“Recovery is Complicated”: A Qualitative Exploration of Canadian University Students’ Diverse Recovery Experiences

References

• Akgun, S., & Ciarrochi, J. (2003). Learned resourcefulness moderates the relationship between academic stress and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 23(3), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341032000060129
   Google Scholar
• Alcoholics Anonymous. (n.d.). The twelve steps. Retrieved January 22, 2023, from https://www.aa.org/the-twelve-steps
   Google Scholar
• Arterberry, B. J., Boyd, C. J., West, B. T., Schepis, T. S., & McCabe, S. E. (2020). DSM-5 substance use disorders among college-age young adults in the United States: Prevalence, remission and treatment. Journal of American College Health, 68(6), 650–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1590368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford, R. D., Brown, A. M., Eisenhart, E., Thompson-Heller, A. & Curtis, B. (2018). What we know about students in recovery: Meta-synthesis of collegiate recovery programs, 2000-2017. Addiction Research & Theory, 26(5), 405–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford, R. D., Brown, A. M., McDaniel, J., & Curtis, B. (2019). Biased labels: An experimental study of language and stigma among individuals in recovery and health professionals. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(8), 1376–1384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1581221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of Recovery in Higher Education. (2021). History of collegiate recovery. https://collegiaterecovery.org/collegiate-recovery-history/
   Google Scholar
• Association of Recovery in Higher Education. (2021). Standards and recommendations. https://collegiaterecovery.org/standards-recommendations/
   Google Scholar
• Bava, S., & Tapert, S. F. (2010). Adolescent brain development and the risk for alcohol and other drug problems. Neuropsychology Review, 20(4), 398–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9146-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, D., & Hennessy, E. A. (2022). The science of recovery capital: Where do we go from here? Addiction, 117(4), 1139–1145. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, D., & Ivers, J. (2021). Inkpots and ice cream cones: A model of recovery contagion and growth. Addiction Research & Theory, 30(3), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2021.1986699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betty Ford Institute Consensus Panel. (2007). What is recovery? A working definition from the Betty Ford Institute. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2007.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, B. P., & Miles, M. S. (2002). Calculating the risks and benefits of disclosure in African American women who have HIV. Journal Of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 31(6), 688–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884217502239211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutros, G., & Marchak, K. A. (2021). Factors impacting the mental health of Canadian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. University of Toronto Medical Journal, 98(3), 50–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles, T. V., & Brindle, K. A. (2017). Identifying facilitating factors and barriers to improving student retention rates in tertiary teaching courses: A systematic review. Higher Education Research & Development, 36(5), 903–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1264927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. The American Psychologist, 32(7), 513513. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, V. F. (2021). The sober professor: Reflections on the sober paradox, sober phobia, and disclosing an alcohol recovery identity in academia. Contemporary drug problems, 48(3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509211031092
   Google Scholar
• Burns, V. F. (2021). The sober professor: Reflections on the sober paradox, sober phobia, and disclosing an alcohol recovery identity in academia. Contemporary drug problems, 48(3), 223–240.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, V., Kwan, C., & Walsh, C. A. (2020). Co-producing knowledge through documentary film: A community-based participatory study with older adults with homeless histories. Journal of Social Work Education, 56(sup1), S119–S130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2020.1723763
   Google Scholar
• Burns, V. F., Walsh, C. A., & Smith, J. (2021). A qualitative exploration of addiction disclosure and stigma among faculty members in a Canadian university context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Association of People who Use Drugs (CAPSA). (n.d.). All people all pathways peer support meetings. Retrieved January 22, 2023, from https://capsa.ca/peer-support/
   Google Scholar
• Carnegie, M. (2022, December, 13). Why Gen-Zer’s are growing up sober curious. BBC online news. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20220920-why-gen-zers-are-growing-up-sober-curious
   Google Scholar
• Cleveland, H. H., Harris, K. S., Baker, A. K., Herbert, R., & Dean, L. R. (2007). Characteristics of a collegiate recovery community: Maintaining recovery in an abstinence-hostile environment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloud, W., & Granfield, R. (2008). Conceptualizing recovery capital: Expansion of a theoretical construct. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(12–13), 1971–1986. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802289762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, C., Deng, Q., Caron, I., Shkurska, O., Skerrett, P., & Sundararajan, B. (2022). How student perceptions about online learning difficulty influenced their satisfaction during Canada’s COVID‐19 response. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(3), 534–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P., & Matthews, A. (2003). Stigma and disclosure: Implications for coming out of the closet. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/0963823031000118221
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Hunt, J. B. (2009). Mental health and academic success in college. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2021). Canadian post-secondary education alcohol and drug use survey, 2019/2020. https://health-infobase.canada.ca/alcohol/cpads/
   Google Scholar
• Granfield, R., & Cloud, W. (1999). Coming clean: Overcoming addiction without treatment. NYU press.
   Google Scholar
• Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2(163–194), 105105.
   Google Scholar
• Han, B., Compton, W. M., Blanco, C., & Jones, C. M. (2019). Time since first cannabis use and 12-month prevalence of cannabis use disorder among youth and emerging adults in the United States. Addiction, 114(4), 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, K. S., Baker, A., & Cleveland, H. H. (2010). Collegiate recovery communities: What they are and how they support recovery. In H. H. Cleveland, K. S. Harris, & R. P. Wiebe (Eds.), Substance abuse recovery in college: Community supported abstinence (pp. 9–22). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, K. S., Baker, A. K., Kimball, T. G. & Shumway, S. T. (2008). Achieving systems-based sustained recovery: A comprehensive model for collegiate recovery communities. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 2(2–4), 220–237.
   Google Scholar
• Hennessy, E. A., Nichols, L. M., Brown, T. B., & Tanner-Smith, E. E. (2022). Advancing the science of evaluating collegiate recovery program processes and outcomes: A recovery capital perspective. Evaluation and Program Planning, 91, 102057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman-Kinney, N. J., & Kinney, D. A. (2013). Sober as deviant: The stigma of sobriety and how some college students “stay dry” on a “wet” campus. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 42(1), 64–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241612458954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, K. M., Foxcroft, D. R., & Pilling, M. (2018). “Everything is telling you to drink”: Understanding the functional significance of alcogenic environments for young adult drinkers. Addiction Research & Theory, 26(6), 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1395022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjorth, C. F., Bilgrav, L., Frandsen, L. S., Overgaard, C., Torp-Pedersen, C., Nielsen, B., & Bøggild, H. (2016). Mental health and school dropout across educational levels and genders: A 4.8-year follow-up study. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3622-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jernigan, D., Noel, J., Landon, J., Thornton, N., & Lobstein, T. (2017). Alcohol marketing and youth alcohol consumption: A systematic review of longitudinal studies published since 2008. Addiction, 112(S1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Bergman, B., Hoeppner, B. B., Vilsaint, C., & White, W. L. (2017). Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: Implications for practice, research, and policy. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 181, 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., Humphreys, K., & Ferri, M. (2020). Alcoholics anonymous and other 12‐step programs for alcohol use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2
   Google Scholar
• Köck, P., Meyer, M., Elsner, J., Dürsteler, K. M., Vogel, M., & Walter, M. (2022). Co-occurring mental disorders in transitional aged youth with substance use disorders–a narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 827658–827658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan, C., & Walsh, C. A. (2018). Ethical issues in conducting community-based participatory research: A narrative review of the literature. The Qualitative Report, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2018.3331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labbe, A. K., Greene, C., Bergman, B. G., Hoeppner, B., & Kelly, J. F. (2013). The importance of age composition of 12-step meetings as a moderating factor in the relation between young adults’ 12-step participation and abstinence. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 133(2), 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet, A. B., Harris, K., Kimball, T., Winters, K. C., & Moberg, D. P. (2015). Characteristics of students participating in collegiate recovery programs: A national survey. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 51, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2014.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2016). The constructivist credo. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315418810
   Google Scholar
• Linden, B., Boyes, R., & Stuart, H. (2021). Cross-sectional trend analysis of the NCHA II survey data on Canadian post-secondary student mental health and wellbeing from 2013 to 2019. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10622-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston, J. D. (2013). Mental illness-related structural stigma: The downward spiral of systemic exclusion. Mental Health Commission of Canada. https://commissionsantementale.ca/wp-content/uploads/drupal/MHCC_OpeningMinds_MentalIllness-RelatedSructuralStigmaReport_ENG_0_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lumivero. (2023). NVivo (Version 14). www.lumivero.com
   Google Scholar
• Mattanah, J. F., Brooks, L. J., Brand, B. L., Quimby, J. L., & Ayers, J. F. (2012). A social support intervention and academic achievement in college: Does perceived loneliness mediate the relationship? Journal of College Counseling, 15(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2012.00003.x
   Google Scholar
• Minkler, M. (2004). Ethical challenges for the “outside” researcher in community-based participatory research. Health Education & Behavior, 31(6), 684–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104269566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicpon, M. F., Huser, L., Blanks, E. H., Sollenberger, S., Befort, C., & Kurpius, S. E. R. (2006). The relationship of loneliness and social support with college freshmen’s academic performance and persistence. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 8(3), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.2190/a465-356m-7652-783r
   Google Scholar
• Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33(4), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311427433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, M., Fudjack, S., Soucie, K., & LaBelle, O. (2023). Participant experiences in student recovery programs in Canada: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 41(3), 338–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2023.2204819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, C., Janz, T., & Ali, J. (2013). Health at a glance: Mental and substance use disorders in Canada. Statistics Canada Catalogue.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersen, H., Brodahl, M., Rundgren, J., Davidson, L., & Havnes, I. A. (2019). Partnering with persons in long-term recovery from substance use disorder: Experiences from a collaborative research project. Harm Reduction Journal, 16(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0310-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pivovarova, E., & Stein, M. (2019). In their own words: Language preferences of individuals who use heroin. Addiction, 114(10), 1785–1790. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsdal, G. H., Bergvik, S., Wynn, R., & Walla, P. (2018). Long-term dropout from school and work and mental health in young adults in Norway: A qualitative interview-based study. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1455365–. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1455365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reith, G., & Dobbie, F. (2012). Lost in the game: Narratives of addiction and identity in recovery from problem gambling. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(6), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.672599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revier, K. (2022). Figuring things out: Contemplating drug addiction and disclosure in and out of the field. Contemporary drug problems, 49(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221094891
   Google Scholar
• Roche, A., Kostadinov, V., & Pidd, K. (2019). The stigma of addiction in the workplace. In The stigma of addiction (pp. 167–199). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02580-9_10.
   Google Scholar
• Romo, L. K., Dinsmore, D. R., & Watterson, T. C. (2016). “Coming out” as an alcoholic: How former problem drinkers negotiate disclosure of their nondrinking identity. Health Communication, 31(3), 336–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.954090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, A., Potter, G. R., Barratt, M. J., & Aldridge, J. A. (2020). “Coming out”: Stigma, reflexivity and the drug researcher’s drug use. Contemporary drug problems, 47(4), 268–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450920953635
   Google Scholar
• Sadler, G. R., Lee, H.-C., Lim, R. S.-H., & Fullerton, J. (2010). Research article: Recruitment of hard-to-reach population subgroups via adaptations of the snowball sampling strategy. Nursing & Health Sciences, 12(3), 369–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00541.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenberger, S. F., Park, T. W., DellaBitta, V., Hadland, S. E., & Bagley, S. M. (2022). “My life isn’t defined by substance use”: Recovery perspectives among young adults with substance use disorder. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37(4), 816–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06934-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMART Recovery. (n.d.). What is SMART recovery?. Retrieved January 31, 2024, from https://smartrecovery.org/what-is-smart-recovery/
   Google Scholar
• Stull, S. W., Smith, K. E., Vest, N. A., Effinger, D. P., & Epstein, D. H. (2022). Potential value of the insights and lived experiences of addiction researchers with addiction. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 16(2), 135–137. https://doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). Data show COVID’s impact on nation’s mental, substance use. https://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/202110260320
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMSHA]. (2022). Table 5.1B – substance use disorder for specific substances in past year: Among people aged 12 or older; by age group, percentages, 2021 and 2022. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (Report No.2020). https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt42728/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/NSDUHDetTabsSect5pe2022.htm
   Google Scholar
• Terrion, J. L. (2013). The experience of post-secondary education for students in recovery from addiction to drugs or alcohol: Relationships and recovery capital. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 30(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512448276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2018). World drug report 2018. https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/
   Google Scholar
• Vest, N., Hennessy, E., Castedo de Martell, S., & Smith, R. (2023). A socio-ecological model for collegiate recovery programs. Addiction Research & Theory, 31(2), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2022.2123471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vest, N., Reinstra, M., Timko, C., Kelly, J., & Humphreys, K. (2021). College programming for students in addiction recovery: A PRISMA-guided scoping review. Addictive Behaviors, 121, 106992–106992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilsaint, C. L., Kelly, J. F., Bergman, B. G., Groshkova, T., Best, D., & White, W. (2017). Development and validation of a brief assessment of Recovery Capital (BARC-10) for alcohol and drug use disorder. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 177(71–76), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiens, T. K., & Walker, L. J. (2015). The chronic disease concept of addiction: Helpful or harmful? Addiction Research & Theory, 23(4), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2014.987760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkiewitz, K., & Tucker, J. A. (2020). Abstinence not required: Expanding the definition of recovery from alcohol use disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(1), 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565639
   Google Scholar