented elderly . Neurology , 62 ( 6 ) : 920 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira , A. C. , Huddleston , D. E. , Brickman , A. M. , Sosunov , A. A. , Hen , R. , McKhann , G. M. … and Small , S. A. 2007 . An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 ( 13 ) : 5638 – 5643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , R. , Peters , J. , Warner , J. , Beckett , N. and Bulpitt , C. 2008 . Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review . Age & Ageing , 37 ( 5 ) : 505 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatti , F. , Rozzini , R. and Trabucchi , M. 2002 . Physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly persons . Archives of internal medicine , 162 ( 3 ) : 361 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plehn , K. , Marcopulos , B. A. and McLain , C. A. 2004 . The relationship between neuropsychological test performance, social functioning, and instrumental activities of daily living in a sample of rural older adults . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 18 ( 1 ) : 101 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitz , C. , Luchsinger , J. , Tang , M.-X. and Mayeux , R. 2005 . Effect of smoking and time on cognitive function in the elderly without dementia . Neurology , 65 ( 6 ) : 870 – 875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , M. , Hardy , R. and Wadsworth , M. E. 2003 . Does active leisure protect cognition? Evidence from a national birth cohort . Social Science & Medicine , 56 ( 4 ) : 785 – 792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , M. , Hardy , R. and Wadsworth , M. E. J. 2005 . Alcohol consumption and midlife cognitive change in the British 1946 birth cohort study . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 40 ( 2 ) : 112 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , M. , Jarvis , M. J. , Thompson , N. and Wadsworth , M. E. J. 2003 . Cigarette smoking and cognitive decline in midlife: Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study . American Journal of Public Health , 93 ( 6 ) : 994 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimm , E. B. , Williams , P. , Fosher , K. , Criqui , M. and Stampfer , M. J. 1999 . Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disesase: Meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors . British Medical Journal , 319 : 1523 – 1528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockwood , K. and Middleton , L. 2007 . Physical activity and the maintenance of cognitive function . Alzheimer's and Dementia , 3 ( 2, Supplement 1 ) : S38 – S44 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. L. , Meyer , J. S. and Mortel , K. F. 1990 . After reaching retirement age physical activity sustains cerebral perfusion and cognition . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 38 ( 2 ) : 123 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman , G. C. 2005 . Vascular dementia prevention: A risk factor analysis . Cerebrovascular Diseases , 20 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 91 – 100 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuit , A. J. , Feskens , E. J. M. , Launer , L. J. and Kromhout , D. 2001 . Physical activity and cognitive decline, the role of the apolipoprotein e4 allele . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 33 ( 5 ) : 772 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampfer , M. J. , Kang , J. H. , Chen , J. , Cherry , R. and Grodstein , F. 2005 . Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women . New England Journal of Medicine , 352 ( 3 ) : 245 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr , J. M. , Deary , I. J. , Fox , H. C. and Whalley , L. J. 2007 . Smoking and cognitive change from age 11 to 66 years: A confirmatory investigation . Addictive Behaviors , 32 ( 1 ) : 63 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , Y. 2002 . What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 ( 3 ) : 448 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturman , M. T. , de Leon , C. F. M. , Bienias , J. L. , Morris , M. C. , Wilson , R. S. and Evans , D. A. 2008 . Body mass index and cognitive decline in a biracial community population . Neurology , 70 ( 5 ) : 360 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturman , M. T. , Morris , M. C. , Mendes de Leon , C. F. , Bienias , J. L. , Wilson , R. S. and Evans , D. A. 2005 . Physical activity, cognitive activity, and cognitive decline in a biracial community population . Archives of Neurology , 62 ( 11 ) : 1750 – 1754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng , E. L. , Hasegawa , K. , Homma , A. , Imai , Y. , Larson , E. Graves , A. 1994 . The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): a practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia . International Psychogeriatrics , 6 ( 1 ) : 45 – 58 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Townsend , M. K. , Devore , E. , Kang , J. H. and Grodstein , F. 2009 . The relation between moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice , 85 ( 3 ) : 322 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyas , S. L. , White , L. R. , Petrovitch , H. , Ross , G. W. , Foley , D. J. , Heimovitz , H. K. and Launer , L. J. 2003 . Mid-life smoking and late-life dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study . Neurobiology of Aging , 24 ( 4 ) : 589 – 596 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA . 2005 . Dietary guidelines for Americans , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , J. Y. J. , Zhou , D. H. D. , Li , J. , Zhang , M. , Deng , J. , Tang , M. … and Chen , M. 2006 . Leisure activity and risk of cognitive impairment: the Chongqing aging study . Neurology , 66 ( 6 ) : 911 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weuve , J. , Kang , J. H. , Manson , J. E. , Breteler , M. M. , Ware , J. H. and Grodstein , F. 2004 . Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women . JAMA , 292 ( 12 ) : 1454 – 1461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington , J. E. and Huppert , F. A. 1997 . Smoking and cognitive decline . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental , 12 ( 5 ) : 467 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Bennett , D. A. , Bienias , J. L. , de Leon , C. F. M. , Morris , M. C. and Evans , D. A. 2003 . Cognitive activity and cognitive decline in a biracial community population . Neurology , 61 ( 6 ) : 812 – 816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaffe , K. , Barnes , D. , Nevitt , M. , Lui , L. Y. and Covinsky , K. 2001 . A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk . Archives of Internal Medicine , 161 ( 14 ) : 1703 – 1708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaffe , K. , Fiocco , A. J. , Lindquist , K. , Vittinghoff , E. , Simonsick , E. M. , Newman , A. B. … and Health , A. B. C. S. 2009 . Predictors of maintaining cognitive function in older adults: the Health ABC study . Neurology , 72 ( 23 ) : 2029 – 2035 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , J. , Jiang , L. , Yuan , Z. , Zheng , Y. , Wang , L. , Ji , M. … and Xi , Z. 2008 . Impacts of Passive Smoking on Learning and Memory Ability of Mouse Offsprings and Intervention by Antioxidants . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences , 21 ( 2 ) : 144 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar