Spatial meaning-making and urban activism: Two tales of anti-PX protests in urban China

References

• 31 Days before maoming PX incident. (2014, April 5). The Beijing News. Retrieved from http://epaper.bjnews.com.cn/html/2014-04/05/content_504334.htm?div=-1
   Google Scholar
• Allegra, M., Bono, I., Rokem, J., Casaglia, A., Marzorati, R., & Yacobi, H. (2013). Rethinking cities in contentious times: The mobilisation of urban dissent in the “Arab Spring.” Urban Studies, 50, 1675–1688. doi:10.1177/0042098013482841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auyero, J. (2006). Spaces and places as sites and objects of politics. In R. E. Goodin & C. Tilly (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of contextual political analysis (pp. 564–578). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–639. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruun, O. (2013). Social movements, competing rationalities and trigger events: The complexity of Chinese popular mobilizations. Anthropological Theory, 13, 240–266. doi:10.1177/1463499613496734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, Y. (2010). Collective resistance in China: Why popular protests succeed or fail. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caixin Net. (2011). An overview of the 13 PX projects in China. Retrieved from http://economy.caixin.com/2011-10-26/100317256.html
   Google Scholar
• Can we stop developing the PX industry? (2013, July 30). People’s Daily. Retrieved from http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2013/0730/c1007-22373413.html
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (1977). The urban question: A Marxist approach. London, England: Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (1983). The city and the grassroots: A cross-cultural theory of urban social movements. London, England: Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (2002). Urban sociology in the twenty-first century. In I. Susser (Ed.), The Castells reader on cities and social theory (pp. 390–408). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, F., & Kang, Y. (2015). Disorganized popular contention and local institutional building in China: A case study in Guangdong. Journal of Contemporary China, 25, 596–612. doi:10.1080/10670564.2015.1132959
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China News Net. (2013). PetroChina claimed that the environmental protection investment of the refinery project in Kunming reached 3.2 billion yuan. Retrieved from http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2013-05-10/164027086144.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Daphi, P. (2014). Movement space: A cultural approach. In B. Baumgarten, P. Daphi, & P. Ullrich (Eds.), Conceptualizing culture in social movement research (pp. 165–185). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Deaton, C. (2015). The revolution will not be occupied: Theorizing urban revolutionary movements in Tehran, Prague, and Paris. Territory, Politics, Governance, 3, 205–226. doi:10.1080/21622671.2014.945473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta, D., & Fabbri, M. (2016). Producing space in action: The protest campaign against the construction of the Dal Molin military base. Social Movement Studies, 15(2), 180–196. doi:10.1080/14742837.2016.1144506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, J., King, B., & Bauer, T. (2002). Evaluating natural attractions for tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 422–438. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00068-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine-Wright, P. (2005). Beyond NIMBYism: Towards an integrated framework for understanding public perceptions of wind energy. Wind Energy, 8(2), 125–139. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine-Wright, P. (2009). Rethinking NIMBYism: The role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place-protective action. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 426–441. doi:10.1002/casp.1004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine-Wright, P. (2012). Explaining “NIMBY” objections to a power line: The role of personal, place attachment and project-related factors. Environment and Behavior, 45, 761–781. doi:10.1177/0013916512440435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterling, D., & Kunreuther, H. (1995). The dilemma of siting a high-level nuclear waste repository. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Futrell, R. (2003). Framing processes, cognitive liberation, and NIMBY protest in the U.S. chemical-weapons disposal conflict. Sociological Inquiry, 73, 359–386. doi:10.1111/soin.2003.73.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gieryn, T. F. (2000). A space for place in sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 463–496. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, R. V. (1991). Multiple networks and mobilization in the Paris commune, 1871. American Sociological Review, 56, 716–729. doi:10.2307/2096251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The government repeatedly failed to meet the targets of controlling the pollution of the Dian Lake, and in spite of 50-billion-yuan investment within 20 years, the water quality remained severely polluted. (2016, September 2). The Paper. Retrieved from http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1523330
   Google Scholar
• Green high-end products from Maoming Petrochemical Corporation enter into tens of thousands of households.(2014, February 27). Maoming Daily. Retrieved from http://www.mm111.net/mmrb/data/20140227/html/3/content_6.html
   Google Scholar
• Gu, H. (2016). NIMBYism in China: Issues and prospects of public participation in facility siting. Land Use Policy, 52, 527–534. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.12.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guangdong Provincial Party Committee, Guangdong Provincial Government. (2009). Guideline for Promoting the Development of Western Guangdong Districts. HuaXia News. Retrieved from http://www.huaxia.com/zt/jl/11-038/2572751.html
   Google Scholar
• Ho, P., & Edmonds, R. L. (2008). China’s embedded activism: Opportunities and constraints of a social movement. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. J., & King, G. (2010). A method of automated nonparametric content analysis for social science. American Journal of Political Science, 54, 229–247. doi:10.1111/ajps.2010.54.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. & King, G. (2013). ReadMe: Software for Automated Content Analysis. R package version 0.99836. Retrieved from http://gking.harvard.edu/readme
   Google Scholar
• Huang, R., & Sun, X. (2016). Dynamic preference revelation and expression of personal frames: How weibo is used in an antinuclear protest in China. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9, 385–402. doi:10.1080/17544750.2016.1206030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, R., & Yip, N. (2012). Internet and activism in urban China: A case study of protests in Xiamen and Panyu. Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 11, 201–223. doi:10.1080/15339114.2012.720125
   Google Scholar
• Hundreds of billion GDP behind the refinery project in Kunming. (2013, May 6). China Business News. Retrieved from http://finance.sina.com.cn/china/dfjj/20130506/020215353676.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, S., & Leyden, K. M. (1995). Beyond NIMBY: Explaining opposition to hazardous waste facilities. Policy Studies Journal, 23, 601–620. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00537.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Is PX hazardous. (2014, March 20). Maoming Daily. Retrieved from http://www.mm111.net/mmrb/data/20140320/html/5/content_5.html
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. (2010). Environmentalism and NIMBYism in China: Promoting a rules-based approach to public participation. Environmental Politics, 19, 430–448. doi:10.1080/09644011003690914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. (2011). Environmental information disclosure in China: Policy developments and NGO responses. Policy and Politics, 39, 399–416. doi:10.1332/030557310X520298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. (2013). The politics of waste incineration in Beijing: The limits of a top-down approach? Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 15, 109–128. doi:10.1080/1523908X.2012.752183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R. E., Golding, D., & Tuler, S. (1992). Social distrust as a factor in siting hazardous facilities and communicating risks. Journal of Social Issues, 48(4), 161–187. doi:10.1111/josi.1992.48.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku, A. S.-M. (2012). Remaking places and fashioning an opposition discourse: Struggle over the star ferry pier and the Queen’s pier in Hong Kong. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 30, 5–22. doi:10.1068/d16409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunming Government. (2015). The statistical bulletin of the national economic and social development of Kunming in 2013. Retrieved from http://www.km.gov.cn/xxgkml/gmjjhshfztjgb/765917.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Kunming has maintained 13 years in a row with the excellent rate of air quality over 90%. (2016, December 28). Xinhua News. Retrieved from http://www.yn.xinhuanet.com/2016kunming/20161228/3599773_c.html
   Google Scholar
• Lang, G., & Xu, Y. (2013). Anti-incinerator campaigns and the evolution of protest politics in China. Environmental Politics, 22, 832–848. doi:10.1080/09644016.2013.765684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, H. S., & Xu, X. Q. (1980). Maoming’s air pollution and urban planning. Urban Planning, 2, 12–16. (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Leitner, H., Sheppard, E., & Sziarto, K. M. (2008). The spatialities of contentious politics. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33(2), 157–172. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2008.00293.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W., Liu, J., & Li, D. (2012). Getting their voices heard: Three cases of public participation in environmental protection in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 98, 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Homburg, V., De Jong, M., & Koppenjan, J. (2016). Government responses to environmental conflicts in urban China: The case of the Panyu waste incineration power plant in Guangzhou. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134, 354–361. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Koppenjan, J., & Verweij, S. (2016). Governing environmental conflicts in China: Under what conditions do local governments compromise? Public Administration, 94, 806–822. doi:10.1111/padm.2016.94.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. M., Wang, Z. L., & Huang, K. J. (2013). Cities besieged by petrochemical. Oriental Outlook, 35, 12–14. (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Lu, J., & Chan, K. (2016). Collective identity, framing, and mobilization of environmental protest in urban China: A case study of Qidong’s protest. China: An International Journal, 14, 102–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maoming News Net. (2015). The statistical bulletin regarding Maoming national economic and social development in 2014. Retrieved from http://www.mm111.net/show/512142.html
   Google Scholar
• Maoming Petrochemical Corporation was publicly criticized and ordered to rectify again due to environmental issues.(2013, May 10). China Business News. Retrieved from http://www.yicai.com/news/2691663.html
   Google Scholar
• Margolis, H. (1996). Dealing with risk: Why the public and experts disagree on environmental issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, D. G. (2003). “Place-framing” as place-making: Constituting a neighborhood for organizing and activism. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 93, 730–750. doi:10.1111/1467-8306.9303011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, D. G., & Miller, B. (2003). Space and contentious politics. Mobilization: An International Journal, 8(2), 143–156.
   Google Scholar
• McAdam, D., & Boudet, H. S. (2012). Putting social movements in their place: Explaining opposition to energy projects in the United States, 2000–2005. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mertha, A. C. (2008). China’s water warriors: Citizen action and policy change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Michaud, K., Carlisle, J. E., & Smith, E. R. A. N. (2008). Nimbyism vs. environmentalism in attitudes toward energy development. Environmental Politics, 17, 20–39. doi:10.1080/09644010701811459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B. A. (2000). Geography and social movements: Comparing antinuclear activism in the Boston area. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Munro, N. (2014). Profiling the victims: Public awareness of pollution-related harm in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 23, 314–329. doi:10.1080/10670564.2013.832532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, W. J. (2007). The geographies of social movements. Geography Compass, 1, 607–622. doi:10.1111/geco.2007.1.issue-3
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, W. J. (2008). The urban question revisited: The importance of cities for social movements. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32, 841–859. doi:10.1111/ijur.2008.32.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, W. J. (2009). Place, networks, space: Theorising the geographies of social movements. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 34, 78–93. doi:10.1111/tran.2009.34.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Over 200 international NGOs operation in Yunnan. (2007, October 9). Sohu News. Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/20071009/n252541670.shtml
   Google Scholar
• PetroChina’s yunnan project has been approved by National Development and Reform Commission, and Anning would become the oil center in southwest China. (2013, February 6). Kunming Daily. Retrieved from http://news.cnpc.com.cn/system/2013/02/06/001412285.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Pickvance, C. (2003). From urban social movements to urban movements: A review and introduction to a symposium on urban movements. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27(2), 102–109. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge, P. (1994). Backstreets, barricades, and blackouts: Urban terrains of resistance in Nepal. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 12, 559–578. doi:10.1068/d120559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said, A. (2015). We ought to be here: Historicizing space and mobilization in Tahrir Square. International Sociology, 30, 348–366. doi:10.1177/0268580914551306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, C., & Smits, M. (2015). From matters of fact to places of concern? Energy, environmental movements and place-making in Chile and Thailand. Geoforum, 65, 146–157. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell, J. W. H. (2001). Space in contentious politics. In R. Aminzade, J. A. Goldstone, D. McAdam, E. J. Perry, W. H. Sewell, S. Tarrow, & C. Tilley (Eds.), Silence and voice in the study of contentious politics (pp. 51–88). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shall we continue to develop PX projects. (2014, March 21). Maoming Daily. Retrieved from http://www.mm111.net/mmrb/data/20140321/html/5/content_5.html
   Google Scholar
• Spires, A. J. (2011). Contingent symbiosis and civil society in an authoritarian state: Understanding the survival of China’s grassroots NGOs. American Journal of Sociology, 117, 1–45. doi:10.1086/660741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stillerman, J. (2006). The politics of space and culture in Santiago, Chile’s street markets. Qualitative Sociology, 29, 507–530. doi:10.1007/s11133-006-9041-x
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, J., & Xie, L. (2009). Environmental activism, social networks and the Internet. The China Quarterly, 198, 422–432. doi:10.1017/S0305741009000381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, C., Kahn, M. E., & Zheng, S. (2017). Self-protection investment exacerbates air pollution exposure inequality in urban China. Ecological Economics, 131, 468–474. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X., Huang, R., & Yip, N.-M. (2017). Dynamic political opportunities and environmental forces linking up: A case study of anti-PX contention in Kunming. Journal of Contemporary China, 26, 536–548. doi:10.1080/10670564.2017.1274818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ta Kung Pao. (2012). Environment minister: China’s environmental mass disturbances increased at annual rates of about 30%. Retrieved from http://www.takungpao.com/news/content/2012-11/13/content_1374496.htm
   Google Scholar
• Teets, J. C. (2015). The evolution of civil society in Yunnan Province: Contending models of civil society management in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(91), 158–175. doi:10.1080/10670564.2014.918417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. (2000). Spaces of contention. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 5(2), 135–159.
   Google Scholar
• The truth about the PX projects. (2014, March 28). Maoming Daily. Retrieved from http://www.mm111.net/mmrb/data/20140328/html/3/content_5.html
   Google Scholar
• Uitermark, J., Nicholls, W., & Loopmans, M. (2012). Cities and social movements: Theorizing beyond the right to the city. Environment and Planning A, 44, 2546–2554. doi:10.1068/a44301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unveil the mystery of PX. (2014, March 19). Maoming Daily. Retrieved from http://www.mm111.net/mmrb/data/20140319/html/5/content_4.html
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Horst, D. (2007). NIMBY or not? Exploring the relevance of location and the politics of voiced opinions in renewable energy siting controversies. Energy Policy, 35, 2705–2714. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rooij, B. (2010). The people vs. pollution: Understanding citizen action against pollution in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 19(63), 55–77. doi:10.1080/10670560903335777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Water depletion has become the bottleneck of Yunnan, and the hidden trouble of ecological water depletion has surfaced. (2013, May 21). Sohu Business. Retrieved from http://business.sohu.com/20130521/n376551907.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Whether the PX project will be sited in Anning Kunming will consult public opinion. (2013, April 22). Economic Observer News. Retrieved from http://www.eeo.com.cn/2013/0422/243006.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Yang, G. (2005). Environmental NGOs and institutional dynamics in China. The China Quarterly, 181, 46–66. doi:10.1017/S0305741005000032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. (2015). Social media, frame alignment and mobilization of collective behavior: The study of anti-PX protest of Maoming. Journal of International Communication, 2, 117–129. (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. (2016). How large-scale protests succeed in China: The story of issue opportunity structure, social media, and violence. International Journal of Communication, 10, 2895–2914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunnan Net. (2013). The Kunming municipal government responded to public concerns of Petrochina’s oil refining project. Retrieved from http://yn.yunnan.cn/html/2013-03/29/content_2673841.htm
   Google Scholar
• Zajko, M., & Béland, D. (2008). Space and protest policing at international summits. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26, 719–735. doi:10.1068/d0707
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, D. (1998). Ecologies of social movements: Student mobilization during the 1989 prodemocracy movement in Beijing. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 1493–1529. doi:10.1086/231399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J. P., Wu, L., & Han, X. H. (2009). A study on the construction of ecological city of Kun Ming. Journal of Kunming University, 31(2), 97–101. (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z. (2017). Backfired government action and the spillover effect of contention: A case study of the anti-PX protests in Maoming, China. Journal of Contemporary China, 26, 521–535. doi:10.1080/10670564.2017.1274817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar