Neurocognitive Disorders in Aging: A Primer on DSM-5 Changes and Framework for Application to Practice

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. D. (1989). Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City, IA: AJA Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Bieliauskas, L. A., & Drag, L. A. (2013). Differential diagnosis of dementia and depression. In L. D. Ravdin, & H. L. Katzen ( Eds.), Handbook on the neuropsychology of aging and dementia (pp. 257–270). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Braskie, M. N. & Thompson, P. M. (2013). A focus on structural brain imaging in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 527–533.
   Google Scholar
• Brun, A., Englund. Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Mann, D. M. A., Neary, D., & Snowden, J. S. (1994). Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. The Lund and Manchester Groups. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 57, 416–418.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, D., Limet, N., McClung, I., & Lawrie, S. M. (2013). Towards clinically useful neuroimaging in psychiatric practice. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 203, 242–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (2000). California Verbal Learning Test (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Desikan, R.S., Rafii, M.S., Brewer, J.B., & Hess, C.P. (2013). An expanded role for neuroimaging in the evaluation of memory impairment. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 34, 2075–2082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filley, C.M. (1995). Neuropsychiatric features of Lewy body disease. Brain and Cognition, 28, 229–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuh, J. L., Wang, S. J., & Cummings, J. L. (2005). Neuropsychiatric profiles in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 1337–1341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funkiewiez, A., Bertoux, M., C., Levy, R., & Dubois, B. (2012). The SEA (Social cognition and Emotional Assessment): A clinical neuropsychological tool for early diagnosis of frontal variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuropsychology, 26, 81–90.
   Google Scholar
• Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE). Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, M., Dasgupta, A., Khwaja, G.A., Chowdhury, D., Patidar, Y., & Batra, A. (2013). The profile of behavioral and psychological symptoms in vascular cognitive impairment with and without dementia. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 16, 599–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Bienias, J. L., Bennett, D. A., & Evans, D. A. (2003). Alzheimer’s disease in the U.S. population: Prevalence estimates using the 2000 Census. Archives of Neurology, 60, 1119–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, S. K., Reilly, J. L., Keefe, R. S., Gold, J. M., Bishop, J. R., Gershon, E. S., … Sweeney, J. A. (2013). Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder: Findings from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 1275–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirono, N., Mori, E., Tanimukai, S., Kazui, H., Hashimoto, M., Hanihara, T., & Imamura, T. (1999). Distinctive neurobehavioral features among neurodegenerative dementias. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience,11, 498–503.
   Google Scholar
• Iglewicz, A., Seay, K., Zetumer, S. D., & Zisook, S. (2013). The removal of the bereavement exclusion in the DSM-5: Exploring the evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jankowiak, J. L. (2011). Cognitive function in healthy aging. In M. L. Albert & J. E. Knoefel ( Eds.), Clinical neurology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 159–171). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jellinger, K.A., & Attems, J. (2010). Prevalence and pathology of vascular dementia in the oldest-old. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 21, 1283–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeste, D.V., & Palmer, B.W. (2013). A call for a new positive psychiatry of ageing. The British Journal of Psychology, 202, 81–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson N., Barion, A., Rademaker, A., Rehkemper, G., & Weintraub, S. (2004) The Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire: A validation study in patients with dementia. Alzheimer’s Disease and Associated Disorders, 18(4), 223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurica, P. J., Leittan, C. L., & Mattis, S. (2001). DRS-2: Dementia Rating Scale-2. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, E. F., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston Naming Test (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Kiernan, R. J., Mueller, J., & Langston, J. W. (1987). The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination: A brief but quantitative approach to cognitive assessment. Annals of Internal Medicine, 107, 481–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. J., Kang, S. J., Kim, C., Kim, G. H., Jeon, S., Lee, J. M., … Seo, S. W. (2013). The effects of small vessel disease and amyloid burden on neuropsychiatric symptoms: A study among patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairments. Neurobiology of Aging, 34(7), 1913–1920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, B. G., Karel, M. J., Hinrichsen, G. A., Qualls, S. H., & Duffy, M. (2009). Pikes Peak model for training in professional geropsychology. American Psychologist, 64, 205–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, M.P., & Brody, E.M. (1969) Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, 9, 179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, R.W., Sturm, V.E., & Haase, C.M. (2014). Emotional and behavioral symptoms in neurodegenerative disease: A model for studying the neural bases of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 28, 581–606.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, J.S., O’Connor, E., Rossom, R.C., Perdue, L.A., & Eckstrom, E. (2013). Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: A systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159, 601–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride, T., Moberg, P.J., Arnold, S.E., Mozley, L.H., Mahr, R.N., Gibney, M., … Gur, R. E. (2002). Neuropsychological functioning in elderly patients with schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Schizophrenia Research, 55, 217–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCue, M. (1997). The relationship between neuropsychology and functional assessment in the elderly. In P. D. Nussbaum ( Ed.), Handbook of neuropsychology and aging (pp. 394–408). New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• McKeith, I. G., Galasko, D., Kosaka, K., Perry, E. K., Dickson, D. W.,Hansen L. A., … Perry, R. H. (1996). Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Neurology, 47, 1113–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann, G.M., Knopman, D.S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B.T., Jack, C.R. Jr, Kawas, C.H., … Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia, 7, 263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mielke, M.M., Vemuri, P., & Rocca1, W.A. (2013). Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: Assessing sex and gender differences. Clinical Epidemiology, 6, 37–48.
