Does Age Moderate the Effect of Spirituality/Religiousness in Accounting for Alcoholics Anonymous Benefit?

References

• Alcoholics Anonymous. (2001). Alcoholics Anonymous (4th ed.). New York, NY: A.A. World Services.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Blonigen, D. M., Timko, C., Finney, J. W., Moos, B. S., & Moos, R. H. (2011). Alcoholics Anonymous attendance, decreases in impulsivity and drinking and psychosocial outcomes over 16 years: Moderated‐mediation from a developmental perspective. Addiction, 106(12), 2167–2177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors, G. J., Tonigan, J. S., & Miller, W. R. (1996). A measure of religious background and behavior for use in behavior change research. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 10(2), 90–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., & Chou, P. S. (2006). Estimating the effect of help‐seeking on achieving recovery from alcohol dependence. Addiction, 101(6), 824–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emrick, C. D., Tonigan, J. S., Montgomery, H., & Little, L. (1993). Alcoholics Anonymous: What is currently known? In B. S. McCrady & M. R. William (Eds.), Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and alternatives (pp. 41–76). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Forcehimes, A. A., & Tonigan, J. S. (2008). Self-efficacy as a factor in abstinence from alcohol/other drug abuse: A meta-analysis. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 26(4), 480–489.
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield, B. L., & Tonigan, J. S. (2013). The general Alcoholics Anonymous tools of recovery: The adoption of 12-Step practices and beliefs. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 553–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, M. E. Jr., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(1), 51–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., & Hoeppner, B. B. (2013). Does Alcoholics Anonymous work differently for men and women? A moderated multiple-mediation analysis in a large clinical sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 130(1), 186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Hoeppner, B., Stout, R. L., & Pagano, M. (2012). Determining the relative importance of the mechanisms of behavior change within Alcoholics Anonymous: A multiple mediator analysis. Addiction, 107(2), 289–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Stout, R. L., Magill, M., Tonigan, J. S., & Pagano, M. E. (2011). Spirituality in recovery: A lagged mediational analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous’ principal theoretical mechanism of behavior change. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(3), 454–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet, A. B., Cleland, C. M., Magura, S., Vogel, H. S., & Knight, E. L. (2004). Social support mediates the effects of dual-focus mutual aid groups on abstinence from substance use. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34(3/4), 175–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, J. S., & Taylor, R. J. (1997). Age differences in patterns and correlates of the frequency of prayer. The Gerontologist, 37(1), 75–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill, M., Kiluk, B. D., McCrady, B. S., Tonigan, J. S., & Longabaugh, R. (2015). Active ingredients of treatment and client mechanisms of change in behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorders: Progress 10 years later. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(10), 1852–1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, W. R. (1996). Form 90: A structured assessment interview for drinking and related behaviors: Test manual. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, W. R., & Tonigan, J. S. (1996). Assessing drinkers’ motivation for change: The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 10(2), 81–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, H. A., Miller, W. R., & Tonigan, J. S. (1995). Does Alcoholics Anonymous involvement predict treatment outcome? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 12(4), 241–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos, R. H. (2008). Active ingredients of substance use‐focused self‐help groups. Addiction, 103(3), 387–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (2004). Long-term influence of duration and frequency of participation in Alcoholics Anonymous on individuals with alcohol use disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2010). Religion among millennials. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/2010/02/17/religion-among-the-millennials/
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2014). Frequency of prayer by age group. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/frequency-of-prayer/by/age-distribution/
   Google Scholar
• Rice, C. (2007). Retest reliability of self-reported daily drinking: Form 90. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(4), 615–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, E. A., Cranford, J. A., Webb, J. R., & Brower, K. J. (2007). Six-month changes in spirituality, religiousness, and heavy drinking in a treatment-seeking sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(2), 282–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, L. (2010). Welcome to the iGeneration! Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed for Quick Review, 75(8), 8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, H. A., & Allen, B. A. (1982). Alcohol dependence syndrome: Measurement and validation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91(3), 199–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: MA: Pearson/Allyn Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Tonigan, J. S. (2003). Project MATCH treatment participation and outcome by self‐reported ethnicity. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(8), 1340–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan, J. S. (2007). Spirituality and alcoholics anonymous. Southern Medical Journal, 100(4), 437–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan, J. S., Miller, W. R., & Brown, J. M. (1997). The reliability of Form 90: An instrument for assessing alcohol treatment outcome. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(4), 358–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan, J. S., Rynes, K. N., & McCrady, B. S. (2013). Spirituality as a change mechanism in 12-step programs: A replication, extension, and refinement. Substance Use and Misuse, 48(12), 1161–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan, J. S., Toscova, R., & Miller, W. R. (1996). Meta-analysis of the literature on Alcoholics Anonymous: Sample and study characteristics moderate findings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57(1), 65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twenge, J. M., Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. B., Sastry, R., & Campbell, W. K. (2015). Generational and time period differences in American adolescents’ religious orientation, 1966–2014. PLOS ONE, 10(5), 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington, E. L., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (2011). Religion and spirituality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 204–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemore, S. E. (2007). A role for spiritual change in the benefits of 12‐step involvement. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(3), 76–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar