Individual-level intervention: How perceptions of neighborhood matter for social organization

References

• Abadie, A., Athey, S., Imbens, G. W., & Wooldridge, J. (2017). When should you adjust standard errors for clustering? (No. w24003). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Avakame, E. F., Fyfe, J. J., & McCoy, C. (1999). “Did you call the police? What did they do?” An empirical assessment of Black’s theory of mobilization of law. Justice Quarterly, 16(4), 765–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829900094361
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, B. A., Morgan, G. B., Kromrey, J. D., & Ferron, J. M. (2010). The impact of small cluster size on multilevel models: A Monte Carlo examination of two-level models with binary and continuous predictors. JSM Proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 1(1), 4057–4067. http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2010/Files/308112_60089.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bellair, P. E. (1997). Social interaction and community crime: Examining the importance of neighbor networks. Criminology, 35(4), 677–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb01235.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursik, Jr, R. J. (1988). Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology, 26(4), 519–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00854.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursik, Jr, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bursik, Jr, R. J., & Webb, J. (1982). Community change and patterns of delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 88(1), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1086/227632
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, P. J. (2003). The new parochialism: The implications of the Beltway case for arguments concerning informal social control. American Journal of Sociology, 108(6), 1249–1291. https://doi.org/10.1086/377517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, P. J., Napolitano, L., & Keating, J. (2007). We never call the cops and here is why: A qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighborhoods. Criminology, 45(2), 445–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00084.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakulich, K. M. (2013). Perceptions of the local danger posed by crime: Race, disorder, informal control, and the police. Social Science Research, 42(3), 611–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakulich, K. M., & Crutchfield, R. D. (2013). The role of perceptions of the police in informal social control: Implications for the racial stratification of crime and control. Social Problems, 60(3), 383–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnworth, M., Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., & Lizotte, A. J. (1994). Measurement in the study of class and delinquency: Integrating theory and research. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31(1), 32–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427894031001002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzini, L., Caughy, M. O. B., Nettles, S. M., & O’Campo, P. (2008). Perceptions of disorder: Contributions of neighborhood characteristics to subjective perceptions of disorder. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hipp, J. R. (2010). Resident perceptions of crime and disorder: How much is “bias,” and how much is social environmental differences? Criminology, 48(2), 475–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00193.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hipp, J. R., & Wickes, R. (2018). Problems, perceptions and actions: An interdependent process for generating informal social control. Social Science Research, 73, 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hox, J. J. (1998). Multilevel modeling: When and why. In I. Balderjahn, R. Mathar, & M. Schader (Eds.), Classification, data analysis, and data highways (pp. 147–154). Springer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Hurwitz, J., & Peffley, M. (2005). Explaining the great racial divide: Perceptions of fairness in the U.S. criminal justice system. Journal of Politics, 67(3), 762–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00338.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intravia, J., Stewart, E. A., Warren, P. Y., & Wolff, K. T. (2016). Neighborhood disorder and generalized trust: A multilevel mediation examination of social mechanisms. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, R. L. (1996). Comparing effects in dichotomous logistic regression: A variety of standardized coefficients. Social Science Quarterly, 77(1), 90–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, D. S., & Matsuda, M. (2011). Legal cynicism, collective efficacy, and the ecology of arrest. Criminology, 49(2), 443–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00226.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, D. S., & Papachristos, A. V. (2011). Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of neighborhood violence. American Journal of Sociology, 116(4), 1190–1233. https://doi.org/10.1086/655754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornhauser, R. R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latkin, C. A., German, D., Hua, W., & Curry, A. D. (2009). Individual-level influences on perceptions of neighborhood disorder: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(1), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B. A. (1981). The urban unease revisited: Perceptions of local safety and neighborhood satisfaction among metropolitan residents. Social Science Quarterly, 62(4), 611–629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, N. W., Kelly, J. M., Pitts, J. R., Waltman-Spreha, K., & Taylor, R. (2014). Reversing broken windows: Evidence of lagged, multilevel impacts of risk perceptions on perceptions of incivility. Crime & Delinquency, 63(3), 659–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128714555606
   Google Scholar
• Liska, A. E. (1990). The significance of aggregate dependent variables and contextual independent variables for linking macro and micro theories. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53(4), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas, C. J., & Hox, J. J. (2004). Robustness issues in multilevel regression analysis. Statistica Neerlandica, 58(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0039-0402.2003.00252.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas, C. J., & Hox, J. J. (2005). Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling. Methodology, 1(3), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.1.3.86
   Google Scholar
• Markowitz, F. E., Bellair, P. E., Liska, A. E., & Liu, J. (2001). Extending social disorganization theory: Modeling the relationships between cohesion, disorder, and fear. Criminology, 39(2), 293–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00924.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschall, M. J. (2004). Citizen participation and the neighborhood context: A new look at the coproduction of local public goods. Political Research Quarterly, 57(2), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam, D. (1982). Political process and the development of black insurgency, 1930-1970. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Medoff, P., & Sklar, H. (1994). Streets of hope: The fall and rise of an urban neighborhood. South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morenoff, J. D., Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2001). Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology, 39(3), 517–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paraschiv, R. G. (2012). The importance of procedural justice in shaping individuals’ perceptions of the legal system. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 4(2), 162–167.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, D. D., & Taylor, R. B. (1996). Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1), 63–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02511883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynald, D. M. (2009). Guardianship in action: Developing a new tool for measurement. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 11(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1057/cpcs.2008.19
   Google Scholar
• Reynald, D. M. (2010). Guardians on guardianship: Factors affecting the willingness to supervise, the ability to detect potential offenders, and the willingness to intervene. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47(3), 358–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427810365904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynald, D. M. (2018). Guardianship and informal social control. In H. N. Pontell (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reynald, D. M., & Moir, E. (2019). Who is watching: Exploring individual factors that explain supervision patterns among residential guardians. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 25(4), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-018-9380-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J. (1991). Linking the micro- and macro-level dimensions of community social organization. Social Forces, 70(1), 43–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J. (2002). Organized for what? Recasting theories of social (dis)organization. Crime and Social Organization, 10, 95–110.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Bartusch, D. J. (1998). Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law and Society Review, 32(4), 777–804. https://doi.org/10.2307/827739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802. https://doi.org/10.1086/229068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2004). Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the social construction of “broken windows.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(4), 319–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250406700401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargeant, E. (2017). Policing and collective efficacy: The relative importance of police effectiveness, procedural justice and obligation to obey police. Policing and Society, 27(8), 927–940. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2015.1122008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, J. L., & Olsen, M. K. (1998). Multiple imputation for multivariate missing-data problems: A data analyst’s perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33(4), 545–571. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3304_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Silver, E., & Miller, L. L. (2004). Sources of informal social control in Chicago neighborhoods. Criminology, 42(3), 551–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00529.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogan, W. G. (1992). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Small, M. L. (2004). Villa Victoria: The transformation of social capital in a Boston Barrio. Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soller, B., Jackson, A. L., & Coleman, E. R. (2016). Violent peers and street efficacy in legally cynical neighborhoods. Social Currents, 4(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496516651640
   Google Scholar
• Solymosi, R., Bowers, K. J., & Fujiyama, T. (2018). Crowdsourcing subjective perceptions of neighborhood disorder: Interpreting bias in open data. The British Journal of Criminology, 58(4), 944–967. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azx048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street, L. (2000). Study of race, crime, and social policy in Oakland, California, 1976-1982 [distributor]. ICPSR09961-v1. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. h ttps://d oi.org/h ttp://doi.1 0.3886/ICPSR09961.v1.
   Google Scholar
• Swaroop, S., & Morenoff, J. D. (2006). Building community: The neighborhood context of social organization. Social Forces, 84(3), 1665–1695. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. B. (1997). Social order and disorder of street blocks and neighborhoods: Ecology, microecology, and the systemic model of social disorganization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(1), 113–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427897034001006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203262627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vélez, M. B. (2001). The role of public social control in urban neighborhoods: A multilevel analysis of victimization risk. Criminology, 39(4), 837–864. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00942.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, D. (2015). A test of the routine activities and neighborhood attachment explanations for bias in disorder perceptions. Crime & Delinquency, 61(4), 587–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128711426538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, B. D. (2007). Directly intervene or call the authorities? A study of forms of neighborhood social control within a social disorganization framework. Criminology, 45(1), 99–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00073.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickes, R., Hipp, J., Sargeant, E., & Mazerolle, L. (2017). Neighborhood social ties and shared expectations for informal social control: Do they influence informal social control actions? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(1), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9285-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., Messner, S. F., & Zhang, S. (2017). Neighborhood social control and perceptions of crime and disorder in contemporary urban China. Criminology, 55(3), 631–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar