The Paucity of Attention to Narcotics Anonymous in Current Public, Professional, and Policy Responses to Rising Opioid Addiction

References

• Bekkering, G. E., Mariën, D., Parylo, O., & Hannes, K. (2016). The effectiveness of self-help groups for adolescent substance misuse: A systematic review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 25, 229–244. doi:10.1080/1067828X.2014.981772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, B. G., Greene, M. C., Hoeppner, B. B., Slaymaker, V., & Kelly, J. (2014). Psychiatric comorbidity and 12-Step participation: A longitudinal investigation of treated young adults. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(2), 501–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, D. (2016). An unlikely hero? Challenging stigma through community engagement. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 16(1), 106–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, D. W., Harris, J. C., Gossop, M., Manning, V. C., Man, L. H., Marshall, J., & Strang, J. (2001). Are the Twelve Steps more acceptable to drug users than to drinkers? A comparison of experiences of and attitudes to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) among 200 substance misusers attending inpatient detoxification. European Addiction Research, 7(2), 69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binswanger, I. A., & Gordon, A. J. (2016). From risk reduction to implementation: Addressing the opioid epidemic and continued challenged to our field. Substance Abuse, 37(1), 1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogenschutz, M. P., Rice, S. L., Tonigan, J. S., Vogel, H. S., Nowinski, J., Hume, D., & Arenella, P. B. (2014). 12-Step facilitation for the dually diagnosed: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46(4), 403–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, K. T., McCauley, J. L., & Back, S. E. (2016). Prescription opioid misuse, abuse, and treatment in the United States: An update. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 18–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B. S., O’Grady, K. E., Farrell, E., Flechner, I. S., & Nurco, D. N. (2001). Factors associated with the frequency of 12-Step attendance by drug abuse clients. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 271, 147–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Califf, R. M., Woodcock, J., & Ostroff, S. (2016). A proactive response to prescription opioid abuse. New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 1480–1485. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1601307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G. (2006). Social support, spiritual program, and addiction recovery. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 50(3), 306–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christo, G., & Franey, C. (1995). Drug users’ spiritual beliefs, locus of control and the disease concept in relation to Narcotics Anonymous attendance and six-month outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 38(1), 51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christo, G., & Sutton, S. (1994). Anxiety and self-esteem as a function of abstinence time among recovering addicts attending Narcotics Anonymous. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 198–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, J. L., Skoufalos, A., & Scranton, R. (2016). The American opioid epidemic: Population health implications and potential solutions: Report from the National Stakeholder Panel. Population Health Management, 19( Suppl 1), S1–S10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Compton, W. M., Boyle, M., & Wargo, E. (2015). Prescription opioid abuse: Problems and responses. Preventive Medicine, 80, 5–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, A., & Gupta, S. (Hosts). (2016, May 11). Prescription addiction: Made in the USA [Television broadcast]. Anderson Cooper 360. New York, NY: Cable News Network.
   Google Scholar
• Crape, B. L., Latkin, C. A., Laris, A. S., & Knowlton, A. R. (2002). The effects of sponsorship in 12-Step treatment of injection drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65(3), 291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph P., Siqueland, L., Blaine, J., Frank, A., Luborsky, L., Onken, … & Beck, A. T. (1999). Psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence: National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(6), 493–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey-Rothwell, M. A., Kuramoto, S. J., & Latkin, C. A. (2008). Social networks, norms, and 12-Step group participation. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34(2), 185–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deck, D., & Carlson, M. J. (2005). Retention in publicly funded methadone maintenance treatment in two Western states. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 32(1), 43–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLucia, C., Bergman, B. G., Formoso, D., & Weinberg, L. B. (2015). Recovery in Narcotics Anonymous from the perspectives of long-term members. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 10(1), 3–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, D. M., Daley, D. C., Brigham, G. S., Hodgkins, C. C., Perl, H. I., Garrett, S.B., … Zammarelli, L. (2013). Stimulant abuser groups to engage in 12-Step: A multisite trial in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44, 103–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell, D., Haegerich, T. M., & Chou, R. (2016). CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States—2016. Journal of the American Medical Association, 315(15), 1624–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiellin, D. A., Schottenfeld, R. S., Cutter, C. J., Moore, B. A., Barry, D. T., & O’Connor, P. G. (2014). Primary care-based buprenorphine taper vs maintenance therapy for prescription opioid dependence: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(12), 1947–1954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentine, R. (1999). After drug treatment: Are 12-Step programs effective in maintaining abstinence? American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(1), 93–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty, M. T., Kurtz, E., White, W. L., & Larson, A. (2014). An interpretive phenomenological analysis of secular, spiritual, and religious pathways of long-term addiction recovery. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 32(4), 337–356.
   Google Scholar
• Flora, K., & Raftopoulos, A. (2007). First description of Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous members in Greece: Prior treatment history and opinions about professionals. Contemporary Drug Problems, 34(1), 163–170.
   Google Scholar
• Galanter, M. (2016). What is Alcoholics Anonymous? A path from addiction to recovery. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., Post, S., & Sampson, C. (2013). Spirituality-based recovery from drug addiction in the Twelve-Step fellowship of Narcotics Anonymous. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7(3), 189–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., Post, S., & Santucci, C. (2013). Abstinence from drugs of abuse in community-based members of Narcotics Anonymous. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74, 349–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., & Sampson, C. (2014). Narcotics Anonymous: A comparison of military veterans and non-veterans. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 33(3), 187–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman, S. M., Galanter, M., & Dermatis, H. (2001). Methadone Anonymous: A 12-Step program for methadone maintained heroin addicts. Substance Abuse, 22(4), 247–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginter, W. (2012). Methadone Anonymous and mutual support for medication-assisted recovery. Journal of Groups in Addiction and Recovery, 7(2/4), 189–201.
   Google Scholar
• Glickman, L., Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., & Dingle, S. (2006). Recovery and spiritual transformation among peer leaders of a modified Methadone Anonymous group. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38(4), 531–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glickman, L., Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., Dingle, S., & Hall, L. (2004). Pathways to recovery: Adapting 12-Step recovery to methadone treatment. Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions, 2, 77–90.
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, A. (2016, April 6). Opioid epidemic spurs rethink on medication and addiction. Kaiser Health News. Retrieved from http://khn.org/news/opioid-epidemic-spurs-rethink-on-medication-and-addiction/
   Google Scholar
• Gossop, M., Stewart, D., & Marsden, J. (2008). Attendance at Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, frequency of attendance and substance use outcomes after residential treatment for drug dependence: A 5-year follow-up study. Addiction, 103(1), 119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, P., Ruan, J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Co-occurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(4), 361–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, C. A., Yarborough, M. T., Polen, M. R., Janoff, S. L., & Yarborough, B. J. (2015). Dual recovery among people with serious mental illness and substance problems: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 11(1), 33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gryczynski, J., Mitchell, S. G., Jaffe, J. H., Kelly, J. H., Myers, C. P., O’Grady, K. E., Olsen, Y. K., & Schwartz, R. P. (2013). Retention in methadone and buprenorphine treatment among African Americans. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(3), 287–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddon, H. (2015, November 3). Drug deaths becoming a 2016 presidential election issue. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/drug-deaths-becoming-a-2016-presidential-election-issue-1446596075
   Google Scholar
• Hall, M. J., & Tidwell, W. C. (2003). Internet recovery for substance abuse and alcoholism: An exploratory study of service users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24(2), 161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, T. (2014). The dual citizenship phenomenon. Pro-Talk: A Rehab.com Community. Retrieved from http://www.rehabs.com/pro-talk-articles/the-dual-citizenship-phenomenon-2/
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, K. (2004). Circles of recovery: Self-help organizations for addictions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, K., & Moos, R. H. (1996). Reduced substance-related health care costs among voluntary participants in Alcoholics Anonymous. Psychiatric Services, 47(7), 709–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, K., & Moos, R. H. (2001). Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce demand for health care: A quasi-experimental study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 255, 711–716.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, K., & Moos, R. H. (2007). Encouraging posttreatment self-help group involvement to reduce demand for continuing care services: Two year clinical and utilization outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(1), 64–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, K., Wing, S., McCarty, D., Chappel, J., Galant, L., Haberle, B., … Weiss, R. (2004). Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: Toward evidence-based practice and policy. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(3), 151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen, M. A., & Moos, R. (2006). Exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms during substance use disorder treatment. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1758–1764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, L. C., Davidson, W. S., Herman, S. E., & BootsMiller, B. J. (2002). Involvement in 12-Step programs among persons with dual diagnoses. Psychiatric Services, 53(7), 894–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Brown, S. A., Abrantes, A., Kahler, C. W., & Myers, M. G. (2008). Social recovery model: An 8-year investigation of youth treatment outcome in relation to 12-Step group involvement. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 32(8), 1468–1478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Dow, S. J., Yeterian, J. D., & Kahler, C. W. (2010). Can 12-Step group participation strengthen and extend the benefits of adolescent addiction treatment? A prospective analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(1/2), 117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Dow, S. J., Yeterian, J. D., & Myers, M. (2011). How safe are adolescents at AA and NA meetings? A prospective investigation with outpatient youth. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(4), 419–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Greene, M. C., & Bergman, B. C. (2014). Do drug-dependent patients attending Alcoholics Anonymous rather than Narcotics Anonymous do as well? A prospective, lagged, matching analysis. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(6), 645–653. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agu066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., & Moos, R. (2003). Dropout from 12-Step self-help groups: Prevalence, predictors, and counteracting treatment influences. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24(3), 241–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., & Myers, M. G. (1997). Adolescent treatment outcome in relation to 12-Step group attendance [Abstract]. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21, 27A.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., & Myers, M. G. (2007). Adolescents’ participation in alcoholics anonymous and narcotics anonymous: Review, implications and future directions. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39(3), 259–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Myers, M. G., & Brown, S. A. (2000). A multivariate process model of adolescent 12-Step attendance and substance use outcome following inpatient treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 376–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Myers, M. G., & Brown, S. A. (2002). Do adolescents affiliate with 12-step groups? A multivariate process model of effects. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(3), 293–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Myers, M. G., & Brown, S. A. (2005). The effects of age composition of 12-Step groups on adolescent 12-Step participation and substance use outcome. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 15, 63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Pagano, M. E., Stout, R. L., & Johnson, S. M. (2011). Influence of religiosity on 12-Step participation and treatment response among substance-dependence adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72, 1000–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Stout, R. L., & Slaymaker, V. (2013). Emerging adults’ treatment outcomes in relation to 12-Step mutual-help attendance and active involvement. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 129(1/2), 151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., & Urbanoski, K. (2012). Youth recovery contexts: The incremental effects of 12-Step attendance and involvement on adolescent outpatient outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 36(7), 1219–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Urbanoski, K. A., Hoeppner, B. B., & Slaymaker, V. (2012). “Ready, willing, and (not) able” to change: Young adults’ response to residential treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 121(3), 224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly J. F., & Yeterian, J. (2012). Empirical awakening: The new science on mutual help and implications for cost containment under health care reform. Substance Abuse, 33, 85–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Yeterian, J., & Rodolico, J. (2008). What do adolescents exposed to Alcoholics Anonymous [and Narcotics Anonymous] think about 12-Step groups? Substance Abuse, 29(2), 53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Zhao S. (1997). Patterns and correlates of self-help group membership in the United States. Social Policy, 27(3), 27–45.
   Google Scholar
• Kingston, S., Knight, E., Williams, J., & Gordon, H. (2015). How do young adults view 12-Step programs. A qualitative study. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 34(4), 311–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodny, A., Courtwright, D. T., Hwang, C. S., Kreiner, P., Eadie. J. L., Clark, T. W., & Alexander, G. C. (2015). The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: A public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual Review of Public Health, 36, 559–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krentzman, A. R., Moore, B. C., Robinson, E. A. R., Kelly, J., Kurtz, E., Laudet, A., … Zemore, S. (2011). How Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous work: Cross-disciplinary perspectives. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 29(1), 75–84.
   Google Scholar
• Kunins, H. V. (2015). Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations: Part of a public health strategy to reverse the opioid epidemic. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(6), 987–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, E. (1996). Spirituality and recovery: The historical journey. Blue Book (National Clergy Conference on Alcoholism), 47, 5–29.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz, E., & White, W. (2015). Recovery spirituality. Religions, 6(1), 58–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, L. F., & Fisher, M. (2003a). Participation in community life by AA and NA members. Contemporary Drug Problems, 30(4), 875–904.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz, L. F., & Fisher, M. (2003b). Twelve-Step recovery and community service. Health & Social Work, 28(2), 137–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbe, A. K., Greene, C., Bergman, B. G., Hoeppner, B., & Kelly, J. F. (2013). The importance of age composition of 12-Step meetings as a moderating factor in the relation between young adults’ 12-Step participation and abstinence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(2), 541–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbe, A. K., Slaymaker, V., & Kelly, J. F. (2014). Toward enhancing Twelve-Step facilitation among young people: A systematic qualitative investigation of young adults’ 12-Step experiences. Substance Abuse, 35(4), 399–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet, A. B., Magura, S., Vogel, H. S., & Knight, E. L. (2003). Participation in 12-Step-based fellowships among dually-diagnosed persons. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 21(2), 19–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Litt, M. D., Kadden, R. M., Kabela-Cormier, E., & Petry, N. M. (2009). Changing network support for drinking: Network support project two-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 229–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longabaugh, R., Wirtz, P. W., Zweben, A., & Stout, R. L. (1998). Network support for drinking, Alcoholics Anonymous and long-term matching effects. Addiction, 93(9), 1313–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig, A. S., & Peters, R. H. (2014). Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorders in correctional settings: An ethics review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(6), 1041–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura, S., Laudet, A. B., Mahmood, D., Rosenblum, A., & Knight, E. (2002). Adherence to medication regimens and participation in dual-focus self-help groups. Psychiatric Services, 53(3), 310–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura, S., & Rosenblum, A. (2001). Leaving methadone treatment: Lessons learned, lessons forgotten, lessons ignored. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 68, 62–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchikanti, L., Helm, S., Fellows, B., Janata, J. W., Pampati, V., Grider, J. S., & Boswell, M. V. (2012, July). Opioid epidemic in the United States. Pain Physician, 15 (3Suppl), ES9–ES38.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, V., Garfield, J. B., Best, D., Berends, L., Room, R., Mugavin, J., … Lubman, D. (2016). Substance use outcomes following treatment: Findings from the Australian Patient Pathways Study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0004867415625815
   Google Scholar
• Matson, S. C., Hobson, G., Abdel-Rasoul, M., & Bonny, A. E. (2014). A retrospective study of retention of opioid-dependent adolescents and young adults in an outpatient buprenorphine/naloxone clinic. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8(3), 176–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, C. (2015). The pain reliever and heroin epidemic in the United States: Shifting winds in the perfect storm. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 34(2/3), 127–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGonagle, D. (1994). Methadone Anonymous: A 12-Step program. Reducing the stigma of methadone use. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 32(10), 5–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O’Brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(13), 1689–1695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissen, G., Powell, T. J., Wituk, S. A., Girrens, K., & Arteaga, S. (1999). Attitudes of AA contact persons toward group participation by persons with a mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 50(8), 1079–1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo, L. I., Campbell, M. D., Skipper, G. E., Shea, C. L., & DuPont, R. L. (2016). Outcomes for physicians with opioid dependence treated without agonist pharmacotherapy in physician health programs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 64, 47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monico, L. B., Gryczynski, J., Mitchell, S. G., Schwartz, R. P, O’Grady, K. E., & Jaffe, J. H. (2015). Buprenorphine treatment and 12-Step meeting attendance: Conflicts, compatibilities, and patient outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 57, 89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos, R. H. (2005). Iatrogenic effects of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders: Prevalence, predictors, prevention. Addiction, 100(5), 595–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos, R. H. (2007). Theory-based processes that promote the remission of substance use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(5), 537–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos, R. H. (2008). Active ingredients of substance use-focused self-help groups. Addiction, 103, 387–396. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02111.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir, D. (Reporter). (2016, March 11). Breaking point: Heroin in America [Television broadcast]. ABC News 20/20. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/fullpage/david-muir-reporting-heroin-america-37563315
   Google Scholar
• Mundt, M. P., Pathasarathy, S., Chi, F. W., Sterling, S., & Campbell, C. I. (2012). 12-Step participation reduces medical costs among adolescents with a history of alcohol and other drug treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126(1/2), 124–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (1996). World Service Board of Trustees Bulletin #29: Regarding methadone and other drug replacement programs. Retrieved from http://www.na.org/?ID=bulletins-bull29
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (1997). Hospitals & institutions handbook. Retrieved from http://www.na.org/admin/include/spaw2/uploads/pdf/handbooks/H&I%20Handbook.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2007). NA groups and medication. Chatsworth, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2008a). By young addicts for young addicts. Van Nuys, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2008b). For the parents or guardians of young people in NA. Van Nuys, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2008c). Narcotics Anonymous (6th ed.). Chatsworth, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2010). In times of illness. Van Nuys, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2012). Living clean: The journey continues. Van Nuys, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2013). Narcotics Anonymous 2013 membership survey. Retrieved from https://www.na.org/admin/include/spaw2/uploads/pdf/PR/NA_Membership_Survey.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2014). An introduction to NA meetings. Van Nuys, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2016a). Narcotics Anonymous 2015 membership survey. Van Nuys, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2016b). Narcotics Anonymous and persons receiving medication assisted treatment (PR Pamphlet Draft). Chatsworth, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2016c). World Service Board of Trustees Bulletin #18: Special interest meetings. Retrieved from https://www.na.org/?ID=bulletin18
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. S., Juurlink, D. N., & Perrone, J. (2015). Addressing the opioid epidemic. Journal of the American Medical Association, 314(14), 1453–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, A. M., Blondell, R. D., Azadfard, M., Nathan, G., & Homish, G. G. (2013). Primary care patient characteristics associated with compliance of 6-month buprenorphine treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 38(11), 2724–2728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickels, J. (2016, April 23 & May 13). Emails. Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. Public Relations Office.
   Google Scholar
• Nowinski, J., & Baker, S. (2012). The Twelve Step facilitation handbook: A systematic approach to recovery from substance dependence. Center City, MN: Hazelden Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Obuchowsky, M., & Zweben, J. E. (1987). Bridging the gap: The methadone client in 12-Step programs, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 19(3), 301–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, Y., & Sharfstein, J. M. (2014). Confronting the stigma of opioid use disorder—and its treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 311(14), 1393–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orwat, J., Samet, J. H., Tompkins, C. P., Cheng, D. M., Dentato, M. P., & Saitz, R. (2011). Factors associated with attendance in 12-Step groups (Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous) among adults with alcohol problems living with HIV/AIDS. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2/3), 165–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passetti, L. L., & White, W. L. (2008). Recovery support meetings for youths: Considerations when referring young people to 12-Step and alternative groups. Journal of Groups in Addiction and Recovery, 2(2/4), 97–121. doi:10.1080/15560350802081280
   Google Scholar
• Project MATCH Research Group. (1997). Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 7–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Project MATCH Research Group. (1998). Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: treatment main effects and matching effects on drinking during treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 631–639.
   Google Scholar
• Rafalovich, A. (1999). Keep coming back—Narcotics Anonymous narrative and recovering-addict identity. Contemporary Drug Problems, 26, 131–157.
   Google Scholar
• Raftopoloulos, A., & Flora, K. (2011). Substance use related behavior of the members of Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous in Greece. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(3), 238–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., & Goodwin, F. K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(19), 2511–2518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries, R. K., Galanter, M., & Tonigan, J. S. (2008). Twelve-Step facilitation. In M. Galanter, H. Kleber, & K. Brady (Eds.), The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of substance abuse treatment (pp. 373–386). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ronel, N. (1997). The universality of a self-help program of American origin: Narcotics Anonymous in Israel. Social Work Health Care, 25(3), 87–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronel, N. (1998). Narcotics Anonymous: Understanding the “bridge of recovery.” Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 27(1/2), 179–197.
   Google Scholar
• Ronel, N., & Humphreys, K. (2000). World view transformations of Narcotics Anonymous members in Israel. International Journal of Self-Help and Self-Care, 1(1), 101–127.
   Google Scholar
• Room, R., & Greenfield, T. (1993). Alcoholics anonymous, other 12-Step movements and psychotherapy in the US population, 1990. Addiction, 88(4), 555–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Gladden, R. M. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths – United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(50/51), 1378–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rychtarik, R. G., Connors, G. J., Demen, K. H., & Stasiewicz, P. R. (2000). Alcoholics Anonymous and the use of medications to prevent relapse: An anonymous survey of member attitudes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61(1), 134–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, J. (2011). Feminist perspectives on 12-Step recovery: A comparative descriptive analysis of women in Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 29, 357–378.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, J. (2014). Women in Narcotics Anonymous: Overcoming stigma & shame. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Seal, K. H., Shi, Y., Cohen, G., Cohen, B. E., Maquen, S., Krebs, E. E., & Neylan, T. C. (2012). Association of mental health disorders with prescription opioids and high-risk opioid use in veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307(9), 940–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seppala, M. (2013). A comprehensive response to the opioid epidemic: Hazelden’s approach. Minnesota Medicine, 96(3), 45–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sibthorpe, B., Fleming, D., & Gould, J. (1994). Self-help groups: A key to HIV risk reduction for high risk drug users? Journal of AIDS, 7(6), 592–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen, J. L., Deitch, D. A., & Acampora, A. (1984a). From maintenance to abstinence in a therapeutic community: Preliminary results. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 16(1), 73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen, J. L., Deitch, D. A., & Acampora, A. (1984b). Treatment collaboration of methadone maintenance programs and therapeutic communities. American Journal on Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 19(3), 347–359.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume 1. Summary of national findings (NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No. SMA 10-4856). Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2011. Discharges from Substance Abuse Treatment Services (BHSIS Series S-70, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4846). Rockville, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). Sublingual and transmucosal buprenorphine for opioid use disorder: Review and update. Advisory, 15(1), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies. (2009). National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (NSSATS): 2008. Data on substance abuse treatment facilities (DASIS Series: S-49, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4451). Rockville MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Sussman, S. (2010). A review of Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous programs for teens. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 33(1), 26–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki, J., & Dodds, T. (2016). Clinicians recommendation of 12-Step meeting attendance and discussion regarding disclosure of buprenorphine use among patients in office-based opioid treatment. Substance Abuse, 37(1), 31–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timko, C., Cronkite, R. C., McKellar, J., Zemore, S., & Moos, R. (2013). Dually diagnosed patients’ benefits of mutual-help groups and the role of social anxiety. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(2), 216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timko, C., & DeBenedetti, A. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of intensive referral to 12-Step self-help groups: one-year outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90, 270–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timko, C., DeBenedetti, A., & Billow, R. (2006). Intensive referral to 12-Step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes. Addiction, 101, 678–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan, J. S., & Kelly, J. F. (2004). Beliefs about AA and the use of medications: A comparison of three groups of AA-exposed alcohol dependent persons. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 22(2), 67–78.
   Google Scholar
• Toumbourou, J., Hamilton, M., U’Ren, A., Stevens-Jones, P., & Storey, G. (2002). Narcotics Anonymous participation and changes in substance use and social support. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23(1), 61–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer, T. N., Acampora, A. P., O’Connor, L. E., & Berry, J. W. (1995). The changing relationship between therapeutic communities and 12-Step programs: A survey. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 27(2), 177–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow, N. D., & McLellan, A.T. (2016). Opioid abuse in chronic pain—Misconceptions and mitigation strategies. New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 1253–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voon, P., & Kerr, T. (2013). “Nonmedical” prescription opioid use in North America: A call for priority action. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 8. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4221985/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walitzer, K. S., Dermen, K. H., & Barrick, C. (2009). Facilitating involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous during out-patient treatment: A randomized clinical trial. Addiction, 104(3), 391–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, B. (1987). Narcotics Anonymous (NA): The phenomenal growth of an important resource. British Journal of Addiction, 82(6), 581–582.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitaker, B. (Reporter), Anderson, T., & St. John, M. (Producers). (2015, November 1). Heroin in the heartland [Television broadcast]. 60 Minutes. New York, NY: CBS News.
   Google Scholar
• White, W. L. (1996). Pathways from the culture of addiction to the culture of recovery. Center City, MN: Hazelden.
   Google Scholar
• White, W. L. (2009). Peer-based addiction recovery support: History, theory, practice, and scientific evaluation. Chicago, IL: Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center; Philadelphia, PA: Department of Behavioral Health and Mental Retardation Services.
   Google Scholar
• White, W. L. (2011). Narcotics Anonymous and the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of opioid addiction. Chicago, IL: Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center; Philadelphia, PA: Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services.
   Google Scholar
• White, W. (2014). Slaying the dragon: The history of addiction treatment and recovery in America. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• White, W. (2015). Recovery-focused addiction psychiatry: An interview with Dr. Marvin Seppala. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 33(4), 458–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, W. (2016). Recovery and personal safety. Retrieved from http://www.williamwhitepapers.com/blog/2016/02/recovery-and-personal-safety.html
   Google Scholar
• White, W., Budnick, C., & Pickard, B. (2011). Narcotics Anonymous: Its history and culture. Counselor, 12(2), 10–15, 22–27, 36–39, 46–50.
   Google Scholar
• White, W., Budnick, C., & Pickard, B. (2013). Narcotics Anonymous comes of age: A 60th anniversary professional tribute. Counselor, 14(50), 54–57.
   Google Scholar
• White, W., Campbell, M. D., Shea, C., Hoffman, H. A., Crissman, B., & DuPont, R. L. (2013). Co-participation in 12 Step mutual aid groups and methadone maintenance treatment: A survey of 322 patients. Journal of Groups in Addiction and Recovery, 8(4), 294–308.
   Google Scholar
• White, W. L., & Kleber, H. D. (2008). Preventing harm in the name of help: A guide for addiction professionals. Counselor, 9(6), 10–17.
   Google Scholar
• White, W., & Kurtz, E. (2006). Linking addiction treatment and communities of recovery: A primer for addiction counselors and recovery coaches. Pittsburgh, PA: Institute for Research, Education & Training in Addictions/Northeast Addiction Technology Transfer Center.
   Google Scholar
• White, W., Parrino, M., & Ginter, W. (2011, October). A dialogue on the psychopharmacology in behavioral healthcare: The acceptance of medication-assisted treatment in addictions. Commissioned briefing paper for SAMHSA’s A Dialogue on Psychopharmacology in Behavioral Healthcare conference, Bethesda, MD. Retrieved from http://www.williamwhitepapers.com/pr/2011%20SAMHSA%20Acceptance%20of%20Medication-assisted%20Treatment.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• White, W. L., & Torres, L. (2010). Recovery-oriented methadone maintenance. Chicago, IL: Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center; Philadelphia, PA: Department of Behavioral Health and Mental Retardation Services; Pittsburgh, PA: Northeast Addiction Technology Transfer Center.
   Google Scholar
• Winzelberg, A., & Humphreys, K. (1999). Should patients’ religiosity influence clinicians’ referral to 12-Step self-help groups? Evidence from a study of 3,018 male substance abuse patients. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 790–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withers, R. (2014). Six myths about Narcotics Anonymous you probably believe. Retrieved from http://blog.counselinginsite.com/blog/6-myths-about-narcotics-anonymous-you-probably-believe
   Google Scholar
• Zemore, S.E., (2007). A role for spiritual change in the benefits of 12-Step involvement. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 31(10), 76s–79s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweben, J. E., Aly, T., Martin, J., Wengrofsky, S., Bacci, J., & Meddaugh, R. (1999). Making residential treatment available to methadone clients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17(3), 249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar