References
- Aitken, S. C., & Ginsberg, S. P. (1988). Children’s characterization of place. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 50, 69–86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24040319
- Alonso, F., Esteban, C., Tortosa, F., & Useche, S. (2017). Perception of road safety in children’s environment. American Journal of Educational Research, 5(3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-5-3-7
- Amerijckx, G., & Humblet, P. C. (2013). Child well-being: What does it mean? Children & Society, 28(5), 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12003
- ARUP. (2017). Cities alive: Designing for urban childhoods. Retrieved from https://www.arup.com/-/media/arup/files/publications/c/cities_alivedesigning_for_urban_childhoods.pdf
- Benjamin-Neelon, S. E., Platt, A., Bacardi-Gascon, M., Armstrong, S., Neelon, B., & Jimenez-Cruz, A. (2019). Greenspace, physical activity, and BMI in children from two cities in northern Mexico. Preventive Medicine Reports. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6468144/pdf/main.pdf
- Bhatia, A. (2017, December 11). Road to safety. https://sites.ndtv.com/roadsafety/43-children-die-road-accidents-india-every-day-2546/
- Bhawra, J., Chopra, P., Harish, R., Mohan, A., Ghattu, K. V., Kalyanaraman, K., & Katapally, T. R. (2018). Results from India’s 2018 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(s2), S373–S374. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0475
- Bhosale, J., Duncan, S., Schofield, G., Page, A., & Cooper, A. (2015). A pilot study exploring the measurement of intergenerational differences in independent mobility. Journal of Transport & Health, 2(4), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2015.08.004
- Carver, A., Timperio, A., Hesketh, K., & Crawford, D. (2010). Are children and adolescents less active if parents restrict their physical activity and active transport due to perceived risk? Social Science & Medicine, 70(11), 1799–1805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.010
- Census of India. (2011). Census of India. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/million_plus_uas_cities_2011.pdf
- Chassiakos, Y., Radesky, J., Christakis, D. A., Moreno, M., & Cross, C. (2016, November). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5). https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/5/e20162593.full.pdf
- Chillón, P., Hales, D., Vaughn, A., Gizlice, Z., Ni, A., & Ward, D. S. (2014). A cross-sectional study of demographic, environmental and parental barriers to active school travel among children in the United States. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11, Article Number 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-61
- Christian, H., Zubrick, S. R., Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B., Bull, F., Wood, L., Knuiman, M., Brinkman, S., Houghton, S., & Boruff, B. (2015). The influence of the neighborhood physical environment on early child health and development: A review and call for research. Health & Place, 33, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.01.005
- Churchman, A. (2003). Is there a place for children in the city? Journal of Urban Design, 8(2), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800306482
- Colabianchi, N., Griffin, J. L., McIver, K. L., Dowda, M., & Pate, R. R. (2016). Where are children active and does it matter for physical activity? A latent transition analysis. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 13(12), 1294–1300. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0607
- Council on Communication and Media. (2013). Children, adolescents, and the media. Pediatrics, 132(5), 958–961. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/132/5/958.long
- Dadvand, P., Villanueva, C. M., Font-Ribera, L., Martinez, D., Basagaña, X., Belmonte, J., Vrijheid, M., Gražulevičienė, R., Kogevinas, M., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2014). Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: A cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(12), 1329–1336. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308038
- Dinleyici, M., Carman, K., Ozturk, E., & Sahin-Dagli, F. (2016). Media use by children, and parents’ views on children’s media usage. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 5(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.2196/ijmr.5668
- Drianda, R. P., & Kinoshita, I. (2011, January). Danger from traffic to fear of monkeys: Children’s independent mobility in four diverse sites in Japan. Global Studies of Childhood. https://doi.org/10.2304/gsch.2011.1.3.226
- Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011). Asian green city index, assessing the environmental performance of Asia’s major cities. Siemens AG. Retrieved July 2019, from http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/asian-gci-report-e.pdf
- Galvez, M. P., Pearl, M., & Yen, I. H. (2010, April). Childhood obesity and the built environment. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 22(2), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e328336eb6f
- Government of India. (1974). National policy for children 1974. Department of Social Welfare.
- Han, B., Cohen, D., & McKenzie, T. L. (2013). Quantifying the contribution of neighborhood parks to physical activity. Preventive Medicine, 57(5), 483–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.021
- Heft, H. (2010). Affordances and the perception of landscape: An inquiry into environmental perception and aesthetics. In C. W. Thompson, P. Aspinall, & S. Bell (Eds.), Innovative approaches to researching landscape and health: Open Space: People Space 2 (pp. 9–32). Routledge.
