There are no sidelines: a reaction to Legha’s “getting off the racist sidelines: an antiracist approach to mental health supervision and training”

References

• Abo‐Zena, M. M., Jones, K., & Mattis, J. (2022). Dismantling the master’s house: Decolonizing “rigor” in psychological scholarship. Journal of Social Issues, 78(2), 298–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, L. J., MacLean, R. R., Portnoy, G. A., Beauvais, J., & Stacy, M. A. (2023). Psychology trainee and supervisor perspectives of multicultural supervision. Psychological Services, 20(Suppl 1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000643
   Google Scholar
• Adams, G., Osei-Tutu, A., & Affram, A. A. (2020). Decolonial perspectives on psychology and development. In O. Braddick (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedias: Psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.514
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2017) . Mental health disparities: Diverse populations.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2021). APA apologizes for Its support of racism in psychiatry. https://www.psychiatry.org:443/news-room/news-releases/apa-apologizes-for-its-support-of-racism-in-psychiatry
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2020). “We are Living in a Racism pandemic,” Says APA President. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/05/racism-pandemic
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2021). Apology to people of color for APA’s role in promoting, perpetuating, and failing to challenge racism, racial discrimination, and human hierarchy in U.S. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/racism-apology/
   Google Scholar
• Ancis, J. R., & Marshall, D. S. (2010). Using a multicultural framework to assess supervisees’ perceptions of culturally competent supervision. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88(3), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00023.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. D., & Span, C. M. (2016). History of education in the news: The legacy of slavery, racism, and contemporary black activism on campus. History of Education Quarterly, 56(4), 646–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12214
   Google Scholar
• Asante, M. K. (2017). Rae and racism in American society. Evolution toward new thought. In P. Reid-Merrit (Ed.), Race In America: How a pseudoscientific concept shapted human interaction (pp. 43–58). Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, B., Menzel, K., Prehn, J., & Gates, T. G. (2023). Australian universities, indigenization, whiteness, and settler colonial epistemic violence. In J. Ravulo, K. Olcoń, T. Dune, A. Workman, & P. Liamputtong (Eds.), Handbook of critical whiteness: Deconstructing dominant discourses across disciplines (pp. 1–14). Springer Nature Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R. K. (2019). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (6th ed.). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Borders, L. D., Dianna, J. A., & McKibben, W. B. (2023). Clinical supervisor training: A ten-year scoping review across counseling, psychology, and social work. The Clinical Supervisor, 42(1), 164–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2023.2188624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, N. T., Perez, M., Prinstein, M. J., & Thurston, I. B. (2021). Upending racism in psychological science: Strategies to change how science is conducted, reported, reviewed, and disseminated. American Psychologist, 76(7), 1097–1112. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Came, H., & Griffith, D. (2018). Tackling racism as a “wicked” public health problem: Enabling allies in anti-racism praxis. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 13–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006292033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, R. T., Johnson, V. E., Kirkinis, K., Roberson, K., Muchow, C., & Galgay, C. (2019). A meta-analytic review of racial discrimination: Relationships to health and culture. Race and Social Problems, 11(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-018-9256-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, R. T., & Pieterse, A. L. (2020). Measuring the effects of racism: Guidelines for the assessment and treatment of race-based traumatic stress injury. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/cart19306
   Google Scholar
• Chirico, F., Ferrari, G., Nucera, G., Szarpak, L., Crescenzo, P., & Ilesanmi, O. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, burnout syndrome, and mental health disorders among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews. Journal of Health Social Sciences, 6, 209–220. https://doi.org/10.19204/2021/PRVL7
   Google Scholar
• Collective, R. D. E. (2022). Decoloniality as a social issue for psychological study. Journal of Social Issues, 78(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, N. M., & Pieterse, A. L. (2007). Critical incident analysis-based training: An approach for developing active racial/cultural awareness. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00439.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantine, M. G., Chen, E. C., & Ceesay, P. (1997). Intake concerns of racial and ethnic minority students at a university counseling center: Implications for developmental programming and outreach. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 25(3), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1997.tb00331.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corneau, S., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2012). More than being against it: Anti-racism and anti-oppression in mental health services. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49(2), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461512441594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté, J. E. (2009). Identity formation and self-development in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. D. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 266–304). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Dennis, E. (2022). The paranoid-schizoid position and envious attacks on the black other. Psychoanalysis, Self and Context, 17(2), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/24720038.2021.1977306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derman-Sparks, L., & Phillips, C. B. (1997). Teaching/Learning anti-racism: A developmental approach. Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Desalu, J. M., Goodhines, P. A., & Park, A. (2019). Racial discrimination and alcohol use and negative drinking consequences among black Americans: A meta‐analytical review. Addiction, 114(6), 957–967. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, M. V., Berger, L., Hanus, A. E., Ayala, E. E., Swords, B. A., & Siembor, M. (2014). Inadequate and harmful clinical supervision: Testing a revised framework and assessing occurrence. The Counseling Psychologist, 42(4), 434–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000013508656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engram, D. V., & Mayer, K. (2023). Ya’ll don’t hate white supremacy enough for me: How performative DEI prevents anti-racism and accountability in higher education. The Vermont Connection, 44(1). https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/tvc/vol44/iss1/10
   Google Scholar
• Falender, C. A., Shafranske, E. P., Falicov, C. J., Falender, C. A., Shafranske, E. P., & Falicov, C. J. (2014). Diversity and multiculturalism in supervision. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14370-001
   Google Scholar
• Fernando, S., & Moodley, R., Fernando, S., Moodley, R. (2018). Global psychologies: Mental health and the global south. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95816-0
   Google Scholar
• Fish, J., & Syed, M. (2020). The multiple levels of racism, discrimination, and prejudice. In S. Hupp & J. Jewell (Eds.), The encyclopedia of child and adolescent development (pp. 1–12). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, G. M. (1988). The arrogance of race: Historical perspectives on slavery, racism, and social inequality. Wesleyan University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, G. M. (2015). Racism: A short history. Princeton University Press. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400873678
   Google Scholar
• Gaines, A. D. (1995). Culture-specific delusions: Sense and nonsense in cultural context. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(2), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30055-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galán, C. A., Bekele, B., Boness, C., Bowdring, M., Call, C., Hails, K., McPhee, J., Mendes, S. H., Moses, J., Northrup, J., Rupert, P., Savell, S., Sequeira, S., Tervo-Clemmens, B., Tung, I., Vanwoerden, S., Womack, S., & Yilmaz, B. (2021). Editorial: A call to action for an antiracist clinical science. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(1), 12–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1860066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale, M. M., Pieterse, A. L., Lee, D. L., Huynh, K., Powell, S., & Kirkinis, K. (2020). A meta-analysis of the relationship between internalized racial oppression and health-related outcomes. The Counseling Psychologist, 48(4), 498–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000020904454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff, P. A., Eberhardt, J. L., Williams, M. J., & Jackson, M. C. (2008). Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, S. J. (1996). Mismeasure of man. WW Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Grzanka, P. R., Frantell, K. A., & Fassinger, R. E. (2020). The white racial affect scale (WRAS): A measure of white guilt, shame, and negation. The Counseling Psychologist, 48(1), 47–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019878808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzanka, P. R., Gonzalez, K. A., & Spanierman, L. B. (2019). White supremacy and counseling psychology: A critical–conceptual framework. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(4), 478–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019880843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie, R. V. (2004). Even the rat was white: A historical view of psychology. Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Held, B. S. (2020). Epistemic violence in psychological science: Can knowledge of, from, and for the (othered) people solve the problem? Theory & Psychology, 30(3), 349–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354319883943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms, J. E. (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice. Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Helms, J. E. (1995). An update of Helm’s White and people of Color racial identity models. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 181–198). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ingle, M. (2021). Western individualism and psychotherapy: Exploring the edges of ecological being. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(6), 925–938. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167818817181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob, G., Faber, S. C., Faber, N., Bartlett, A., Ouimet, A. J., & Williams, M. T. (2023). A systematic review of black people coping with racism: Approaches, analysis, and empowerment. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(2), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221100509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernigan, M. M., Green, C. E., Helms, J. E., Perez-Gualdron, L., & Henze, K. (2010). An examination of people of Color supervision dyads: Racial identity matters as much as race. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 4(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J. M. (2023). Surviving while black: Systemic racism and psychological resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020822-052232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an antiracist (1st ed.). One World.
   Google Scholar
• Legha, R. K. (2023). Getting off the racist sidelines: An antiracist approach to mental health supervision and training. The Clinical Supervisor, 8(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2023.2204302
   Google Scholar
• Lentin, A. (2020). Why race still matters. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Love, B. J. (2010). Developing a liberatory consciousness. In M. Adams, W. J. Blumenfeld, R. Castañeda, H. W. Hackman, M. L. Peters, & X. Zúñiga (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (2nd ed., pp. 599–603). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie-Mavinga, I. (2020). The challenge of racism in therapeutic practice: Engaging with oppression in practice and supervision. Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mensah, M., Ogbu-Nwobodo, L., & Shim, R. S. (2021). Racism and mental health equity: History repeating itself. Psychiatric Services (Washington, DC), 72(9), 1091–1094. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J., & Garran, A. M. (2017). Racism in the United States: Implications for the helping professions (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826148858
   Google Scholar
• Miller, M. J., Keum, B. T., Thai, C. J., Lu, Y., Truong, N. N., Huh, G. A., Li, X., Yeung, J. G., & Ahn, L. H. (2018). Practice recommendations for addressing racism: A content analysis of the counseling psychology literature. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(6), 669–680. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosley, D. V., Hargons, C. N., Meiller, C., Angyal, B., Wheeler, P., Davis, C., & Stevens-Watkins, D. (2021). Critical consciousness of anti-black racism: A practical model to prevent and resist racial trauma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musolf, G. R. (2012). The superiority delusion and critical consciousness: The paradox of role-taking refusal in the microfoundation of dehumanization and resistance. In N. K. Denzin (Ed.), Studies in symbolic interaction (studies in symbolic interaction) (Vol. 39, pp. 71–120). Emerald Group Publishing Limited Bingley. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0163-2396(2012)0000039005
   Google Scholar
• Nobles, W. W. (1976). Extended self: Rethinking the so-called Negro self-concept. Journal of Black Psychology, 2(2), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/009579847600200205
   Google Scholar
• Pieterse, A. L. (2009). Teaching antiracism in counselor training: Reflections on a course. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 37(3), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2009.tb00098.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieterse, A. L. (2020). Attending to racial trauma in clinical supervision: Enhancing client and supervisee outcomes. In C. Knight & L. D. Borders (Eds.), Trauma-informed supervision (pp. 202–220). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pieterse, A. L., Lewis, J. A., & Miller, M. J. (2023). Dismantling and eradicating anti-blackness and systemic racism. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 70(3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieterse, A., & Powell, S. (2016). A theoretical overview of the impact of racism on people of color. In A. N. Alvarez, C. T. H. Liang, & H. A. Neville (Eds.), The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination. (pp. 11–30). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Pieterse, A. L., Roberson, K. L., Garcia, R., & Carter, R. T. (2022). Racial discrimination and trauma symptoms: Further support for the race-based traumatic stress symptom scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 29(3), 332–338. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reetz, D. R., Krylowicz, B., & Mistler, B. (2016). The association for university and college counseling center directors annual survey. Retrieved from Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors: https://www.aucccd.org/director-surveys-publi
   Google Scholar
• Seaton, E. K. (2009). Perceived racial discrimination and racial identity profiles among African American adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, R. M., Copeland‐Linder, N., Martin, P. P., & Lewis, R. L. H. (2006). Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 187–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedley, A., Smedley, B. (2018). Race in North America: Origin and evolution of a worldview. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494789
   Google Scholar
• Spanierman, L. B., & Clark, D. A. (2021). Psychological science: Taking white racial emotions seriously—revisiting the costs of racism to White Americans. In D. W. Austin & B. P. Bowser (Eds.), Impacts of racism on White Americans in the age of Trump (pp. 115–136). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75232-3_8
   Google Scholar
• Tatum, B. D. (2003). Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria: And other conversations about race (5th Anniv., Rev. ed.). Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Teo, T. (2010). What is epistemological violence in the empirical social sciences? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(5), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00265.x
   Google Scholar
• Teo, T. (2011). Empirical race psychology and the hermeneutics of epistemological violence. Human Studies, 34(3), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-011-9179-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, L., & Ong, A. D. (2010). A daily diary investigation of Latino ethnic identity, discrimination, and depression. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(4), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utsey, S. O., McCarthy, E., Eubanks, R., & Adrian, G. (2002). White racism and suboptimal psychological functioning among White Americans: Implications for counseling and prejudice prevention. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30(2), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2002.tb00481.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington, H. A. (2006). Medical apartheid: The dark history of medical experimentation on black Americans from colonial times to the present. Doubleday Books.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, C. E., Jr. (2012). Race/Ethnicity in short-term and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy treatment research: How “White” are the data? Psychoanalytic Psychology, 29(3), 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The White House. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/25/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-takes-action-to-make-it-easier-to-access-in-network-mental-health-care/
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox, M. M., Winkeljohn Black, S., Farra, A., Zimmerman, D., Drinane, J. M., Tao, K. W., DeBlaere, C., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Watkins, C. E., & Owen, J. (2023). Cultural humility, cultural comfort, and supervision processes and outcomes for BIPOC supervisees. The Counseling Psychologist, 00110000231188337. https://doi.org/10.1177/00110000231188337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder, C. S. (2013). Ebony and ivy: Race, slavery, and the troubled history of America’s universities. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. T., Faber, S. C., & Duniya, C. (2022). Being an anti-racist clinician. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 15(e19), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X22000162
   Google Scholar
• Winston, A. S. (2020). Why mainstream research will not end scientific racism in psychology. Theory & Psychology, 30(3), 425–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354320925176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar