References
- American Psychological Association. (2017). Multicultural guidelines: An ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality. http://www.apa.org/about/policy/multicultural-guidelines.pdf
- Bahrick, A. S. (1990). Role induction for counselor trainees: Effects on the supervisory working alliance. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/
- Benuto, L. T., Casas, J., & O’Donohue, W. T. (2019). Training culturally competent psychologists: A systematic review of the training outcome literature. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 13(1), 56–63. retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000214
- Bilodeau, C., Savard, R., & Lecomte, C. (2010). Examining supervisor and supervisee agreement on alliance: Is shame a factor? Canadian Journal of Counselling, 44(3), 272–282.
- Borders, L. D., Glosoff, H. L., Welfare, L. E., Hays, D. G., DeKruyf, L., Fernando, D. M., & Page, B. (2014). Best practices in clinical supervision: Evolution of a counseling specialty. The Clinical Supervisor, 33(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2014.905225
- Borders, L. D., Welfare, L. E., Sackett, C. R., & Cashwell, C. S. (2017). New supervisors‘ struggles and successes with corrective feedback. Counselor Education and Supervision, 56(3), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12073
- Burkard, A., Johnson, A., Madson, M., Pruitt, N., Contreras-Tadych, D., Kozlowshi, J., Hess, S., & Knox, S. (2006). Supervisor cultural responsiveness and unresponsiveness in cross-cultural supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.288
- Cartwright, B., Daniels, J., & Zhang, S. (2008). Assessing multicultural competence: Perceived versus demonstrated performance. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 318–322. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00515.x
- Constantine, M. G. (2001). The relationship between general counseling self-efficacy and self-perceived multicultural counseling competence in supervisees. The Clinical Supervisor, 20(2), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v20n02_07
- Constantine, M. G., & Ladany, N. (2000). Self-report multicultural counseling competence scales: Their relation to social desirability attitudes and multicultural case conceptualization ability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.2.155
- Cook, A. L., Brodsky, L., Gracia, R., & Morizio, L. J. (2019). Exploring multicultural and social justice counseling training outcomes on school counselor and youth development. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 10(2), 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501378.2017.1422681
- Cook, R., Jones, C., & Welfare, L. (in press). Supervisor cultural humility predicts intentional nondisclosure by post-master’s counselors. Counselor Education and Supervision.
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, Article 8. retrieved from: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
- Crockett, S., & Hays, D. G. (2015). The Influence of Supervisor Multicultural Competence on the Supervisory Working Alliance, Supervisee Counseling Self-Efficacy, and SuperviseeSatisfaction With Supervision: A Mediation Model. Counselor Education and Supervision, 54, 258-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12025
- Crockett, S., & Hays, D. G. (2015). The influence of supervisor multicultural competence on the supervisory working alliance, supervisee counseling self-efficacy, and supervisee satisfaction with supervision: A mediation model. Counselor Education and Supervision, 54(4), 258–273. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12025
- Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Owen, J., Hook, J. N., Rivera, D. P., Choe, E., Van Tongeren, D. R., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Placeres, V. (2018). The multicultural orientation framework: A narrative review. Psychotherapy, 55(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000160
- Day-Vines, N. L., Bryan, J., & Griffin, D. (2013). The Broaching Attitudes and Behavior Survey (BABS): An exploratory assessment of its dimensionality. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 41(4), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00037.x
- Duan, C., & Roehlke, H. (2001). A descriptive “snapshot” of cross-racial supervision in university counseling center internships. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2001.tb00510.x
- Gloria, A. M., Hird, J. S., & Tao, K. W. (2008). Self-reported multicultural supervision competence of white predoctoral intern supervisors. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2(3), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3918.2.3.129
- Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2008). Research design in counseling (3rd ed.). Brooks/Cole.
- Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Utsey, S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032595
- Hook, J. N., Farrell, M. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Van Tongeren, E. R., & Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggresssions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000114
- Hutman, H., & Ellis, M. V. (2019). Supervisee nondisclosure in clinical supervision: Cultural and relational considerations. Training and Education in Professional Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000290
- Inman, A., & Ladany, N. (2008). Research: The state of the field. In A. Hess, K. Hess, & T. Hess (Eds.), Psychotherapy supervision: Theory, research and practice (pp. 500–517). Wiley.
- Inman, A. G. (2006). Supervisor multicultural competence and its relation to supervisory process and outcome. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 32(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01589.x
- Jones, C. T., Welfare, L. E., Melchior, S., & Cash, R. M. (2019). Broaching as a strategy for intercultural understanding in clinical supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 38(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2018.1560384
- King, K. M. (in press). I want to, but how? Defining counselor broaching in core tenets and debated components. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development.
- King, K. M., & Borders, L. D. (2019). An experimental investigation of white counselors broaching race and racism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 97(4), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12283
- King, K. M., & Jones, K. (2019). An autoethnography of broaching in supervision: Joining supervisee and supervisor perspectives on addressing identity, power, and difference. The Clinical Supervisor, 38(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2018.1525597
- King, K. M., & Summers, L. M. (in press). Predictors of broaching: Multicultural competence, racial colorblindness, and interpersonal communication. Counselor Education & Supervision.
- Kumas-Tan, Z., Beagan, B., Loppie, C., MacLeod, A., & Frank, B. (2007). Measures of cultural competence: Examining hidden assumptions. Academic Medicine, 82(6), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3180555a2d
- Ladany, N., Brittan-Powell, C. S., & Pannu, R. K. (1997). The influence of supervisory racial identity interaction and racial matching on the supervisory working alliance andsupervisee multicultural competence. Counselor Education and Supervision 36. 284–304. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6978.1997.tb00396.x
- National Association of Social Workers. (2015). Standards and indicators for cultural competence in social work practice. Author.
- Nilsson, J. E., & Duan, C. (2007). Experiences of prejudice, role difficulties, and counseling self-efficacy among U.S. racial and ethnic minority supervisees working with white supervisor. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 35(4), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2007.tb00062.x
- Owen, J. (2013). Early career perspectives on psychotherapy research and practice: Psychotherapist effects, multicultural orientation, and couple interventions. Psychotherapy, 50(4), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034617
- Owen, J., Drinane, J., Tao, K. W., Adelson, J. L., Hook, J. N., Davis, D., & Fookune, N. (2017). Racial/ethnic disparities in client unilateral termination: The role of therapists’ cultural comfort. Psychotherapy Research, 27(1), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1078517
- Owen, J., Tao, K. W., Drinane, J. M., Hook, J., Davis, D. E., & Kune, N. F. (2016). Client perceptions of therapists’ multicultural orientation: Cultural (missed) opportunities and cultural humility. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000046
- Owen, J. J, Tao, K, Leach, M. M, & Rodolfa, E. (2011). Clients' perceptions of their psychotherapists' multicultural orientation. Psychotherapy, 48(3), 274-282. doi: 10.1037/a0022065
- Pérez-Rojas, A. E., Bartholomew, T. T., Lockard, A. J., & Gonzalez, J. M. (2019). Development and initial validation of the therapist cultural comfort scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(5), 534–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000344
- Phillips, J. C., Parent, M. C., Dozier, V. C., & Jackson, P. L. (2017). Depth of discussion of multicultural identities in supervision and supervisory outcomes. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 30(2), 188–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2016.1169995
- Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar, M. S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies: Guidelines for the counseling profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(1), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12035
- Rieck, T., Callahan, J., & Watkins, C. (2015). Clinical supervision: An exploration of possible mechanisms of action. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 9(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000080
- Slone, N. C., & Owen, J. (2015). Therapist alliance activity, therapist comfort, and systematic alliance on individual psychotherapy outcome. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 25(4), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039562
- Soheilian, S. S., Inman, A. G., Klinger, R. S., Isenberg, D. S., & Kulp, L. E. (2014). Multicultural supervision: Supervisees’ reflections on culturally competent supervision. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 27(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2014.961408
- Sterner, W. R. (2011). What is missing in counseling research? Reporting missing data. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00060.x
- Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb01642.x
- Tangen, J. L., & Borders, L. D. (2016). The supervisory relationship: A conceptual and psychometric review of measures. Counselor Education and Supervision, 55(3), 159–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12043
- Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(3), 207–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). National Healthcare Disparities Report. June 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.
- Wang, Y. W., Davidson, M. M., Yakushko, O. F., Savoy, H. B., Tan, J. A., & Bleier, J. K. (2003). The scale of ethnocultural empathy: Development, validation, and reliability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(2), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.221
- Watkins, C. E., Jr., Hook, J. N., Owen, J., DeBlaere, C., Davis, D. E., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2019). Multicultural orientation in psychotherapy supervision: Cultural humility, cultural comfort, and cultural opportunities. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 72(2), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20180040
- White-Davis, T., Stein, E., & Karasz, A. (2016). The elephant in the room: Dialogues about race within cross-cultural supervisory relationships. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 51(4), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091217416659271
- Wong, L., Wong, P., & Ishiyama, F. (2013). What helps and what hinders in cross-cultural clinical supervision: A critical incident study. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(1), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012442652
- Zhang, N., & Burkard, A. W. (2008). Client and counselor discussions of racial and ethnic differences in counseling: An exploratory investigation. Journal of MulticulturalCounseling and Development, 36, 77-87. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2008.tb00072.x