- Hillman, M., Adams, J., & Whitelegg, J. (1990). ONE FALSE MOVE … A study of children’s independent mobility. Policy Studies Institute.
- Hindustan Times, (2019). Child-friendly infrastructure in cities will benefit everyone. Retrieved January 8, 2021, from https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/child-friendly-infrastructure-in-cities-will-benefit-everyone/story-rtdZ9WhBwlb1krM4AjjdNJ.html
- Hofferth, S. L., & Sandberg, J. F. (2001, May). How American children spend their time. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(2), 295–308. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3654593
- HT Correspondent (2019, March 30). Child-friendly infrastructure in cities will benefit everyone. https://www.hindustantimes.com:https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/child-friendly-infrastructure-in-cities-will-benefit-everyone/story-rtdZ9WhBwlb1krM4AjjdNJ.html
- Ives, S. (2002). The politics of happiness: A conversation with Enrique Peñalosa. Land & People. https://www.tpl.org/magazine/landpeople-fall-2002
- Jia, P., Xue, H., Cheng, X., Wang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). Association of neighborhood built environments with childhood obesity: Evidence from a 9-year longitudinal, nationally representative survey in the US. Environment International, 128, 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.067
- Johansson, M. (2006, August). Environment and parental factors as determinants of mode for children’s leisure travel. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(2), 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.05.005
- Jordan, A. B., Hersey, J. C., McDivitt, J. A., & Heitzler, C. D. (2006, November). Reducing children’s television-viewing time: A qualitative study of parents and their children. Pediatrics, 118(5), e1303–e1310. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/118/5/e1303.full.pdf
- Kar, S. S., & Kar, S. S. (2015). Prevention of childhood obesity in India: Way forward. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.149071
- Katapally, T. R., Goenka, S., Bhawra, J., Mani, S., Krishnaveni, G. V., Kehoe, S. H., Lamkang, A. S., Raj, M., & McNutt, K. (2016). Results from India’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(s2), S176–S182. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0393
- Kytta, M. (2004). The extent of children’s independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00073-2
- Lauricella, A. R., Wartella, E., & Rideout, V. J. (2015). Young children’s screen time: The complex role of parent and child factors. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.12.001
- Lin, E.-Y., Witten, K., Oliver, M., Carroll, P., Asiasiga, L., Badland, H., & Parker, K. (2017, July). Social and built-environment factors related to children’s independent mobility: The importance of neighborhood cohesion and connectedness. Health & Place, 46, 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.002
- Lissak, G. (2018). Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environmental Research, 164, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015
- Lopes, F., Cordovil, R., & Neto, C. (2014). Children’s independent mobility in Portugal: Effects of urbanization degree and motorized modes of travel. Journal of Transport Geography, 41, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.10.002
- Loukaitou-Sideris, A., & Sideris, A. (2010). What brings children to the park? Analysis and measurement of the variables affecting children’s use of parks. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(1), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360903418338
- Louv, R. (2005). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. New York.
- Magee, C. A., Lee, J. K., & Vella, S. A. (2014, May). Bidirectional relationships between sleep duration and screen time in early childhood. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(5), 465–470. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4183
- Manandhar, S., Suksaroj, T. T., & Rattanapan, C. (2019). The association between green space and the prevalence of overweight/obesity among primary school children. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2019.1425
- Martin, K. E., & Wood, L. J. (2014). “We live here too” … What makes a child-friendly neighborhood? In R. Cooper, E. Burton, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Wellbeing and the environment: Wellbeing: A complete reference guide (Vol. 2, pp. 147–184). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell061
- Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2004). National charter for children, 2003. Government of India.
- Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. (2018). Children in India 2018 - A statistical appraisal. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Government of India. http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Children%20in%20India%202018%20%E2%80%93%20A%20Statistical%20Appraisal_26oct18.pdf
- Ministry of Urban Affairs & Employment. (1996). Urban development plans formulation & implementation guidelines. Government of India. Retrieved from http://tcpo.gov.in/sites/default/files/TCPO/GNR/UDPFI/VOLUME-1.pdf
- Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India. (2020, January). Child related legislation. Ministry of Women & Child Development. https://wcd.nic.in/act/2315
- Mitra, P. (2013, May 22). Open space shrinking, city gasps for breath. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Open-space-shrinking-city-gasps-for-breath/articleshow/20188789.cms
- Mitra, R. (2013). Independent mobility and mode choice for school transportation: A review and framework for future research. Transport Reviews: A Transnational Transdisciplinary Journal, 33(1), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2012.743490
- Mitra, R., Faulkner, G. E., Buliung, R. N., & Stone, M. R. (2014). Do parental perceptions of the neighborhood environment influence children’s independent mobility? Evidence from Toronto, Canada. Urban Studies, 51(16), 3401–3419. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013519140
- Moore, K. A., Theokas, C., Lippman, L., Bloch, M., Vandivere, S., & O’Hare, W. (2008, March). A microdata child well-being index: Conceptualization, creation, and findings. Child Indicators Research, 1(1), 17–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-007-9000-4
- Moore, R. C. (1986). Childhood’s domain: Play and place in child development. Routlege.
- Moore, R. C. (1991). Streets as playgrounds. In A. V. Moudon (Ed.), Public streets for public use (pp. 45–62). Columbia University Press. https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/National%20Plan%20of%20Action%202016.pdf
- MoWCD. (2013). National policy for children, 2013. Government of India. Retrieved from https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/npcenglish08072013_0.pdf
- MoWCD. (2016). National plan of action for children, 2016: Safe children–Happy childhood. Government of India. Retrieved from https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/National%20Plan%20of%20Action%202016.pdf
- National Institute of Urban Affairs. (2016a). Indicators for child friendly local development (I - Child). National Institute of Urban Affairs, Delhi.
- National Institute of Urban Affairs. (2016b). Status of children in urban India, baseline study, 2016. National Institute of Urban Affairs.
- NCRB. (2011). Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2011. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI-2011%20REPORT.pdf
- NCRB. (2012). Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2012. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI2012.pdf
- NCRB. (2013). Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2013. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI-2013.pdf
- NCRB. (2014). Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2014. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/adsi-2014%20full%20report.pdf
- NCRB. (2015). Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2015. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/adsi-2015-full-report-2015_0.pdf
- NCRB. (2016). Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2016. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI-2016-FULL-REPORT-2016.pdf
- NCRB. (2017). Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2017. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI2017-FULL-REPORT-2017.pdf
- NCRB. (2018). Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2018. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI-2018-FULL-REPORT-2018_0.pdf
- Nikku, B. R., & Pokhrel, R. (2013). Crafting child-friendly cities: Evidence from Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City, Eastern Nepal. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 7(2), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12013
- Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. (n.d.). Census 2011. Census2011.co.in. https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/192-kharagpur.html
- Paudel, S., Jancey, J., Subedi, N., & Leavy, J. (2017). Correlates of mobile screen media use among children aged 0–8: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 7(10), e014585. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014585
- Pirgon, Ö., & Aslan, N. (2015). The role of urbanization in childhood obesity. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 7(3), 163–167. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.1984
- Potestio, M. L., Patel, A. B., Powell, C. D., McNeil, D. A., Jacobson, R. D., & McLaren, L. (2009, November 20). Is there an association between spatial access to parks/green space and childhood overweight/obesity in Calgary, Canada? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-77
- PwC, Save the Children. (2015). Forgotten voices: The world of urban children in India. PwC. https://www.savethechildren.in/sci-in/files/79/79bfb888-7ed0-496e-b1e7-e71f7814ea7e.pdf
- Richardson, A. S., Troxel, W. M., Ghosh-Dastidar, M. B., Beckman, R., Hunter, G. P., DeSantis, A. S., Colabianchi, N., &, Dubowitz, T. (2017). One size doesn’t fit all: Cross-sectional associations between neighborhood walkability, crime and physical activity depends on age and sex of residents. BMC Public Health, 17, 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3959-z
- Roemmich, J. N., Epstein, L. H., Raja, S., Yin, L., Robinson, J., & Winiewicz, D. (2006, December). Association of access to parks and recreational facilities with the physical activity of young children. Preventive Medicine, 43(6), 437–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.07.007
- Sanders, T., Feng, X., Fahey, P., Lonsdale, C., & Astell-Burt, T. (2015). Greener neighborhoods, slimmer children? Evidence from 4423 participants aged 6 to 13 years in the longitudinal study of Australian children. International Journal of Obesity, 39(8), 1224–1229. https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo201569.pdf
- SCC India Staff (2019, December 6). Bhubaneswar leads the race in designing children-centric green city. Smart Cities Council India. https://india.smartcitiescouncil.com/article/bhubaneswar-leads-race-designing-children-centric-green-city
- Schalkwijk, A. A., Zwaard, B. C., Nijpels, G., Elders, P. J., & Platt, L. (2017). The impact of greenspace and condition of the neighborhood on child overweight. European Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx037
- Sell, J. L. (1985). Children and neighborhood environmental quality. Children’s Environments Quarterly, 2(2), 41–48. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41525035
- Shaw, B., Bicket, M., Elliott, B., Fagan-Watson, B., Mocca, E., & Hillman, M. (2015). Children’s independent mobility: An international comparison and recommendations for action. Policy Studies Institute. http://www.psi.org.uk/docs/7350_PSI_Report_CIM_final.pdf
- Tetali, S., Edwards, P., Murthy, G. V., & Roberts, I. (2015, December). Road traffic injuries to children during the school commute in Hyderabad, India: Cross-sectional survey. Injury Prevention, 22(3), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041854
- Tetali, S., Edwards, P., Murthy, G. V., & Roberts, I. (2016, October). How do children travel to school in urban India? A cross-sectional study of 5,842 children in Hyderabad. BMC Public Health, 16(1099), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3750-1
- The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. (2017, July 6). Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
- Timperio, A., Ball, K., Jo, S., Rebecca, R., Giles-Corti, B., Dianne, S., Baur, L. A., & Crawford, D. (2006, January). Personal, family, social, and environmental correlates of active commuting to school. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.047
- Timperio, A., Crawford, D., Telford, A., & Salmon, J. (2004). Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. Preventive Medicine, 38(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.026
- Timperio, A., Salmon, J., Telford, A., & Crawford, D. (2005). Perceptions of local neighborhood environments and their relationship to childhood overweight and obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 29(2), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802865
- Town and Country Planning Organisation. (2015). URDPFI guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development.
- UNICEF. (2004). Building child friendly cities: A framework for action. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. Retrieved from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/cfc-framework-eng.pdf
- UNICEF. (2009). Child-Friendly Schools Manual.
- UNICEF. (2018). UNICEF child friendly cities and communities handbook. https://s25924.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/CFCI-handbook-NewDigital-May-2018.pdf
- Vandewater, E. A., Rideout, V. J., Wartella, E. A., Huang, X., Lee, J. H., & Shim, M.-S. (2007). Digital childhood: Electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics, 119(5), e1006–e1015. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/119/5/e1006.full.pdf
- Verloigne, M., Lippevelde, W. V., Bere, E., Manios, Y., Kovács, É., Grillenberger, M., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Maes, L. (2015, September 18). Individual and family environmental correlates of television and computer time in 10- to 12-year-old European children: The ENERGY-project. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 912. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2276-2
- Veugelers, D. P., Sithole, F., Zhang, S., & Muhajarine, N. (2008). Neighborhood characteristics in relation to diet, physical activity and overweight of Canadian children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 3(3), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477160801970278
- Villanueva, K., Giles-Corti, B., Bulsara, M., Timperio, A., McCormack, G., Beesley, B., Trapp, G., & Middleton, N. (2012). Where do children travel to and what local opportunities are available? The relationship between neighborhood destinations and children’s independent mobility. Environment and Behavior, 45(6), 679–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512440705
- Ward, J. S., Duncan, J. S., Jarden, A., & Stewart, T. (2016). The impact of children’s exposure to greenspace on physical activity, cognitive development, emotional wellbeing, and ability to appraise risk. Health & Place, 40, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.04.015
- WHO. (2012). Health indicators of sustainable cities. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https:who.int/docs/default-source/environment-climate-change-and-health/sustainable-development-indicator-cities.pdf?sfvrsn=c005156b_2.
- WHO Regional Office of Europe. (2016). Urban green spaces and health. World Health Organization.
- Wolch, J., Jerrett, M., Reynolds, K., McConnell, R., Chang, R., Dahmann, N., Brady, K., Gilliland, F., Su, J. G., & Berhane, K. (2011). Childhood obesity and proximity to urban parks and recreational resources: A longitudinal cohort study. Health & Place, 17(1), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.10.001
- World Health Organization. (2011). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/physical-activity-recommendations-5-17years.pdf?ua=1
- Wright, H., Williams, S., Hargrave, J., & Dohna, F. (2017). Cities alive: Designing for urban childhoods. ARUP.