Ambivalent Feelings and Relationship Quality in Dementia Family Caregivers: Associations with Depressive Symptomatology

References

• Ablitt, A., Jones, G. V., & Muers, J. (2009). Living with dementia: A systematic review of the influence of relationship factors. Aging & Mental Health, 13(4), 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860902774436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera-Caballero, S., Romero-Moreno, R., Del Sequeros Pedroso-Chaparro, M., Olmos, R., Vara-García, C., Gallego-Alberto, L., Cabrera, I., Márquez-González, M., Olazarán, J., & Losada-Baltar, A. (2021). Stress, cognitive fusion and comorbid depressive and anxiety symptomatology in dementia caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 36(5), 667–676. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124189017003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower, G. H. (2014). How might emotions affect learning? In S. Christianson (Ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory (pp. 3–31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Caputo, A. (2021). The emotional experience of caregiving in dementia: Feelings of guilt and ambivalence underlying narratives of family caregivers. Dementia (London, England), 20(7), 2248–2260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301221989604
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carpenter, B. D. (2001). Attachment bonds between adult daughters and their older mothers: Associations with contemporary caregiving. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 56(5), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.5.P257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control, & Prevention (US). (2002). The burden of chronic diseases and their risk factors: National and state perspectives. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, S. T., Li, K. K., Losada, A., Zhang, F., Au, A., Thompson, L. W., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2020). The effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for informal dementia caregivers: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 35(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S. T., Li, K. K., Or, P. P., & Losada, A. (2022). Do caregiver interventions improve outcomes in relatives with dementia and mild cognitive impairment? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 37(8), 929–953. https://psycnet.apa.10.1037/pag0000696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins, R. N., & Kishita, N. (2020). Prevalence of depression and burden among informal care-givers of people with dementia: A meta-analysis. Ageing and Society, 40(11), 2355–2392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19000527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, R. A., Pitts, M. J., & Harwood, J. (2022). “That’s when the relationship shifted”: Relational and communicative turning points in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Personal Relationships, 29(1), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, A. J., Garip, G., & Sheffield, D. (2018). The psychosocial impact of caregiving in dementia and quality of life: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative research. Psychology & Health, 33(11), 1321–1342. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1496250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Aoust, R. F., Brewster, G., & Rowe, M. A. (2015). Depression in informal caregivers of persons with dementia. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 10(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/opn.12043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vugt, M. E., Stevens, F., Aalten, P., Lousberg, R., Jaspers, N., Winkens, I., Jolles, J., & Verhey, F. R. (2003). Behavioural disturbances in dementia patients and quality of the marital relationship. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eloniemi-Sulkava, U., Notkola, I. L., Hämäläinen, K., Rahkonen, T., Viramo, P., Hentinen, M., & Sulkava, R. (2002). Spouse caregivers’ perceptions of influence of dementia on marriage. International Psychogeriatrics, 14(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161020200827X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauth, E., Hess, K., Piercy, K., Norton, M., Corcoran, C., & Rabins, P., … y Tschanz, J. (2012). Caregivers’ relationship closeness with the person with dementia predicts both positive and negative outcomes for caregivers’ physical health and psychological well-being. Aging & Mental Health, 16(6), 699–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.678482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidell, L. S., & Tabachnick, B. G. (2003). Preparatory data analysis. In J. A. Schinka & W. F. Velicer (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology: Research Methods in Psychology (vol. 2, pp. 115–141). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0205
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, E. M., Shih, R. A., Langa, K. M., & Hurd, M. D. (2015). US prevalence and predictors of informal caregiving for dementia. Health Affairs, 34(10), 1637–1641. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego-Alberto, L., Márquez-González, M., Romero-Moreno, R., Cabrera, I., & Losada, A. (2021). Pilot study of a psychotherapeutic intervention for reducing guilt feelings in highly distressed dementia family caregivers (innovative practice). Dementia (London, England), 20(2), 759–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301219886761
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2), 486. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harding, R., & Higginson, I. (2001). Working with ambivalence: Informal caregivers of patients at the end of life. Supportive Care in Cancer, 9(8), 642–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005200100286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Uchino, B. N., Smith, T. W., & Hicks, A. (2007). On the importance of relationship quality: The impact of ambivalence in friendships on cardiovascular functioning. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(3), 278–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02879910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye, J. M., & Gracely, E. J. (1993). Psychological distress in cancer patients and their spouses. Journal of Cancer Education, 8(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/08858199309528207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Costafreda, S. G., Dias, A., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Ogunniyi, A., & Teri, L.,… Mukadam, N. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the lancet commission. Lancet, 396(10248), 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logsdon, R. G., McCurry, S. M., & Teri, L. (2007). Evidence-based psychological treatments for disruptive behaviors in individuals with dementia. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losada, A., de Los Angeles Villareal, M., Nuevo, R., Márquez-González, M., Salazar, B. C., Romero-Moreno, R., & Fernández-Fernández, V. (2012). Cross-cultural confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D in Spanish and Mexican dementia caregivers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 783–792. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losada, A., Márquez‐González, M., Vara‐García, C., Gallego‐Alberto, L., Romero‐Moreno, R., & Pillemer, K. (2018). Ambivalence and guilt feelings: Two relevant variables for understanding caregivers’ depressive symptomatology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(1), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losada, A., Márquez-González, M., Romero-Moreno, R., Mausbach, B. T., López, J., Fernández-Fernández, V., & Nogales-González, C. (2015). Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for dementia family caregivers with significant depressive symptoms: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 83(4), 760. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losada, A., Pillemer, K., Márquez-González, M., Romero-Moreno, R., & Gallego-Alberto, L. (2017). Measuring ambivalent feelings in dementia family caregivers: The caregiving ambivalence scale. The Gerontologist, 57(3), e37–e46. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, M., Dorstyn, D., Ward, L., & Prentice, S. (2018). Alzheimers’ disease and caregiving: A meta-analytic review comparing the mental health of primary carers to controls. Aging & Mental Health, 22(11), 1395–1405. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1370689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magai, C., & Cohen, C. (1998). Attachment style and emotion regulation in dementia patients and their relation to caregiver burden. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 53(3), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/53B.3.P147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques, M. J., Tan, E. Y., Woods, B., Jelley, H., Kerpershoek, L., Hopper, L., Irving, K., Bieber, A., Stephan, A., Sköldunger, A., Sjölund, B.-M., Selbaek, G., Røsvik, J., Zanetti, O., Portolani, D. M., Marôco, J., de Vugt, M., Verhey, F., Gonçalves-Pereira, M., & Actifcare Consortium. (2022). Trajectories of relationship quality in dementia: A longitudinal study in eight European countries. Aging & Mental Health, 26(11), 2307–2315. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1969641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, L. W., Morris, R. G., & Britton, P. G. (1988). The relationship between marital intimacy, perceived strain and depression in spouse caregivers of dementia sufferers. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 61(3), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02784.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nahl, D., & Bilal, D. (Eds.). (2007). Information and emotion: The emergent affective paradigm in information behavior research and theory. Information Today, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Nogales-González, C., Losada, A., & Romero-Moreno, R. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish version of the revised memory and behavior problems checklist. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(4), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214002476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S. J., & Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30(5), 583–594. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/30.5.583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillemer, K., Munsch, C. L., Fuller‐Rowell, T., Riffin, C., & Suitor, J. J. (2012). Ambivalence toward adult children: Differences between mothers and fathers. Journal of Marriage & Family, 74(5), 1101–1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01004.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillemer, K., & Suitor, J. J. (2005). Ambivalence in intergenerational relations over the life course. In M. Silverstein, R. Giarrusso, & V. L. Bengtson (Eds.), Intergenerational relations across time and place (pp. 3–28). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2003). Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18(2), 250–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prunty, M. M., & Foli, K. J. (2019). Guilt experienced by caregivers to individuals with dementia: A concept analysis. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 14(2), e12227. https://doi.org/10.1111/opn.12227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, C., Clare, L., & Woods, B. (2009). The impact of the quality of relationship on the experiences and wellbeing of caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health, 13(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802459799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin, E. D., Haut, M. W., & Keefover, R. W. (2001). Current marital functioning as a mediating factor in depression among spouse caregivers in dementia. Clinical Gerontologist, 23(3–4), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v23n03_04
   Google Scholar
• Robinson-Whelen, S., Tada, Y., MacCallum, R. C., McGuire, L., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2001). Long-term caregiving: What happens when it ends? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(4), 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, D. L., Burgio, L. D., Gitlin, L. N., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Coon, D. W., Belle, S. H., Stevens, A. B., & Burns, R. (2003). Psychometric analysis of the revised memory and behavior problems checklist: Factor structure of occurrence and reaction ratings. Psychology and Aging, 18(4), 906–915. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, R., Beach, S. R., Czaja, S. J., Martire, L. M., & Monin, J. K. (2020). Family caregiving for older adults. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 635–659. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, T. W., Ruiz, J. M., & Uchino, B. N. (2000). Vigilance, active coping, and cardiovascular reactivity during social interaction in young men. Health Psychology, 19(4), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.4.382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steadman, P., Tremont, G., & Davis, J. (2007). Premorbid relationship satisfaction and caregiver burden in dementia caregivers. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 20(2), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988706298624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Teri, L., Truax, P., Logsdon, R., Uomoto, J., Zarit, S., & Vitaliano, P. P. (1992). Assessment of behavioral problems in dementia: The revised memory and behavior problems checklist. Psychology and Aging, 7(4), 622–631. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.4.622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne, S. E., & Robinson, C. A. (1988). Health care relationships: The chronic illness perspective. Research in Nursing & Health, 11(5), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770110504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchino, B. N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Uno, D., & Flinders, J. B. (2001). Heterogeneity in the social networks of young and older adults: Prediction of mental health and cardiovascular reactivity during acute stress. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010634902498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Um, E., Plass, J. L., Hayward, E. O., & Homer, B. D. (2012). Emotional design in multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(2), 485. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Lee, J., Bakker, T. J., Duivenvoorden, H. J., & Dröes, R. M. (2014). Multivariate models of subjective caregiver burden in dementia: A systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews, 15(1), 76–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson, B., Tatangelo, G., & McCabe, M. (2019). Depression and anxiety among partner and offspring carers of people with dementia: A systematic review. The Gerontologist, 59(5), e597–e610. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, G. M., & Shaffer, D. R. (2001). Relationship quality and potentially harmful behaviors by spousal caregivers: How we were then, how we are now. Psychology and Aging, 16(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.2.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2013). Dementia: A public health priority. World Health Organisation. file:///C:/Users/LM.5060363/Downloads/9789241564458_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021). Dementia. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
   Google Scholar