   Google Scholar
• Mortimer, A.M., Likeman, M., & Lewis, T.T. (2013). Neuroimaging in dementia: A practical guide. Practical Neurology, 13(2), 92–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 695–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary, D., Snowden, J. & Mann, D. (2005). Frontotemporal dementia. Lancet Neurology, 4, 771–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olin, J.T., Schneider, L.S., Katz, I.R., Meyers, B.S., Alexopoulos, G.S., Breitner, J.C., … Lebowitz, B. D. (2002). Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 125–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyike, C.U., & Diehl-Schmid, J. (2013). The epidemiology of frontotemporal dementia. International Review of Psychiatry, 25, 130–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, K., Musicco, M., & Caltagirone, C. (2010). Are guidelines needed for the diagnosis and management of incipient Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment? International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2010, article 417615.
   Google Scholar
• Park, D. C., & Bischof, G. N. (2011). Neuroplasticity, aging, and cognitive function. In K. W. Shaie & S. L. Willis ( Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (7th ed., pp. 109–151). Burlington MA: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. C. (2011). Clinical practice: Mild cognitive impairment. New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 2227–2234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perria, R., Monacoa, M., Faddaa, L., & Caltagironea, C. (2014). Neuropsychological correlates of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease, frontal variant of frontotemporal, subcortical vascular, and Lewy body dementias: A comparative study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 39, 669–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer R. I., Kurosaki, T. T., Harrah, C. H., Chance, J. M., & Filos, S. (1982). Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 323–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph, C. (1998). Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Rey, A. (1964). L’examen clinique en psychologie [Clincal Examination in Psychology]. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.
   Google Scholar
• Rey, A. (1941). Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy. Archives de Psychologie, 28, 286–340.
   Google Scholar
• Rockwell, E, Choure, J., Galasko, D., Olichney, J., & Jeste, D.V. (2000). Psychopathology at initial diagnosis in dementia with Lewy bodies versus Alzheimer disease: Comparison of matched groups with autopsy-confirmed diagnoses. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 819–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodolfa, E., Bent, R., Eisman, E., Nelson, P., Rehm, L., & Ritchie, P. (2005). A cube model for competency development: Implications for psychology educators and regulators. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 347–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Román, G.C., Tatemichi, T., Erkinjuntti, T., Cummings, J.L.,Masdeu, J.C., Garcia, J.H., … Scheinberg, P. (1993). Vascular dementia: Diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology, 43, 250–260.
   Google Scholar
• Royall, D. R., Maurin, R. K., & Gray, K. F. (1992). Bedside assessment of executive cognitive impairment: The executive interview. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1221–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadak, T.I., Katon, J., Beck, C., Cochrane, B.B., & Borson, S. (2014). Key neuropsychiatric symptoms in common dementias: Prevalence and implications for caregivers, clinicians, and health systems. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 7(1), 44–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salmon, D.P., & Filoteo, J.V. (2007). Neuropsychology of cortical versus subcortical dementia syndromes. Seminars in Neurology, 27(1),7–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse, T. A. (2012). Are individual differences in rates of aging greater at older ages? Neurobiology of Aging, 33(10), 2373–2381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, J. F., & VandenBos, G. R. ( Eds.). (1982). Psychology and the older adult: Challenges for training in the 1980s. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Schapira, A.H. (2013). Recent developments in biomarkers in Parkinson disease. Current Opinions in Neurology, 26, 395–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staekenborg, S.S., Su, T., van Straaten, E.C., Lane, R., Scheltens, P., Barkhof, F., & van der Flier, W.M. (2010). Behavioural and psychological symptoms in vascular dementia: Differences between small- and large-vessel disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 81, 547–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui, J., Huster, R., Yu, Q., Segall, J.M., & Calhoun, V.D. (2013). Function-structure associations of the brain: Evidence from multimodal connectivity and covariance studies. Neuroimage (epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Sunderland, T., Hill, J. L., & Mellow, A. M. (1989). Clock drawing in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 725–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teipel, S.J., Grothe, M., Lista, S., Toschi. N., Garaci, F.G., Hampel, H. (2013). Relevance of magnetic resonance imaging for early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. The Medical Clinics of North America, 97, 399–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield, J. C. (2013). The DSM-5 debate over the bereavement exclusion: Psychiatric diagnosis and the future of empirically supported treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 825–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• War Department, Adjutant General’s Office. (1944). Army Individual Test Battery. Manual of directions and scoring. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler Memory Scales (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, M. W., Veitch, D. P., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Cairns, N. J., Green, R.C., … Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2013). The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: A review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimer’s Dementia, 9(5), e111–e194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White, K.E. & Cummings, J.L. (1996). Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease: Clinical and pathophysiologic analogies. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 188–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf-Klein, G. P., Silverstone, F. A., & Levy, A. P. (1989). Screening for Alzheimer’s disease by clock drawing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 730–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolley, J. D., Khan, B. K., Murthy, N. K., Miller, B. L., & Rankin, K. P. (2011). The diagnostic challenge of psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative disease: Rates of and risk factors for prior psychiatric diagnosis in patients with early neurodegenerative disease. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 126–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zupancic, M., Mahajan, A., & Handa, K. (2011). Dementia with Lewy bodies: Diagnosis and management for primary care providers. The Primary Care Companion to CNS Disorders, 13(5).
   Google Scholar