Network Analysis of Comorbid Depressive and Anxious Symptoms in Family Caregivers of People with Dementia

References

• Albert, K. M., & Newhouse, P. A. (2019). Estrogen, stress, and depression: Cognitive and biological interactions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association, A. (2020). Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 16(3), 391–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaguer, I., Fuentes, I., Meliá, J., García-Merita, M. L., & Pérez, G. (1993). El perfil de los estados de ánimo (POMS): Baremo para estudiantes valencianos y su aplicación en el contexto deportivo [Profile of Mood States (POMS): Scales for Valencian students and its application in the sport context]. Revista De Psicología Del Deporte, 4(2), 39–52.
   Google Scholar
• Barrera-Caballero, S., Romero-Moreno, R., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Olmos, R., Vara-García, C., Gallego-Alberto, L., Cabrera, I., Márquez-González, M., Olazarán, J., & Losada-Baltar, A. (2021). Stress, cognitive fusion and comorbid depressive and anxiety symptomatology in dementia caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 36(5), 667. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., Cramer, A. O., & Schmittmann, V. D. (2011). Transdiagnostic networks: Commentary on Nolen-Hoeksema and Watkins. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 610–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611425012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S. T., Li, K. K., Losada, A., Zhang, F., Au, A., Thompson, L. W., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2020). The effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for informal dementia caregivers: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 35(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, K. W., Kim, Y. K., & Jeon, H. J. (2020). Comorbid anxiety and depression: Clinical and conceptual consideration and transdiagnostic treatment. Anxiety Disorders, 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_14
   Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, R. N., & Kishita, N. (2020). Prevalence of depression and burden among informal care-givers of people with dementia: A meta-analysis. Ageing & Society, 40(11), 2355–2392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19000527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini, G., Richetin, J., Preti, E., Casini, E., Epskamp, S., & Perugini, M. (2019). Stability and variability of personality networks. A tutorial on recent developments in network psychometrics. Personality & Individual Differences, 136, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., Van Der Maas, H. L., & Borsboom, D. (2010). Comorbidity: A network perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09991567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). Qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. I. (2018). A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychological Methods, 23(4), 617. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara, M., Langiano, E., DiBrango, T., DiCioccio, L., Bauco, C., & De Vito, E. (2008). Prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in with Alzheimer caregivers. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 6(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-6-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gérain, P., Wawrziczny, E., & Antoine, P. (2022). The use of psychological network analysis in informal dementia care: An empirical illustration. Aging & Mental Health, Advance online publication, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2134294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitlin, L. N., Winter, L., Corcoran, M., Dennis, M. P., Schinfeld, S., & Hauck, W. W. (2003). Effects of the home environmental skill-building program on the caregiver–care recipient dyad: 6-month outcomes from the Philadelphia REACH initiative. The Gerontologist, 43(4), 532–546. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/43.4.532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, C. I., Liu, C. Y., Yang, C. H., & Gan, S. T. (2020). Comorbidity with more anxiety disorders associated with a poorer prognosis persisting at the 10-year follow-up among patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 260, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Romero-Moreno, R., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J. A., Barrera-Caballero, S., Olazarán, J., & Losada-Baltar, A. (2021). The role of caregivers’ sleep problems in the association between behavioral symptoms of dementia and caregiving depression and anxiety. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 19(5), 640–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2020.1835662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, P., & Jones, M. P. (2017). Package ‘networktools’. [Computer software]https://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/networktools/networktools.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kaddour, L., & Kishita, N. (2020). Anxiety in informal dementia carers: A meta-analysis of prevalence. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 33(3), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988719868313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, T., Herzog, P., Voderholzer, U., & Brakemeier, E. L. (2021). Unraveling the comorbidity of depression and anxiety in a large inpatient sample: Network analysis to examine bridge symptoms. Depression & Anxiety, 38(3), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishita, N., Gould, R. L., Farquhar, M., Contreras, M., Van Hout, E., Losada, A., Cabrera, I., Hornberger, M., Richmond, E., & McCracken, L. M. (2022). Internet-delivered guided self-help acceptance and commitment therapy for family carers of people with dementia (iACT4CARERS): A feasibility study. Aging & Mental Health, 26(10), 1933–1941. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1985966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, B. G., & Sayegh, P. (2010). Cultural values and caregiving: The updated sociocultural stress and coping model. Journals of Gerontology B: Psychological Sciences, 65(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp096
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Xu, L., Kim, B. J., & Chen, L. (2020). Leisure activity, gender and depressive symptoms among dementia caregivers: Findings from the REACH II. Aging & Mental Health, 24(11), 1886–1893. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1660853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo, A., Ezquerra, J., Burgada, F. G., Sala, J. M., & Seva, A. (1979). El Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo: Un test sencillo, práctico, para detectar alteraciones intelectuales en pacientes médicos [The Mini-Mental State Examination. A simple and practical test for detecting intellectual changes in medical patients]. Actas Luso-Españolas de Neurología y Psiquiatría, 7(3), 189–202.
   Google Scholar
• Losada, A., de Los Angeles Villareal, M., Nuevo, R., Márquez-González, M., Salazar, B. C., Romero-Moreno, R., Carrillo, A. L., & Fernández-Fernández, V. (2012). Cross-cultural confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D in Spanish and Mexican dementia caregivers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 783–792. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losada, A., Márquez-González, M., Romero-Moreno, R., Mausbach, B. T., López, J., Fernández-Fernández, V., & Nogales-González, C. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for dementia family caregivers with significant depressive symptoms: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 83(4), 760–772. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Márquez-González, M., Romero-Moreno, R., Cabrera, I., Olmos, R., Pérez-Miguel, A., & Losada, A. (2020). Tailored versus manualized interventions for dementia caregivers: The functional analysis-guided modular intervention. Psychology and Aging, 35(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maximiano-Barreto, M. A., Luchesi, B. M., de Moura, A. B., Pavarini, S. C. I., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2021). What factors are associated with affective and cognitive empathy in informal and formal caregivers of older people? Australasian Journal on Ageing, 40(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12959
   Google Scholar
• McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). EITS manual for the profile of mood states (POMS). Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
   Google Scholar
• Miloyan, B., Bienvenu, O. J., Brilot, B., & Eaton, W. W. (2018). Adverse life events and the onset of anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 259, 488–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, R. C., Chattillion, E. A., Ceglowski, J., Ho, J., von Känel, R., Mills, P. J., Ziegler, M. G., Patterson, T. L., Grant, I., & Mausbach, B. T. (2013). A randomized clinical trial of Behavioral Activation (BA) therapy for improving psychological and physical health in dementia caregivers: Results of the Pleasant Events Program (PEP). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(10), 623–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogales-González, C., Losada, A., & Romero-Moreno, R. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish version of the revised memory and behavior problems checklist. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(4), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214002476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitteri, F., Soulas, T., Essertaise, A. L., & Roux, J. (2013). L’apport de la relaxation à un programme d’intervention psychoéducatif destiné aux aidants familiaux de personnes atteintes de maladie d’Alzheimer [Contribution of relaxation to a psychoeducational intervention program for family carers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease]. Geriatrie et psychologie neuropsychiatrie du vieillissement, 11(4), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1684/pnv.2013.0426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradana, A. A., Sahar, J., & Permatasari, H. (2021). Dementia: How does spouse perceive it? Enfermería Clínica, 31, S16–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Moreno, R., Losada, A., Marquez, M., Laidlaw, K., Fernández-Fernández, V., Nogales-González, C., & López, J. (2014). Leisure, gender, and kinship in dementia caregiving: Psychological vulnerability of caregiving daughters with feelings of guilt. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 69(4), 502–513. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Moreno, R., Marquez-Gonzalez, M., Barrera-Caballero, S., Vara-Garcia, C., Olazaran, J., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., & Losada-Baltar, A. (2021). Depressive and anxious comorbidity and treatment response in family caregivers of people with dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 83(1), 395–405. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Moreno, R., Márquez-González, M., Gallego-Alberto, L., Cabrera, I., Vara-García, C., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Barrera-Caballero, S., & Losada, A. (2022). Guilt focused intervention for family caregivers. Preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Gerontologist, 45(5), 1304–1316. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2022.2048287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, R., Beach, S. R., Czaja, S. J., Martire, L. M., & Monin, J. K. (2020). Family caregiving for older adults. Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 635–659. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schüz, B., Czerniawski, A., Davie, N., Miller, L., Quinn, M. G., King, C., Carr, A., Elliott, K. E. J., Robinson, A., & Scott, J. L. (2015). Leisure time activities and mental health in informal dementia caregivers. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐being, 7(2), 230–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teri, L., Truax, P., Logsdon, R., Uomoto, J., Zarit, S., & Vitaliano, P. P. (1992). Assessment of behavioral problems in dementia: The revised memory and behavior problems checklist. Psychology and Aging, 7(4), 622–631. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.4.622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma-Lürken, T., Bleijlevens, M. H., Lexis, M. A., de Witte, L. P., & Hamers, J. P. (2018). Facilitating aging in place: A qualitative study of practical problems preventing people with dementia from living at home. Geriatric Nursing, 39(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2017.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Steenbergen, H., de Bruijn, E. R., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C., & van Harmelen, A. L. (2021). How positive affect buffers stress responses. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 39, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, E., & Pinquart, M. (2020). How effective are dementia caregiver interventions? An updated comprehensive meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 60(8), 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar