The complex construction history of Poverty Point’s timber circles and concentric ridges

References

• Bevan, Bruce W. 2016 A Look at the Magnetic Map of Poverty Point. Geosight, Weems, Virginia. https://search.datacite.org/works/10.13140/rg.2.2.29811.84003, accessed October 11, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Black, Stephen, and Alston Thoms 2014 Hunter-Gatherer Earth Ovens in the Archaeological Record: Fundamental Concepts. American Antiquity 79:204–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brecher, Kenneth, and William G. Haag 1980 The Poverty Point Octagon: World’s Largest Prehistoric Solstice Marker? Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 12:886–887.
   Google Scholar
• Brecher, Kenneth, and William G. Haag 1983 Astronomical Alignments at Poverty Point. American Antiquity 48:161–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burks, Jarrod, and Robert A. Cook 2011 Beyond Squire and Davis: Rediscovering Ohio’s Earthworks Using Geophysical Remote Sensing. American Antiquity 76:667–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, Brian M., R. Berle Clay, Michael L. Hargrave, Staffan D. Peterson, John E. Schwegman, John A. Schwegman, and Paul D. Welch 2011 A New Look at Kincaid: Magnetic Survey of a Large Mississippian Town. Southeastern Archaeology 30:20–37.
   Google Scholar
• Byrd, Kathleen. 1990 Recent Research at the Poverty Point Site. Louisiana Archaeology, Bulletin of the Louisiana Archaeological Society, No. 13, 1986. Lafayette. (The 1986 issue was published in 1990.)
   Google Scholar
• Clark, John E. 2004 Surrounding the Sacred: Geometry and Design of Early Mound Groups as Meaning and Function. In Signs of Power: The Rise of Cultural Complexity in the Southeast, edited by Jon L. Gibson, Philip J. Carr, pp. 162–213. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
   Google Scholar
• Clay, R. Berle 2001 Complementary Geophysical Survey Techniques: Why Two Ways Are Always Better Than One. Southeastern Archaeology 20:31–42.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, Robert P. 2002 The 1980–1982 Excavations on the Northwest Ridge 1 at the Poverty Point Site. Louisiana Archaeology 25 (1998). (The 1998 issue was published in 2002.)
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, Robert P. 2006 An Assessment of Radiocarbon Age Results from the Poverty Point Site. Louisiana Archaeology 27:1–14 (2000). (The 2000 issue was published in 2006.)
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Robert A., and Jarrod Burks 2011 Determining Site Size and Structure: A Fort Ancient Example. American Antiquity 76:145–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A. 2006a Magnetic Susceptibility. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective, edited by Jay Johnson, pp. 161–203. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
   Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A. 2006b A Geophysical Approach to Buried Site Detection Using Down-Hole Susceptibility and Soil Magnetic Techniques. Archaeological Prospection 13:182–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A. 2007 A Review of the Role of Magnetic Susceptibility in Archaeo-Geophysical Studies in the USA: Recent Developments and Prospects. Archaeological Prospection 15:1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A. 2018 Downhole Magnetic Susceptibility Testing, Project 2/17, 16WC5 and 16WC121. Department of Anthropology and Earth Science, Minnesota State University Moorhead. Submitted to the Poverty Point Station Archaeology Program, Pioneer, Louisiana.
   Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A. 2019 Magnetic Susceptibility Testing at 16WC5: West Plaza Rise, Mound E Ridge, Northwest Plaza, and Ridge SW2. Department of Anthropology and Earth Science, Minnesota State University Moorhead. Submitted to the Poverty Point Station Archaeology Program, Pioneer, Louisiana.
   Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A., and Bruce W. Bevan 2002 Geophysical Indicators of Culturally Emplaced Soils and Sediments. Geoarchaeology 17(8):778–810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A., and Jessica Sharp 2012 Magnetic Susceptibility Studies in Excavation Blocks 1–4. Department of Anthropology and Earth Science, Minnesota State University Moorhead. Submitted to the Poverty Point Station Archaeology Program, Pioneer, Louisiana.
   Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A., Jessica Beard, Alissa Blaha, and Avery Cota 2010 Magnetic Susceptibility Studies at the Poverty Point State Historic Site. Department of Anthropology and Earth Science, Minnesota State University Moorhead. Submitted to the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, Office of Cultural Development, Division of Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Dalan, Rinita A., Jay Sturdevant, Rebecca Wallace, Blair Schneider, and Steven De Vore 2017 Cutbank Geophysics: A New Method for Expanding Magnetic Investigations to the Subsurface Using Magnetic Susceptibility Testing at an Awatixa Hidatsa Village, North Dakota. Remote Sensing 2017(9):1–18. doi:10.3390/rs9020112.
   Google Scholar
• Ellerbe, Jenny, and Diana M. Greenlee 2015 Poverty Point: Revealing the Forgotten City. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Feathers, James, and Sehar Sheikh 2012 Luminescence Dating for Mound D at Poverty Point, Louisiana. Luminescence Dating Laboratory, University of Washington. Submitted to the Poverty Point Station Archaeology Program, Pioneer, Louisiana.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, James A., and Clarence H. Webb 1956 Poverty Point, a Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 4, Pt. 1. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, James A., Philip Phillips, and William G. Haag 1951 The Jaketown Site in West-Central Mississippi. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 45, Pt. 1. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ghose, Dave 2014 A Hopewell Woodhenge. American Archaeology 18(4):32–38. Archaeological Conservancy, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, Jon L. 1973 Social Systems at Poverty Point: An Analysis of Intersite and Intrasite Variability. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, Jon L. 1987 The Ground Truth about Poverty Point: The Second Season, 1985. Report No. 7, Center for Archaeological Studies. University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, Jon L. 1990 Earth Sitting: Architectural Masses at Poverty Point, Northeastern Louisiana. In Recent Research at the Poverty Point Site, edited by Kathleen Byrd, pp. 201–237. Louisiana Archaeology, Bulletin of the Louisiana Archaeological Society, No. 13, 1986, Lafayette. (The 1986 issue was published in 1990.)
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, Jon L. 1993 In Helona’s Shadow: Excavations in the Western Rings at Poverty Point, 1991. Report No. 11, Center for Archaeological Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, Jon L. 2001 The Ancient Mounds of Poverty Point: Place of Rings. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, Jon L. 2007 Formed from the Earth at That Place: The Material Side of Community at Poverty Point. American Antiquity 72:509–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, Jon L. 2019 Archaic Earthworks of the Lower Mississippi Valley: Interpretations from the Field. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M. 2009 2009 Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point State Historic Site. Department of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe. Submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M. 2010 2010 Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point State Historic Site. Department of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe. Submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M. 2012 2012 Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point State Historic Site. Department of Atmospheric Science, Earth Science and Physics, University of Louisiana at Monroe. Submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M. 2013 2013 Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point State Historic Site. School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe. Submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M. 2015 2015 Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point World Heritage Site. School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe. Submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M. 2017 2017 Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point World Heritage Site. School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe. Submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M. 2018 2018 Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point World Heritage Site. School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe. Submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M. 2019 2019 Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at the Poverty Point World Heritage Site. School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe. Submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee, Diana M., A. James Delahoussaye, and Karen L. Leone 2017 Aw, Nuts! Fishy Goings-On with Poverty Point Subsistence. Paper presented at the 2017 Meeting of the Louisiana Archaeological Society, Marksville, Louisiana.
   Google Scholar
• Haag, William G. 1990 Excavations at the Poverty Point Site: 1972–1975. In Recent Research at the Poverty Point Site, edited by Kathleen Byrd, pp. 1–36. Louisiana Archaeology, Bulletin of the Louisiana Archaeological Society, No. 13, 1986. (The 1986 issue was published in 1990.)
   Google Scholar
• Hargrave, Michael L. 2006 Ground Truthing the Results of Geophysical Surveys. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective, edited by Jay K. Johnson, pp. 269–304. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
   Google Scholar
• Hargrave, Michael L. 2011 Geophysical Survey of Complex Deposits at Ramey Field, Cahokia. Southeastern Archaeology 30:1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hargrave, Michael L., and R. Berle Clay 2016 Geophysical and LiDAR Investigations at Poverty Point World Heritage Site, 16WC5. Report submitted to the Division of Archaeology, Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Hargrave, Michael L., Tad Britt, and Matthew D. Reynolds 2007 Magnetic Evidence of Ridge Construction and Use at Poverty Point. American Antiquity 72:757–769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden, Brian, and Suzanne Villeneuve 2011 A Century of Feasting Studies. Annual Review of Anthropology 40:433–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays, Christopher T. 2019 Feasting at Poverty Point with Poverty Point Objects. Southeastern Archaeology 38:193–207.
   Google Scholar
• Hays, Christopher T., Richard A. Weinstein, and James A. Stoltman 2016 Poverty Point Objects Reconsidered. Southeastern Archaeology 35:213–236.
   Google Scholar
• Herrmann, Edward W., G. William Monaghan, William F. Romaine, Timothy M. Schilling, Jarrod Burks, Karen L. Leone, Matthew P. Purtill, and Alan C. Tonetti 2014 A New Multistage Construction Chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science 50:117–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holley, George R., Rinita A. Dalan, and Phillip A. Smith 1993 Investigations in the Cahokia Site Grand Plaza. American Antiquity 58:306–319. doi:10.2307/281972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, H. Edwin 1991a The Trade Fair in Hunter-Gatherer Interaction: The Role of Inter-societal Trade in the Evolution of Poverty Point Culture. In Between Bands and States: Sedentism, Subsistence, and Interaction in Small Scale Societies, edited by Susan A. Gregg, pp. 265–286. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 9. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, H. Edwin 1991b Bottomland Resources and Exploitation Strategies during the Poverty Point Period: Implications of the Archaeobiological Record from the J. W. Copes Site. In The Poverty Point Culture: Local Manifestations, Subsistence Practices, and Trade Networks, edited by Kathleen M. Byrd, pp. 131–153. Geoscience and Man Vol. 29. Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
   Google Scholar
• Kidder, Tristram R. 2002 Mapping Poverty Point. American Antiquity 67:89–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidder, Tristram R. 2006 Climate Change and the Archaic to Woodland Transition (3000–2500 Cal B.P.) in the Mississippi River Basin. American Antiquity 71:195–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidder, Tristram R. 2011 Transforming Hunter-Gatherer History at Poverty Point. In Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology as Historical Process, edited by Kenneth E. Sassaman, Donald H. Holly Jr., pp. 95–119. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
   Google Scholar
• Kidder, Tristram R., Anthony Ortmann, and Thurman Allen 2004 Testing Mounds B and E at Poverty Point. Southeastern Archaeology 23:98–113.
   Google Scholar
• Kuttruff, Carl 1975 The Poverty Point Site: North Sector Test Excavations. Louisiana Archaeology 2:129–151.
   Google Scholar
• Kvamme, Kenneth 2003 Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archaeology. American Antiquity 63:435–457.
   Google Scholar
• Kvamme, Kenneth 2006 Magnetometry: Nature’s Gift to Archaeology. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective, edited by Jay K. Johnson, pp. 205–233. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
   Google Scholar
• Kvamme, Kenneth, and Stanley Ahler 2007 Integrated Remote Sensing and Excavation at Double Ditch State Historic Site, North Dakota. American Antiquity 72:539–561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvamme, Kenneth, Eileen Ernenwein, Michael L. Hargrave, Thomas Sever, Debbie Harmon, Fredrick W. Limp, Burgess Howell, Michele Koons, and Jason Tullis 2006 New Approaches to the Use and Integration of Multi-sensor Remote Sensing for Historic Resources. Submitted to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, US Department of Defense, Washington, DC. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268274669_New_Approaches_to_the_Use_and_Integration_of_Multi-Sensor_Remote_Sensing_for_Historic_Resource_Identification_and_Evaluation, accessed October 7, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Jill H. 1997 The NLU-UAB Research Project at Poverty Point, Excavation on Ridge 2, Northwest Sector. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, George R. 2004 Old Mounds, Ancient Hunter-Gatherers, and Modern Archaeologists. In Signs of Power: The Rise of Cultural Complexity in the Southeast, edited by Jon L. Gibson, Philip J. Carr, pp. 300–315. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
   Google Scholar
• Ortmann, Anthony L. 2010 Placing the Poverty Point Mounds in Their Temporal Context. American Antiquity 75:657–678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortmann, Anthony L., and Tristram R. Kidder 2013 Building Mound A at Poverty Point, Louisiana: Monumental Public Architecture, Ritual Practice, and Implications for Hunter-Gatherer Complexity. Geoarchaeology 28:66–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco, Paul J., Jarrod Burks, and Dee Anne Wymer 2009 The 2006 Archaeological Investigation at Brown’s Bottom #1 (33R01104). Current Research in Ohio Archaeology 2009, http://www.ohioarchaeology.org.
   Google Scholar
• Purrington, R. D. 1983 Supposed Solar Alignments at Poverty Point. American Antiquity 48:157–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purrington, R. D., and C. A. Child Jr. 1989 Poverty Point Revisited: Further Considerations of Astronomical Alignments. Journal for the History of Astronomy 20(13):49–60.
   Google Scholar
• Purtill, Matthew P., Jeremy A. Norr, and Jonathan B. Frodge 2014 Open-Air “Adena” Paired-Post Ritual Features in the Middle Ohio Valley: A New Interpretation. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30:59–82.
   Google Scholar
• Reimer, Paula J., William E. N. Austin, Edouard Bard, Alex Bayliss, Paul G. Blackwell, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Martin Butzin, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Michael Friedrich, Pieter M. Grootes, Thomas P. Guilderson, Irka Hajdas, Timothy J. Heaton, Alan G. Hogg, Konrad A. Hughen, Bernd Kromer, Sturt W. Manning, Raimund Muscheler, Jonathan G. Palmer, Charlotte Pearson, Johannes van der Plicht, Ron W. Reimer, David A. Richards, E. Marian Scott, John R. Southon, Christian S. M. Turney, Lukas Wacker, Florian Adolphi, Ulf Büntgen, Manuela Capano, Simon M. Fahrni, Alexandra Fogtmann-Schulz, Ronny Friedrich, Peter Köhler, Sabrina Kudsk, Fusa Miyake, Jesper Olsen, Frederick Reinig, Minoru Sakamoto, Adam Sookdeo, and Sahra Talamo 2020 The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62:725–757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rippl, Katherine Lynn 2009 Examination of Two Timber Circles Found in the Ohio Valley. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University.
   Google Scholar
• Romaine, William F., and Norman L. Davis 2011 Astronomy and Geometry at Poverty Point. Louisiana Archaeology. Bulletin of the Louisiana Archaeological Society 38:42–50.
   Google Scholar
• Ruby, Bret 2018 Revealing Ritual Landscapes at the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. In Encountering Hopewell in the 21st Century, Ohio, and Beyond, Volume Two: Settlements, Foodways, and Interaction (Ohio History and Culture), edited by Jarrod Burks, Bret Ruby, and Brian Redmond, pp. 79–116. University of Akron Press, Akron, Ohio.
   Google Scholar
• Sassaman, Kenneth E., and Michael J. Heckenberger 2004 Crossing the Symbolic Rubicon in the Southeast. In Signs of Power: The Rise of Cultural Complexity in the Southeast, edited by Jon L. Gibson, Phillip J. Carr, pp. 214–233. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
   Google Scholar
• Spivey, S. Margaret, Tristram R. Kidder, Anthony L. Ortmann, and Lee J. Arco 2015 Pilgrimage to Poverty Point? In The Archaeology of Events: Cultural Change and Continuity in the Pre-Columbian Southeast, edited by Zackary I. Gilmore, Jason M. O'Donoughue, pp. 141–153. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
   Google Scholar
• Stuiver, M, P. J. Reimer, and R. W. Reimer 2021 CALIB 8.2 [WWW program] at http://calib.org, accessed June 6, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of the Interior (DOI) 2013 Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point. Nomination to the World Heritage List by the United States of America. https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1435.pdf, accessed October 11, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Weems, Tracy A., Emmett E. Reynolds, E. Thurman Allen, Charles E. Martin, and Ronnie L. Venson 1977. Soil Survey of West Carroll Parish, Louisiana. US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Wittry, Warren L. 1969 The American Woodhenge. In Explorations in Cahokia Archaeology, edited by Michael L. Fowler, pp. 43–48. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Bulletin No. 7.
   Google Scholar
• Woodiel, Deborah 1990 Investigations at the Visitor Center, Poverty Point State Commemorative Area, 1978. In Recent Research at the Poverty Point Site, edited by Kathleen Byrd, pp. 41–56. Louisiana Archaeology, Bulletin of the Louisiana Archaeological Society, No. 13, 1986. Lafayette. (The 1986 issue was published in 1990.)
   Google Scholar
• Wright, Alice P. 2016 Local and “Global” Perspectives on the Middle Woodland Southeast. Journal of Archaeological Research 25:37–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar